Several methods dealing with the moist adiabatic process are described in this paper. They are based on static energy conservation, pseudo-equivalent potential temperature conservation, the strict pseudo- adiabati...Several methods dealing with the moist adiabatic process are described in this paper. They are based on static energy conservation, pseudo-equivalent potential temperature conservation, the strict pseudo- adiabatic equation, and the reversible moist adiabatic process, respectively. Convective energy parame- ters, which are closely related to the moist adiabatic process and which re?ect the gravitational e?ects of condensed liquid water, are reintroduced or de?ned, including MCAPE [Modi?ed-CAPE (convective avail- able potential energy)], DCAPE (Downdraft-CAPE), and MDCAPE (Modi?ed-Downdraft-CAPE). Two real case analyses with special attention given to condensed liquid water show that the selection of moist adiabatic process does a?ect the calculated results of CAPE and the gravitational e?ects of condensed liq- uid water are not negligible in severe storms. Intercomparisons of these methods show that static energy conservation is consistent with pseudo-equivalent potential temperature conservation not only in physical properties but also in calculated results, and both are good approximations to the strict pseudo-adiabatic equation. The lapse rate linked with the reversible moist adiabatic process is relatively smaller than that linked with other moist adiabatic processes, especially when considering solidi?cation of liquid water in the reversible adiabatic process.展开更多
The diurnal variability of precipitation depth over the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions is investigated using nine years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） precipitation radar （PR） measureme...The diurnal variability of precipitation depth over the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions is investigated using nine years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） precipitation radar （PR） measurements. The Tibetan Plateau, the plains area, and the East China Sea are selected as the focus regions in this study. The average precipitation depths （PD） are about 4.6 km, 5.8 km, and 5.6 km, while convective （stratiform） PDs are about 6.6 （4.5） km, 7.5 （5.7） km, and 6.0 （5.6） km over the plateau, the plains, and the ocean region, respectively. Results demonstrate a prominent PD diurnal cycle, and its diurnal phase is generally a few hours behind the surface precipitation. The spatial variation of the PD diurnal magnitude is weaker near the coastal areas than that of surface precipitation. The height of the PD diurnal peak is around 6 7 km for convective systems and 5-6 km for stratifrom systems. The dominant afternoon diurnal peak for convective PD and the flat diurnal peak for stratiform PD over the Tibetan Plateau indicate that solar diurnal forcing is the key mechanism of the PD diurnal cycle over land. In addition, the diurnal variation is obvious for shallow and deep convective systems, but not for shallow and deep stratiform systems.展开更多
Using nine years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)2A25 data,based on the probability density function of rainfall,a comparative analysis of the diurnal cycle and its seasonal and interannual variation for c...Using nine years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)2A25 data,based on the probability density function of rainfall,a comparative analysis of the diurnal cycle and its seasonal and interannual variation for convective rain,stratiform rain,and total rain is made between the Tibetan Plateau and the downstream Yangtze River basin and East China Sea.The diurnal convective rain is stronger than the diurnal stratiform rain over the Yangtze River basin,and the convective rain peaks in the afternoon when the stratiform rain maximum happens in the early morning.Convective rain and stratiform rain both peak in the early morning over the East China Sea.The diurnal total rain over the Tibetan Plateau is stronger than its downstream regions.The diurnal cycle appears quite different among the four seasons over the Yangtze River basin,and the seasonal variation of diurnal convective rain is more apparent than diurnal stratiform rain.The seasonal variation of the diurnal cycle is weak over the East China Sea and Tibetan Plateau.The maximum of total rain happens in the afternoon during1998–2002 over the Yangtze River basin,while it peaks in the early morning during 2003–2006,but no obvious phase differences can be found among years in the diurnal rain over the East China Sea and over the Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
