A philosophy for the design of novel,lightweight,multi-layered armor,referred to as Composite Armor Philosophy(CAP),which can adapt to the passive protection of light-,medium-,and heavy-armored vehicles,is presented i...A philosophy for the design of novel,lightweight,multi-layered armor,referred to as Composite Armor Philosophy(CAP),which can adapt to the passive protection of light-,medium-,and heavy-armored vehicles,is presented in this study.CAP can serve as a guiding principle to assist designers in comprehending the distinct roles fulfilled by each component.The CAP proposal comprises four functional layers,organized in a suggested hierarchy of materials.Particularly notable is the inclusion of a ceramic-composite principle,representing an advanced and innovative solution in the field of armor design.This paper showcases real-world defense industry applications,offering case studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of this advanced approach.CAP represents a significant milestone in the history of passive protection,marking an evolutionary leap in the field.This philosophical approach provides designers with a powerful toolset with which to enhance the protection capabilities of military vehicles,making them more resilient and better equipped to meet the challenges of modern warfare.展开更多
Acetazolamide(molecular mass(MM),222)belongs to the class of sulfonamides(R-SO2-NH2)and is one of the strongest pharmacological inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase activity.Acetazolamide is excreted unchanged in the urin...Acetazolamide(molecular mass(MM),222)belongs to the class of sulfonamides(R-SO2-NH2)and is one of the strongest pharmacological inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase activity.Acetazolamide is excreted unchanged in the urine.Here,we report on the development,validation and biomedical application of a stable-isotope dilution GC-MS method for the reliable quantitative determination of acetazolamide in human urine.The method is based on evaporation to dryness of 50 mL urine aliquots,base-catalyzed derivatization of acetazolamide(d0-AZM)and its internal standard[acetylo-2H3]acetazolamide(d3-AZM)in 30 vol%pentafluorobenzyl(PFB)bromide in acetonitrile(60 min,30C),reconstitution in toluene(200 mL)and injection of 1-mL aliquots.The negative-ion chemical ionization(NICI)mass spectra(methane)of the PFB derivatives contained several intense ions including[M]‒at m/z 581 for d0-AZM and m/z 584 for d3-AZM,suggesting derivatization of their sulfonamide groups to form N,N-dipentafluorobenzyl derivatives(R-SO2-N(PFB)2),i.e.,d0-AZM-(PFB)2 and d3-AZM-(PFB)2,respectively.Quantification was performed by selected-ion monitoring of m/z 581 and 83 for d0-AZM-(PFB)2 and m/z 584 and 86 for d3-AZM-(PFB)2.The limits of detection and quantitation of the method were determined to be 300 fmol(67 pg)and 1 mM of acetazolamide,respectively.Intra-and inter-assay precision and accuracy for acetazolamide in human urine samples in pharmacologically relevant concentration ranges were determined to be 0.3%e4.2%and 95.3%e109%,respectively.The method was applied to measure urinary acetazolamide excretion after ingestion of a 250 mg acetazolamide-containing tablet(Acemit®)by a healthy volunteer.Among other tested sulfonamide drugs,methazolamide(MM,236)was also found to form a N,N-dipentafluorobenzyl derivative,whereas dorzolamide(MM,324)was hardly detectable.No GC-MS peaks were obtained from the PFB bromide derivatization of hydrochlorothiazide(MM,298),xipamide(MM,355),indapamide and metholazone(MM,366 each)or brinzolamide(MM,384).We demonstrate for the first time that sulfonamide drugs can be derivatized with PFB bromide and quantitated by GC-MS.Sulfonamides with MM larger than 236 are likely to be derivatized by PFB bromide but to lack thermal stability.展开更多
Effortful control (EC) is a temperamental self-regulatory capacity, defined as the efficiency of executive attention [1], which is related to individual differences in self-regulation. Although effortful control cover...Effortful control (EC) is a temperamental self-regulatory capacity, defined as the efficiency of executive attention [1], which is related to individual differences in self-regulation. Although effortful control covers some dispositional self-regulatory abilities important to cope with social demands of successful adaptation to school, such as attention regulation, individual differences in EC have recently been associated with school functioning through academic achievement including the efficient use of learning-related behaviors, which have been found to be a necessary precursor of learning and they refer to a set of children’s behaviors that involve organizational skills and appropriate habits of study. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review the literature on EC’s relationship to academic achievement via learning-related behaviors, which reflect the use of metacognitive control processes in kindergarten and elementary school students. The findings indicate that EC affects academic achievement through the facilitation of the efficient use of metacognitive control processes.展开更多
The present study deals with the determination of Mount Olympus summit(Mytikas),exploiting modern observations such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS)and existing geodetic information.The last official Olymp...The present study deals with the determination of Mount Olympus summit(Mytikas),exploiting modern observations such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS)and existing geodetic information.The last official Olympus height determination goes back 102 years by the Swiss surveyor M.Kurz.Since then,only unofficial measurement campaigns have taken place.There is a variety of released heights,which range from 2917 to 2919 meters.In September and October of 2022,we conducted a GNSS campaign,focusing on the area of highest Olympus peaks.Employing precise GNSS measurements(accuracy of 1-3 cm),in conjunction with height information from Greece’s National Triangulation Network(5-10 cm accuracy)and an appropriate,recent geoid model(5-6 cm accuracy),we estimate through the so-called GNSS-levelling,the height of Olympus to 2917.727 m with respect to Greece’s officially accepted mean sea level and 2918.390 m with respect to the global vertical datum.Our estimation of Olympus highest peak shows remarkable consistency at the level of 12.8 cm to that of M.Kurz in 1921.展开更多
基金co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the European UnionGreek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness,Entrepreneurship and Innovation,under the call RESEARCH-CREATE-INNOVATE(project code:T1EDK-04429)。
文摘A philosophy for the design of novel,lightweight,multi-layered armor,referred to as Composite Armor Philosophy(CAP),which can adapt to the passive protection of light-,medium-,and heavy-armored vehicles,is presented in this study.CAP can serve as a guiding principle to assist designers in comprehending the distinct roles fulfilled by each component.The CAP proposal comprises four functional layers,organized in a suggested hierarchy of materials.Particularly notable is the inclusion of a ceramic-composite principle,representing an advanced and innovative solution in the field of armor design.This paper showcases real-world defense industry applications,offering case studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of this advanced approach.CAP represents a significant milestone in the history of passive protection,marking an evolutionary leap in the field.This philosophical approach provides designers with a powerful toolset with which to enhance the protection capabilities of military vehicles,making them more resilient and better equipped to meet the challenges of modern warfare.
