Water samples, sediments from three stations in Euphrates River, lraq were analyzed quantitatively for some physical and chemical characters and six heavy metals （Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb） using flam atomic absorpt...Water samples, sediments from three stations in Euphrates River, lraq were analyzed quantitatively for some physical and chemical characters and six heavy metals （Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb） using flam atomic absorption spectrophotpmeter in period Sept. 2009-Oct. 2010. The physical and chemical characters included temperature, pH, water flow, salinity, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, alkalinity total hardness, calcium and nutrients （nitrite, nitrate reactive phosphate and silicate）. The results showed variation in water flow 0.05-0.40 m/sec., according to the values of salinity 0.40%-0.60% values of the BOD5 were ranged between 0.2-4.3 mg/L. The mean concentration of the heavy metals （Pb, Ni, Mn, Co, Cu and Fe） of the dissolved phase in water were 0.13 μg/L, 0.021 μg/L, 0.31 μg/L, 4.29 μg/L, 7.78 μg/L, 6.46 μg/L and 79.04 μg/L, respectively, while their concentration in the particulate phase were 0.59 μg/g, 0.06 μg/g, 0.42 μg/g, 50.06 μg/g, 6.61 μg/g, 7.17 vg/g and 149.42 μg/g dry weight, respectively. Also the mean concentrations of heavy metals in sediment （exchangeable phase） were 0.51 vg/g,0.18 vg/g, 0.08 μg/g, 61.39 μg/g, 5.40 μg/g, 14.06 vg/g and 130.05 μg/g dry weight respectively, and 0.40 μg/g, 0.17 μg/g, 0.10 μg/g, 63.01 μg/g, 4.64 μg/g, 18.44 μg/g and 126.26 μg/g D.W. respectively in residual phase of sediment.展开更多
Quantum calculation method has been used to understand and investigate the free radical reactions of propane with hydroxyl radical in vacuum through modem quantum mechanics that is package on hyperchem 8.02 program. O...Quantum calculation method has been used to understand and investigate the free radical reactions of propane with hydroxyl radical in vacuum through modem quantum mechanics that is package on hyperchem 8.02 program. Optimized structures and structural reactivates have been studied through bond stability and angles using DFT calculation based on the basis set 6-31G＊. Energetic properties have been calculated like total energy, Gibbs free energy, entropy, heat of formation, and rate constant for all chemical species that＇s participate in the suggested reaction mechanism. Reaction mechanism and rate determining step had been suggested according to calculation of energy barrier values, and compares between the suggested competitive reactions for each probable reaction step. Suggested structures and the probable transition states have been studied.展开更多
A new design technique employing CMOS Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA) is presented. This design approach applies CFA OTA as input stage cascaded with class AB cross-coupled buffer stage. The performance ...A new design technique employing CMOS Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA) is presented. This design approach applies CFA OTA as input stage cascaded with class AB cross-coupled buffer stage. The performance parameters of CMOS CFOA such as bandwidth, slew rate, settling time are extensively improved compared with conventional CFOA. These parameters are very important in high frequency applications that use CMOS CFOA as an active building block such as A/D converters, and active filters. Also the DC input offset voltage and harmonic distortion (HD) are very low values compared with the conventional CMOS CFOA are obtained. P-Spice simulation results using 0.35 μm MI-ETEC CMOS process parameters shows considerable improvement over existing CMOS CFOA simulated model. Some of the performance parameters for example are DC gain of 67.2 dB, open-loop gain bandwidth product of 104 MHz, slew rate (SR+) of +91.3 V/μS, THD of -67 dB and DC input offset voltage of -0.2 mV.展开更多
Solid waste management aspect is one of the most important challenges facing the local administration in the Govemorate of Najaf. Therefore, this study aims to provide for solid waste management problem by choosing th...Solid waste management aspect is one of the most important challenges facing the local administration in the Govemorate of Najaf. Therefore, this study aims to provide for solid waste management problem by choosing the best locations for the establishment of sanitary landfills in the governorate. In this study, GIS （geographic information system） and MCDA （multi-criteria decision analysis） were used based on 17 environmental, economic and geological criteria converted to input digital map layers. These were urban centres, cemetery, airports, electrical power lines, oil pipes, railways, roads, slope, historical sites, main rivers, industrial areas, religion sites, wells, military area, electrical power plants, nature reserves and national borders to select most importance sites in the govemorate. AHP （analytic hierarchy process） method was used in weighting the criteria used. All layers＇ maps were graded from 0 （not suitable） to 5 （most suitable） using spatial information scale then SAW （simple additive weighting） method was integrated in GIS used to calculate the suitability index for the studied area. The results indicated that 4.4% of the study region is suitable for landfill siting with grading values greater than 4.0. This included five sites distributed in three qadhaas of governorate.展开更多