One-dimensional retrieval was performed on Typhoon Haiyan utilizing the advanced technology microwave sounder onboard the satellite Suomi NPP to retrieve the temperature and water vapor profiles of the typhoon.Compari...One-dimensional retrieval was performed on Typhoon Haiyan utilizing the advanced technology microwave sounder onboard the satellite Suomi NPP to retrieve the temperature and water vapor profiles of the typhoon.Comparisons of the retrieved profiles and ECMWF reanalysis were made to assess the results. The main conclusions are as follows.(1) The results have high spatial resolution and therefore can precisely represent the temperature and humidity distribution of the typhoon.(2) The retrieved temperature is low in the areas of low temperature and high in the areas of high temperature; similar patterns are observed for humidity. This means that systematic revision may be needed during routine application.(3) The results of the retrieved temperature and humidity profiles are generally accurate, which is quite important for typhoon monitoring.展开更多
Based on the fast algorithm of meteorological satellite guide wind vector tracing, cloud motion wind vector is calculated. According to the different characteristics of cloud motion wind field and sounding wind field,...Based on the fast algorithm of meteorological satellite guide wind vector tracing, cloud motion wind vector is calculated. According to the different characteristics of cloud motion wind field and sounding wind field, a method which fuses conventional data with unconventional data based on variation principle is presented. The fundamental is constructing a cost function that makes the value approach conventional data and the gradient approach unconventional data. Using this method, the conventional wind and the cloud motion wind are fused. The fused wind field has high resolu- tion. Its wind direction approaches cloud motion wind which indicates move direction of the synoptic system, and its velocity approaches conventional wind which indicates move velocity of the synoptic system. The wind field data are used for short-time forecast of severe convective weather location, which gets a good result.展开更多
The relationship between surface rain rate and depth of rain system （rain depth） over Southeast Asia is examined using 10-yr Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） precipitation radar （PR） measurements. Resu...The relationship between surface rain rate and depth of rain system （rain depth） over Southeast Asia is examined using 10-yr Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） precipitation radar （PR） measurements. Results show that, in general, a large surface rain rate is associated with a deep precipitating system, but a deep rain system may not always correspond with a large surface rain rate. This feature has a regional characteristic, Convective rain develops more frequently over land than over the ocean, while stratiform rain can extend to higher altitudes over the ocean than over land. A light surface rain rate has the largest probability to occur, regardless of rain depth. A convective rain system is more likely associated with a stronger surface rain rate than a stratiform rain system. Results show that precipitation systems involve complex microphysical processes. Rain depth is just one characteristic of precipitation. A linear relationship between surface rain rate and rain depth does not exist. Both deep convective and stratiform rain systems have reflectivity profiles that can be divided into three sections. The main difference in their profiles is at higher levels, from 4.5 km up to 19 km. For shallow stratiform rain systems, a two-section refiectivity profile mainly exists, while for convective systems a three-section profile is more common.展开更多
[Objective] The research aimed to analyze a rainstorm process in Chongqing. [Methed] Based on precipitation product datasets and NCEP reanalysis data, synoptic situation and diagnostic analysis of a heavy rain process...[Objective] The research aimed to analyze a rainstorm process in Chongqing. [Methed] Based on precipitation product datasets and NCEP reanalysis data, synoptic situation and diagnostic analysis of a heavy rain process during 11 -12 May, 2012 in Chongqing were made, and the diagnostic analysis included dynamic and vapor conditions, instability index, vapor helicity and vapor divergence flux. [ Result] The east-south moving short wave trough and east-north moving southwest vortex were the main synoptic systems causing the heavy rain; the positive vorticity advection before trough and after ridge helped the ascending motion from surface; the southwest stream at 700 hPa provided vapor and energy, promoting and maintaining the intense development of convection; the higher vapor helicity and lower vapor divergence flux were well corresponding with higher precipitation area, and had well temporal correlation, which was significant for forecast of precipitation area and its development; the ascended warm wet stream on the lower air came across the cold air on the upper air, triggering the heavy rain; the Kindex and A index were significant for the heavy rain forecasting. [ Conclusion] The research could provide some references for research and forecast of future rainstorm process in Sichuan and Chongqing.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to discuss the heavy rainfall formation mechanism and to reveal the causes of rainstorm. [Method] Based on the conventional observational data, a numerical simulation and diagnosis analyses hav...