文摘Acetazolamide(molecular mass(MM),222)belongs to the class of sulfonamides(R-SO2-NH2)and is one of the strongest pharmacological inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase activity.Acetazolamide is excreted unchanged in the urine.Here,we report on the development,validation and biomedical application of a stable-isotope dilution GC-MS method for the reliable quantitative determination of acetazolamide in human urine.The method is based on evaporation to dryness of 50 mL urine aliquots,base-catalyzed derivatization of acetazolamide(d0-AZM)and its internal standard[acetylo-2H3]acetazolamide(d3-AZM)in 30 vol%pentafluorobenzyl(PFB)bromide in acetonitrile(60 min,30C),reconstitution in toluene(200 mL)and injection of 1-mL aliquots.The negative-ion chemical ionization(NICI)mass spectra(methane)of the PFB derivatives contained several intense ions including[M]‒at m/z 581 for d0-AZM and m/z 584 for d3-AZM,suggesting derivatization of their sulfonamide groups to form N,N-dipentafluorobenzyl derivatives(R-SO2-N(PFB)2),i.e.,d0-AZM-(PFB)2 and d3-AZM-(PFB)2,respectively.Quantification was performed by selected-ion monitoring of m/z 581 and 83 for d0-AZM-(PFB)2 and m/z 584 and 86 for d3-AZM-(PFB)2.The limits of detection and quantitation of the method were determined to be 300 fmol(67 pg)and 1 mM of acetazolamide,respectively.Intra-and inter-assay precision and accuracy for acetazolamide in human urine samples in pharmacologically relevant concentration ranges were determined to be 0.3%e4.2%and 95.3%e109%,respectively.The method was applied to measure urinary acetazolamide excretion after ingestion of a 250 mg acetazolamide-containing tablet(Acemit®)by a healthy volunteer.Among other tested sulfonamide drugs,methazolamide(MM,236)was also found to form a N,N-dipentafluorobenzyl derivative,whereas dorzolamide(MM,324)was hardly detectable.No GC-MS peaks were obtained from the PFB bromide derivatization of hydrochlorothiazide(MM,298),xipamide(MM,355),indapamide and metholazone(MM,366 each)or brinzolamide(MM,384).We demonstrate for the first time that sulfonamide drugs can be derivatized with PFB bromide and quantitated by GC-MS.Sulfonamides with MM larger than 236 are likely to be derivatized by PFB bromide but to lack thermal stability.
文摘Effortful control (EC) is a temperamental self-regulatory capacity, defined as the efficiency of executive attention [1], which is related to individual differences in self-regulation. Although effortful control covers some dispositional self-regulatory abilities important to cope with social demands of successful adaptation to school, such as attention regulation, individual differences in EC have recently been associated with school functioning through academic achievement including the efficient use of learning-related behaviors, which have been found to be a necessary precursor of learning and they refer to a set of children’s behaviors that involve organizational skills and appropriate habits of study. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review the literature on EC’s relationship to academic achievement via learning-related behaviors, which reflect the use of metacognitive control processes in kindergarten and elementary school students. The findings indicate that EC affects academic achievement through the facilitation of the efficient use of metacognitive control processes.
文摘The present study deals with the determination of Mount Olympus summit(Mytikas),exploiting modern observations such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS)and existing geodetic information.The last official Olympus height determination goes back 102 years by the Swiss surveyor M.Kurz.Since then,only unofficial measurement campaigns have taken place.There is a variety of released heights,which range from 2917 to 2919 meters.In September and October of 2022,we conducted a GNSS campaign,focusing on the area of highest Olympus peaks.Employing precise GNSS measurements(accuracy of 1-3 cm),in conjunction with height information from Greece’s National Triangulation Network(5-10 cm accuracy)and an appropriate,recent geoid model(5-6 cm accuracy),we estimate through the so-called GNSS-levelling,the height of Olympus to 2917.727 m with respect to Greece’s officially accepted mean sea level and 2918.390 m with respect to the global vertical datum.Our estimation of Olympus highest peak shows remarkable consistency at the level of 12.8 cm to that of M.Kurz in 1921.