SimaPro is a software package designed to make a valuable contribution for analyzing the environmental impact on products during their whole life cycle. A huge amount of knowledge about the environment is built into t...SimaPro is a software package designed to make a valuable contribution for analyzing the environmental impact on products during their whole life cycle. A huge amount of knowledge about the environment is built into the program and database, enabling to analyze a product with a minimum of specialized knowledge. In this study, SimaPro was used to analyze and evaluate the impacts that resulted from sewerage network in Al-Hilla city, Iraq. The results of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) showed that sewerage network had an impact and damage on the environment by 291 points for every cubic meter of collect wastewater. The most potential environmental impacts were global warming, respiratory inorganics and non-renewable energy, contributing to the sewerage network. The study also showed that most of the effects were as a result of energy consumption in the pumping of wastewater, pipes used and diesel using for network operation.展开更多
Objective Sulfanilamide,sulfadiazine,and dapsone were the first sulfonamides to be used to treat malaria by disrupting the folate biosynthesis process,which is essential for parasite survival.Therefore,we aimed to syn...Objective Sulfanilamide,sulfadiazine,and dapsone were the first sulfonamides to be used to treat malaria by disrupting the folate biosynthesis process,which is essential for parasite survival.Therefore,we aimed to synthesize novel N-(2-arylaminophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide derivatives through a rational drug design approach.Methods All compounds were synthesized by the conventional method,and the products were characterized by spectral analysis(1 H NMR and mass spectrometry).The progression of the reaction was monitored using thin-layer chromatography(TLC).All the derivatives were analyzed for their effective binding mode in the allosteric site of the plasmodium cysteine protease falcipain-2.Antibacterial and antifungal activities were determined using the broth dilution method.Results S6(N-(2-thiazol-4 yl)-acetyl-aminophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide and S9(N-(1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)aminophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide formed five hydrogen bonds;S8(N-(2-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)aminophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide and S10(N-(1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)aminophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide formed four hydrogen bonds with the allosteric site of the enzyme.Considering the docking scores and formation of hydrogen bonds with the target enzyme,the novel derivatives were processed for wet lab synthesis.All the newly synthesized derivatives were subjected to in vitro antimalarial,antifungal,and antibacterial activities.All the derivatives exhibited sufficient sensitivity to the Plasmodium falciparum strain compared to the standards.Moreover,compounds S9 and S10 showed the most potent dual antimicrobial and antimalarial activities.They also exhibited powerful molecular interactions in molecular docking studies.Conclusion Based on the above results,it was concluded that N-(2-arylaminophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide derivatives have excellent biological potential to act as antimalarial,antifungal,and antibacterial agents.展开更多
The aim of this new study is to investigate the ability of using crushed plastic solid wastes in water filtration by using a pilot plant. Two sets of filters were used. The first set represents mono media filters. The...The aim of this new study is to investigate the ability of using crushed plastic solid wastes in water filtration by using a pilot plant. Two sets of filters were used. The first set represents mono media filters. The first filter is a sand media with effective size of 0.65 mm and the others three are plastic media with different grain sizes. The second set represents dual media filters with different depths, the filters were made to operate with the same effective size （0.6-1.0 mm）. These filters were subjected to the same operating conditions of filtration rates and infiuent turbidity. The filters were operated at rates of 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 m/h in order to find the optimum filtration velocity with influent turbidity ranged between 7 and l0 NTU （nephelometric turbidity unit）. The results indicated that the single plastic filters and the dual filters produced water of the same high quality as the sand filter. Plastic filters were slower in the development of head losses by about of 8%-78% less and they have longer running time than the sand filter, while the dual filters were slower in the development of head losses by about of 14%-16% and they have longer running time by about of 12%-40% than the sand filter.展开更多