[Objective] The aim was to discuss the heavy rainfall formation mechanism and to reveal the causes of rainstorm. [Method] Based on the conventional observational data, a numerical simulation and diagnosis analyses have been carried on heavy rainfall event over Jiangxi province from 16 June to 20 June 2010, with a meso-scale REM model. The results showed that this rare rainstorm was a typical heavy rainfall over Meiyu front. The cold air flow behind the 500 hPa East Asia trough and 700 hPa North China vortex joined up the southwestern flow located in the northwest part of the strong and stable subtropical high, thus the cold air and warm air converged and maintained over the northern part of Hunan and Jiangxi province. Since the area that cold air and warm air joined up was stable and the southwestern warm and wet flow was abnormally strong, the vapor, dynamical, and thermodynamic conditions was leading to the trigger development of meso-scale convection systems. The extraordinary rainstorm was caused by the interaction of many factors such as strong vapor and convergence ascending motion, weak cold air activities in middle-levels, the strengthening of southwestern low-level jet, the formation and maintenance of southwestern vortexes, etc. The simulated precipitation of the high resolution model was very similar with the observational rainfall. The model had a good predictive skill for the location, intensity and center of heavy rainfall. By diagnosing the physical variables, it found that the distribution characteristic of the physical variables had an obvious indication for precipitation forecast. [Conclusion] The study provided reference to improve rainstorm forecast.展开更多
In this review,the concept of the aviation and aerospace transition zone(AATZ),that is,the area between the highest altitude of aviation vehicles and the lowest altitude of space vehicles,is introduced.It is 50-150 km...In this review,the concept of the aviation and aerospace transition zone(AATZ),that is,the area between the highest altitude of aviation vehicles and the lowest altitude of space vehicles,is introduced.It is 50-150 km away from the Earth’s surface,and the coupling between the AATZ and its upper and lower atmosphere causes complex and unique physical and chemical processes.As a transition zone between space weather and Earth weather,the AATZ has great scientific research value and broad application prospects.Focusing on the dynamics,chemistry,and modeling studies of the atmosphere in this region,we comprehensively analyze and discuss the current research status,current challenges,and future prospects of this region.The propagation,dissipation,and momentum deposition of the atmospheric wave force change the surrounding wind field and temperature structure,forming complex dynamical processes.The mutation enhancement and redistribution of metal atoms and metal ions,as well as the occurrence of airglow,directly or indirectly show the changes in composition and energy transfer caused by complex chemical processes.The modeling studies of the above phenomena are conducive to the deepening of understanding,and the defects of the simulation also reflect the lack of observation on understanding.The discussion in this review encourages more research on the AATZ as well as the development and enrichment of existing observational tools and techniques to fill in the knowledge gaps and enhance the ability to apply the region in the aerospace industry.展开更多
Seasonal variations in tropical and subtropical convective and stratiform precipitation of the East Asian monsoon are analyzed using 10-year (1998-2007) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (...Seasonal variations in tropical and subtropical convective and stratiform precipitation of the East Asian monsoon are analyzed using 10-year (1998-2007) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) rain products (2A25). Datasets from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) 24 general circulation models (GCMs) are evaluated using TRMM PR rain products in terms of their ability to simulate convective and stratiform precipitation and their deficiencies. The results show that Asian monsoon convective and stratiform precipitation increases significantly after onset of the summer monsoon, but the percentage of convective precipitation clearly decreases over tropical areas while it increases in subtropical regions. The GCMs simulate well the seasonal variation in the contribution of Asian monsoon subtropical convective precipitation to the total rainfall; however, the simulated convective precipitation amount is high while the simulated stratiform precipitation amount is low relative to TRMM measurements, especially over the Asian monsoon tropical region. There is simultaneous TRMM-observed convective and stratiform precipitation in space and time, but GCMs cannot simulate this relationship between convective and stratiform precipitation, resulting in the deficiency of stratiform precipitation simulations.展开更多
The regional verification of soil moisture is a vital step in evaluating and improving numerical model performance and utilizing forecast results. Currently, even with improved spatial and temporal resolutions of nume...The regional verification of soil moisture is a vital step in evaluating and improving numerical model performance and utilizing forecast results. Currently, even with improved spatial and temporal resolutions of numerical model, verification methods for soil moisture data still rely on the traditional intensity verification parameters, such as mean error(ME) and root-mean-squared error(RMSE). Those methods provide only incomplete and sometimes inaccurate messages and thus hinder a proper evaluation of a forecast model. The SAL method is an object-based regional verification method with respect to precipitation forecasts. Based on the SAL method, a novel object-based method(SAL-DN) is proposed here, which can be used to test regional soil moisture. Both the ideal experiment and real experiment show that the SAL-DN method can reveal the differences between the observed and forecast soil moisture in three aspects: structure, amplitude, and location, and the results can reflect the actual situation. Furthermore, compared with the SAL method, the SAL-DN method is also capable of verifying physical quantities with high-value and low-value centers like temperature. Therefore, the SAL-DN method enhances verification accuracy and can be applied widely.展开更多
This study simulated FY-2 D satellite infrared brightness images based on the WRF and RTTOV models. The effects of prediction errors in WRF micro-and macroscale cloud variables on FY-2 D infrared brightness temperatur...This study simulated FY-2 D satellite infrared brightness images based on the WRF and RTTOV models. The effects of prediction errors in WRF micro-and macroscale cloud variables on FY-2 D infrared brightness temperature accuracy were analyzed. The principle findings were as follows. In the T+0–48 h simulation time, the root mean square errors of the simulated brightness temperatures were within the range 10–27 K, i.e., better than the range of 20–40 K achieved previously. In the T+0–24 h simulation time, the correlation coefficients between the simulated and measured brightness temperatures for all four channels were >0.5. The simulation performance of water channel IR3 was stable and the best. The four types of cloud microphysical scheme considered all showed that the simulated values of brightness temperature in clouds were too high and that the distributions of cloud systems were incomplete, especially in typhoon areas. The performance of the THOM scheme was considered best, followed in descending order by the WSM6, WDM6, and LIN schemes. Compared with observed values, the maximum deviation appeared in the range 253–273 K for all schemes. On the microscale, the snow water mixing ratio of the THOM scheme was much bigger than that of the other schemes. Improving the production efficiency or increasing the availability of solid water in the cloud microphysical scheme would provide slight benefit for brightness temperature simulations. On the macroscale, the cloud amount obtained by the scheme used in this study was small. Improving the diagnostic scheme for cloud amount, especially high-level cloud, could improve the accuracy of brightness temperature simulations. These results could provide an intuitive reference for forecasters and constitute technical support for the creation of simulated brightness temperature images for the FY-4 satellite.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Fourdation of China under Grant Nos.40375016 , 40428002 InnovationProject of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No.KZCX-SW-213.
文摘Several methods dealing with the moist adiabatic process are described in this paper. They are based on static energy conservation, pseudo-equivalent potential temperature conservation, the strict pseudo- adiabatic equation, and the reversible moist adiabatic process, respectively. Convective energy parame- ters, which are closely related to the moist adiabatic process and which re?ect the gravitational e?ects of condensed liquid water, are reintroduced or de?ned, including MCAPE [Modi?ed-CAPE (convective avail- able potential energy)], DCAPE (Downdraft-CAPE), and MDCAPE (Modi?ed-Downdraft-CAPE). Two real case analyses with special attention given to condensed liquid water show that the selection of moist adiabatic process does a?ect the calculated results of CAPE and the gravitational e?ects of condensed liq- uid water are not negligible in severe storms. Intercomparisons of these methods show that static energy conservation is consistent with pseudo-equivalent potential temperature conservation not only in physical properties but also in calculated results, and both are good approximations to the strict pseudo-adiabatic equation. The lapse rate linked with the reversible moist adiabatic process is relatively smaller than that linked with other moist adiabatic processes, especially when considering solidi?cation of liquid water in the reversible adiabatic process.