The current work seeks to examine numerical heat transfer by using a complicated channel with a trapezoid shape hanging in the channel.This channel demonstrates two-dimensional laminar flow,forced convective flow,and ...The current work seeks to examine numerical heat transfer by using a complicated channel with a trapezoid shape hanging in the channel.This channel demonstrates two-dimensional laminar flow,forced convective flow,and incompressible flow.To explore the behavior of heat transfer in complex channels,several parameters,such as the constant Prandtl number(Pr=6.9),volume fraction(ϕ)equal to(0.02 to 0.04),Cauchy number(Ca)equal to(10^(-4) to 10^(-8)),and Reynolds number equal to(60 to 160)were utilized.At the complex channel,different elastic walls are used in different locations,with case A being devoid of an elastic wall,cases B and C each having three elastic walls before and after the trapezoid shape,respectively,and case D having six elastic walls.The geometry of a complicated channel with varying L2/H2 and B/H2 ratios is investigated.The trouble was solved using the FEM with the ALE technique.The results showed that the best case with an elastic wall is reached for B/H2=0.8 and L2/H2=3.When compared to the channel without a flexible wall in case A,the highest reading for Nusselt was recorded at case C with a percentage of 34.5 percent,followed by case B(31.4 percent)and then case D(21.5 percent).It also has the highest Nusselt number reading at Ca=10^(-4) and Re=160,or about 6.4 when compared to Ca=10^(-5) and Ca=10^(-8).In case A,ΔP increases as the Re grows;however,in cases B and C,the ΔP reduces as the Re increases,but in case D,the ΔP increases with increasing Re.展开更多
Iraq is one of the countries that is suffering from water shortage problems and, for this reason, wastewater treatment plants become a necessity to minimize this problem. In this study, the impact of A1-Hilla WWTP （w...Iraq is one of the countries that is suffering from water shortage problems and, for this reason, wastewater treatment plants become a necessity to minimize this problem. In this study, the impact of A1-Hilla WWTP （wastewater treatment plant） on the environment has been studied. This was achieved using SimaPro software package. This software is a powerful tool for analyzing the environmental impact on products during their whole life cycle. A huge amount of knowledge about the environment is built into the program and database, enabling to analyze a product with a minimum of specialized knowledge. The results of LCA （life cycle assessment） showed that the impact and damage on the environment by A1-Hilla WWTP was 41 bad points for each 1 m3 of treated wastewater. The most environmental impacts potentially were global warming, respiratory inorganics and non-renewable energy. The study also showed that most of the effects were the result of the use of cement, steel and electricity consumption.展开更多
This paper presents a different approach of Intermediate Frequency (IF) amplifier using 0.18 μm MIETEC technology channel length of MOSFET Darlington transistors. In contrast to Bipolar conventional Darlingtonpair, a...This paper presents a different approach of Intermediate Frequency (IF) amplifier using 0.18 μm MIETEC technology channel length of MOSFET Darlington transistors. In contrast to Bipolar conventional Darlingtonpair, a MOSFET Darlington configuration is employed to reduce supply voltage (VDD) and DC consumption power (Pc). The frequency response parameters of the proposed design such as bandwidth, gain bandwidth product, input/output noises and noise figure (NF) are improved in proposed (IF) amplifier. Moreover, a dual-input and dual-output (DIDO) IF amplifier constructed from two symmetrical single input and single output (SISO) (IF) amplifier is proposed too. The idea is to achieve improved bandwidth, and flat response, because these parameters are very important in high frequency applications. Simulation results that obtained by P-SPICE program are 1.2 GHz Bandwidth (BW), 3.4 GHz (gain bandwidth product), 0.5 mW DC consumption power (Pc) and the low total output noise is 12 nV with 1.2 V single supply voltage.展开更多
In Najaf Govemorate, Iraq, there are five landfill sites. This study aims to rank these sites based on their criteria which are site capacity, land elevation and land price. AHP （analytic hierarchy process） method w...In Najaf Govemorate, Iraq, there are five landfill sites. This study aims to rank these sites based on their criteria which are site capacity, land elevation and land price. AHP （analytic hierarchy process） method was used to weight the criteria and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution. Fuzzy TOPSIS （technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution） method was used to rank these sites from best to worst. Based on AHP method, the site capacity criterion was the most important than land price and land elevation.展开更多