基金supportedby the National Natural Science Foundation of China with research Grant Nos.40428002,40633018,and 40775058
文摘The diurnal variability of precipitation depth over the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions is investigated using nine years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） precipitation radar （PR） measurements. The Tibetan Plateau, the plains area, and the East China Sea are selected as the focus regions in this study. The average precipitation depths （PD） are about 4.6 km, 5.8 km, and 5.6 km, while convective （stratiform） PDs are about 6.6 （4.5） km, 7.5 （5.7） km, and 6.0 （5.6） km over the plateau, the plains, and the ocean region, respectively. Results demonstrate a prominent PD diurnal cycle, and its diurnal phase is generally a few hours behind the surface precipitation. The spatial variation of the PD diurnal magnitude is weaker near the coastal areas than that of surface precipitation. The height of the PD diurnal peak is around 6 7 km for convective systems and 5-6 km for stratifrom systems. The dominant afternoon diurnal peak for convective PD and the flat diurnal peak for stratiform PD over the Tibetan Plateau indicate that solar diurnal forcing is the key mechanism of the PD diurnal cycle over land. In addition, the diurnal variation is obvious for shallow and deep convective systems, but not for shallow and deep stratiform systems.
基金funded by the Third Scientific Experiment of the Tibetan Plateau(Grant No.GYHY201406001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41175046,41205030,and 4140050174)+1 种基金an open funding from the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather(Gran No.2013LASW-A06)Institute of Plateau Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration(Grant No.LPM2011017)
文摘Using nine years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)2A25 data,based on the probability density function of rainfall,a comparative analysis of the diurnal cycle and its seasonal and interannual variation for convective rain,stratiform rain,and total rain is made between the Tibetan Plateau and the downstream Yangtze River basin and East China Sea.The diurnal convective rain is stronger than the diurnal stratiform rain over the Yangtze River basin,and the convective rain peaks in the afternoon when the stratiform rain maximum happens in the early morning.Convective rain and stratiform rain both peak in the early morning over the East China Sea.The diurnal total rain over the Tibetan Plateau is stronger than its downstream regions.The diurnal cycle appears quite different among the four seasons over the Yangtze River basin,and the seasonal variation of diurnal convective rain is more apparent than diurnal stratiform rain.The seasonal variation of the diurnal cycle is weak over the East China Sea and Tibetan Plateau.The maximum of total rain happens in the afternoon during1998–2002 over the Yangtze River basin,while it peaks in the early morning during 2003–2006,but no obvious phase differences can be found among years in the diurnal rain over the East China Sea and over the Tibetan Plateau.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(91215302,51278308)Open Project for State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry,Institute of Atmospheric Physics(LAPC)
文摘One-dimensional retrieval was performed on Typhoon Haiyan utilizing the advanced technology microwave sounder onboard the satellite Suomi NPP to retrieve the temperature and water vapor profiles of the typhoon.Comparisons of the retrieved profiles and ECMWF reanalysis were made to assess the results. The main conclusions are as follows.(1) The results have high spatial resolution and therefore can precisely represent the temperature and humidity distribution of the typhoon.(2) The retrieved temperature is low in the areas of low temperature and high in the areas of high temperature; similar patterns are observed for humidity. This means that systematic revision may be needed during routine application.(3) The results of the retrieved temperature and humidity profiles are generally accurate, which is quite important for typhoon monitoring.
文摘Based on the fast algorithm of meteorological satellite guide wind vector tracing, cloud motion wind vector is calculated. According to the different characteristics of cloud motion wind field and sounding wind field, a method which fuses conventional data with unconventional data based on variation principle is presented. The fundamental is constructing a cost function that makes the value approach conventional data and the gradient approach unconventional data. Using this method, the conventional wind and the cloud motion wind are fused. The fused wind field has high resolu- tion. Its wind direction approaches cloud motion wind which indicates move direction of the synoptic system, and its velocity approaches conventional wind which indicates move velocity of the synoptic system. The wind field data are used for short-time forecast of severe convective weather location, which gets a good result.