Here we demonstrate the synthesis of multifunctionalised benzimidazoles through the coupling of o-phenylenediamine with aldehydes by using Copper (II) hydroxide as an efficient solid catalyst in methanol at room tempe...Here we demonstrate the synthesis of multifunctionalised benzimidazoles through the coupling of o-phenylenediamine with aldehydes by using Copper (II) hydroxide as an efficient solid catalyst in methanol at room temperature. The Copper (II) hydroxide solid catalyst gave better yields (80%-99%) in short reaction time (4-8 h). These commercially available cheap catalysts are more active than many reported expensive heterogeneous catalysts. Using the Copper hydroxide fresh catalyst, the yield of product 3a was 98%, while the recovered catalyst in the three subsequent cycles gave the yield of 94%, 90% and 88% respectively.展开更多
The focal point of this paper is to present the theoretical aspects of the building blocks of the upper bounds of ISD （integer sub-decomposition） method defined by kP = k11P ＋ k12ψ1 （P） ＋ k21P ＋ k22ψ2 （P） w...The focal point of this paper is to present the theoretical aspects of the building blocks of the upper bounds of ISD （integer sub-decomposition） method defined by kP = k11P ＋ k12ψ1 （P） ＋ k21P ＋ k22ψ2 （P） with max {｜k11｜, ｜k12｜} 〈 Ca√n and max{｜k21｜, ｜k22｜}≤C√, where C=I that uses efficiently computable endomorphisms ψj for j=1,2 to compute any multiple kP of a point P of order n lying on an elliptic curve E. The upper bounds of sub-scalars in ISD method are presented and utilized to enhance the rate of successful computation of scalar multiplication kP. Important theorems that establish the upper bounds of the kernel vectors of the ISD reduction map are generalized and proved in this work. The values of C in the upper bounds, that are greater than 1, have been proven in two cases of characteristic polynomials （with degree 1 or 2） of the endomorphisms. The upper bound of ISD method with the case of the endomorphism rings over an integer ring Z results in a higher rate of successful computations kP. Compared to the case of endomorphism rings, which is embedded over an imaginary quadratic field Q = [4-D]. The determination of the upper bounds is considered as a key point in developing the ISD elliptic scalar multiplication technique.展开更多
The integration between engineering and knowledge systems(KS)in a manufacturing environment in a network of industrial enterprises was investigated.The drivers for this application of engineering design to infrastruct...The integration between engineering and knowledge systems(KS)in a manufacturing environment in a network of industrial enterprises was investigated.The drivers for this application of engineering design to infrastructure in an industrial setting where cost and time to market are vital were to spread best practice,and to gain experience in dealing with the regulatory authorities according to ISO 14000.Therefore,the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the industrial wastewater treatment plant of the Hilla Textile Factories,to find an appropriate method of treating the industrial wastewater so as to render it fit for reuse or safe to be disposed of as stipulated by the Iraqi laws on effluent disposal.The removal efficiencies of the different parameters used to describe water quality was low.It was found that the removal efficiency of COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand)was 20-21%,that of BOD(Biochemical Oxygen Demand)was 17-30%and that of TSS(Total Suspended Solids)was 27-31%.The quality of the effluent was not in line with those of either the Iraqi or American standards.展开更多
Ore microscopy study for some samples from Mawat complex NE Iraq (part of Zagros Suture Zone) showed the presence of copper ore minerals was irregularly distributed, mainly throughout the basic rocks of Mawat Ophiolit...Ore microscopy study for some samples from Mawat complex NE Iraq (part of Zagros Suture Zone) showed the presence of copper ore minerals was irregularly distributed, mainly throughout the basic rocks of Mawat Ophiolite Complex. The main sulfides minerals identified were: chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, chalcocite and covellite. Iron hydroxides/oxides including goethite and magnetite were also observed associated with sulfide ore. Chalcopyrite and pyrite were the main primary minerals from which other ores were formed. They were originated at the orthomagmatic stage, and also deposited from aqueous solution of final stage in the consolidation of a magma forming vein textures which was observed in many samples. Two types of pyrite generations were recognized. They were pre-tectonic pyrite and post-tectonic pyrite. The secondary recognized ore textures were rim, pseudo morph, zoning, relicts, atoll and vein replacement textures. Secondary textures resulting from exsolution were also presented. Three stages of mineralization could be concluded: orthomagmatic stage (Earliest), the hydrothermal activations stage (Hypogene) and the weathering stage (Supergene). Paragenaticaly, the primary copper sulfides including chalcopyrite and bornite were responsible for other copper ores formation. These minerals were observed disseminated throughout the host mafic rocks which were considered as endogenic deposits (magmatic and hypogene origin) and they were modified as small patches of chalcocite and covellite.展开更多