基金funded by four special grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grand Nos.41175046,41205030,40428002 and 41105028)the Special Funds for Scientific Research on Public Causes of China (Meteorology) (Grand No. GYHY200906002)
文摘The relationship between surface rain rate and depth of rain system （rain depth） over Southeast Asia is examined using 10-yr Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） precipitation radar （PR） measurements. Results show that, in general, a large surface rain rate is associated with a deep precipitating system, but a deep rain system may not always correspond with a large surface rain rate. This feature has a regional characteristic, Convective rain develops more frequently over land than over the ocean, while stratiform rain can extend to higher altitudes over the ocean than over land. A light surface rain rate has the largest probability to occur, regardless of rain depth. A convective rain system is more likely associated with a stronger surface rain rate than a stratiform rain system. Results show that precipitation systems involve complex microphysical processes. Rain depth is just one characteristic of precipitation. A linear relationship between surface rain rate and rain depth does not exist. Both deep convective and stratiform rain systems have reflectivity profiles that can be divided into three sections. The main difference in their profiles is at higher levels, from 4.5 km up to 19 km. For shallow stratiform rain systems, a two-section refiectivity profile mainly exists, while for convective systems a three-section profile is more common.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41175046,41205009)
文摘[Objective] The research aimed to analyze a rainstorm process in Chongqing. [Methed] Based on precipitation product datasets and NCEP reanalysis data, synoptic situation and diagnostic analysis of a heavy rain process during 11 -12 May, 2012 in Chongqing were made, and the diagnostic analysis included dynamic and vapor conditions, instability index, vapor helicity and vapor divergence flux. [ Result] The east-south moving short wave trough and east-north moving southwest vortex were the main synoptic systems causing the heavy rain; the positive vorticity advection before trough and after ridge helped the ascending motion from surface; the southwest stream at 700 hPa provided vapor and energy, promoting and maintaining the intense development of convection; the higher vapor helicity and lower vapor divergence flux were well corresponding with higher precipitation area, and had well temporal correlation, which was significant for forecast of precipitation area and its development; the ascended warm wet stream on the lower air came across the cold air on the upper air, triggering the heavy rain; the Kindex and A index were significant for the heavy rain forecasting. [ Conclusion] The research could provide some references for research and forecast of future rainstorm process in Sichuan and Chongqing.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Fund (41275099,41275012, 41205073,41105075,40805019)
文摘[Objective] The aim was to discuss the heavy rainfall formation mechanism and to reveal the causes of rainstorm. [Method] Based on the conventional observational data, a numerical simulation and diagnosis analyses have been carried on heavy rainfall event over Jiangxi province from 16 June to 20 June 2010, with a meso-scale REM model. The results showed that this rare rainstorm was a typical heavy rainfall over Meiyu front. The cold air flow behind the 500 hPa East Asia trough and 700 hPa North China vortex joined up the southwestern flow located in the northwest part of the strong and stable subtropical high, thus the cold air and warm air converged and maintained over the northern part of Hunan and Jiangxi province. Since the area that cold air and warm air joined up was stable and the southwestern warm and wet flow was abnormally strong, the vapor, dynamical, and thermodynamic conditions was leading to the trigger development of meso-scale convection systems. The extraordinary rainstorm was caused by the interaction of many factors such as strong vapor and convergence ascending motion, weak cold air activities in middle-levels, the strengthening of southwestern low-level jet, the formation and maintenance of southwestern vortexes, etc. The simulated precipitation of the high resolution model was very similar with the observational rainfall. The model had a good predictive skill for the location, intensity and center of heavy rainfall. By diagnosing the physical variables, it found that the distribution characteristic of the physical variables had an obvious indication for precipitation forecast. [Conclusion] The study provided reference to improve rainstorm forecast.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.42275060,42405065,42474225,and 42305048)the Independent Innovation Science Fund of the National University of Defense Technology(grant nos.24-ZZCX-JDZ-45 and 25-ZZCX-BC-10)。
文摘In this review,the concept of the aviation and aerospace transition zone(AATZ),that is,the area between the highest altitude of aviation vehicles and the lowest altitude of space vehicles,is introduced.It is 50-150 km away from the Earth’s surface,and the coupling between the AATZ and its upper and lower atmosphere causes complex and unique physical and chemical processes.As a transition zone between space weather and Earth weather,the AATZ has great scientific research value and broad application prospects.Focusing on the dynamics,chemistry,and modeling studies of the atmosphere in this region,we comprehensively analyze and discuss the current research status,current challenges,and future prospects of this region.The propagation,dissipation,and momentum deposition of the atmospheric wave force change the surrounding wind field and temperature structure,forming complex dynamical processes.The mutation enhancement and redistribution of metal atoms and metal ions,as well as the occurrence of airglow,directly or indirectly show the changes in composition and energy transfer caused by complex chemical processes.The modeling studies of the above phenomena are conducive to the deepening of understanding,and the defects of the simulation also reflect the lack of observation on understanding.The discussion in this review encourages more research on the AATZ as well as the development and enrichment of existing observational tools and techniques to fill in the knowledge gaps and enhance the ability to apply the region in the aerospace industry.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40428002)Scientific Research on Public Causes of China (Grant No. 2004 CB418303)
文摘Seasonal variations in tropical and subtropical convective and stratiform precipitation of the East Asian monsoon are analyzed using 10-year (1998-2007) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) rain products (2A25). Datasets from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) 24 general circulation models (GCMs) are evaluated using TRMM PR rain products in terms of their ability to simulate convective and stratiform precipitation and their deficiencies. The results show that Asian monsoon convective and stratiform precipitation increases significantly after onset of the summer monsoon, but the percentage of convective precipitation clearly decreases over tropical areas while it increases in subtropical regions. The GCMs simulate well the seasonal variation in the contribution of Asian monsoon subtropical convective precipitation to the total rainfall; however, the simulated convective precipitation amount is high while the simulated stratiform precipitation amount is low relative to TRMM measurements, especially over the Asian monsoon tropical region. There is simultaneous TRMM-observed convective and stratiform precipitation in space and time, but GCMs cannot simulate this relationship between convective and stratiform precipitation, resulting in the deficiency of stratiform precipitation simulations.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41205009 and 41175046)Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.LPCC201102)
文摘The regional verification of soil moisture is a vital step in evaluating and improving numerical model performance and utilizing forecast results. Currently, even with improved spatial and temporal resolutions of numerical model, verification methods for soil moisture data still rely on the traditional intensity verification parameters, such as mean error(ME) and root-mean-squared error(RMSE). Those methods provide only incomplete and sometimes inaccurate messages and thus hinder a proper evaluation of a forecast model. The SAL method is an object-based regional verification method with respect to precipitation forecasts. Based on the SAL method, a novel object-based method(SAL-DN) is proposed here, which can be used to test regional soil moisture. Both the ideal experiment and real experiment show that the SAL-DN method can reveal the differences between the observed and forecast soil moisture in three aspects: structure, amplitude, and location, and the results can reflect the actual situation. Furthermore, compared with the SAL method, the SAL-DN method is also capable of verifying physical quantities with high-value and low-value centers like temperature. Therefore, the SAL-DN method enhances verification accuracy and can be applied widely.
基金supported jointly by the Major Special Projects of the Information System Bureau,the Special Proget of Earth Observation with High Resolution(Grant No.GFZX0402180102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U1533131)
文摘This study simulated FY-2 D satellite infrared brightness images based on the WRF and RTTOV models. The effects of prediction errors in WRF micro-and macroscale cloud variables on FY-2 D infrared brightness temperature accuracy were analyzed. The principle findings were as follows. In the T+0–48 h simulation time, the root mean square errors of the simulated brightness temperatures were within the range 10–27 K, i.e., better than the range of 20–40 K achieved previously. In the T+0–24 h simulation time, the correlation coefficients between the simulated and measured brightness temperatures for all four channels were >0.5. The simulation performance of water channel IR3 was stable and the best. The four types of cloud microphysical scheme considered all showed that the simulated values of brightness temperature in clouds were too high and that the distributions of cloud systems were incomplete, especially in typhoon areas. The performance of the THOM scheme was considered best, followed in descending order by the WSM6, WDM6, and LIN schemes. Compared with observed values, the maximum deviation appeared in the range 253–273 K for all schemes. On the microscale, the snow water mixing ratio of the THOM scheme was much bigger than that of the other schemes. Improving the production efficiency or increasing the availability of solid water in the cloud microphysical scheme would provide slight benefit for brightness temperature simulations. On the macroscale, the cloud amount obtained by the scheme used in this study was small. Improving the diagnostic scheme for cloud amount, especially high-level cloud, could improve the accuracy of brightness temperature simulations. These results could provide an intuitive reference for forecasters and constitute technical support for the creation of simulated brightness temperature images for the FY-4 satellite.