Solid waste management is one of the most important challenges facing the local administration in the governorate of Najaf. This paper investigates the domestic amount generated in Najaf governorate for period 2015-20...Solid waste management is one of the most important challenges facing the local administration in the governorate of Najaf. This paper investigates the domestic amount generated in Najaf governorate for period 2015-2035 and the required landfill volume for the disposal of the waste. The daily per capita waste generation in Al-Najaf is 0.42 kg, the humidity content about 43% and the density of waste around 473 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. The total amount was about 5,914,415 ton and the required landfill volume is 11,828,829 m<sup>3</sup>.展开更多
The expanding resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics casts a serious threat to the public health.Thus,a new strategy is required to resolve this problem.This study aims to compare the antibacterial impact of...The expanding resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics casts a serious threat to the public health.Thus,a new strategy is required to resolve this problem.This study aims to compare the antibacterial impact of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles(Bio-AgNPs),gentamycin(GEN),and the conjugation of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles and gentamycin(GEN:Bio-AgNPs)on multidrugresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.The characteristic properties of Bio-AgNPs were detected by the following analyses:ultraviolet–visible(UV–Vis)spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),dynamic light scattering(DLS),Zeta potential,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Depending on micro-dilution assay,the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)of the tested subjects(Bio-AgNPs,GEN,GEN:Bio-AgNPs)are calculated to be 112±400,1536±525,and 49±18.8μg/mL,respectively.The obtained results confirmed that the GEN:Bio-AgNPs have greater potency effect than Bio-AgNPs and GEN alone,showing that AgNPs of low concentration can potentially enhance the effect of GEN against resistant P.aeruginosa.展开更多
In the present work,we investigated novel,green,and facile approach for the synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles by use of inexpensive and available Iraqi Zahdi palm dates extract as reducing and stabilizing agent...In the present work,we investigated novel,green,and facile approach for the synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles by use of inexpensive and available Iraqi Zahdi palm dates extract as reducing and stabilizing agents.The formation and color change of dark brown suspension of silver nanoparticles were monitored and examined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric analysis at maximum wavelength of 401 nm.The produced nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering(DLS),Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry(FTIR),atomic force microscope(AFM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)-energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The results demonstrated that particle size distribution was around 90±40 nm which was in line with grain size of the nanoparticles measured by AFM,while the crystallite size was about 20 nm according to the results observed from XRD technique.Additionally,the zeta potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles was found to be nearly about-25 mV,whereby the suspension showed high stability upon storing the sample in a cool place for a long period of time.The synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited efficient antibacterial activity against pathogenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)bacteria.They also showed enhanced anticancer activity against breast cancer cells(MCF7)with high apoptotic effect as compared with normal MCF10A cells,which confirmed the biocompatible nature of green synthesized silver nanoparticles.It is considered that nanosilver particles synthesized with palm dates extract may basically establish a significant step to synthesize such nanoparticles for topical applications as well as an alternative anticancer drug of existing chemotherapeutics of cancer..展开更多
The rainfed region in Iraq comprises an area of more than 5 million ha of forest,grazing and farmland areas.Except the plains,the region suffers from moderate to severe water erosion due mainly to overgrazing and land...The rainfed region in Iraq comprises an area of more than 5 million ha of forest,grazing and farmland areas.Except the plains,the region suffers from moderate to severe water erosion due mainly to overgrazing and land mismanagement.Due to population growth and the shortage in water resources,an expansion in land used for agriculture in the region is expected.Terracing is an option when utilizing sloping land for agricultural production.A terrace design criterion was developed for the region in which terrace spacing was determined using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE);terrace channel specifications were determined using conventional hydraulic computations.Analyses showed that terracing is feasible on rolling and hilly sloping land in the high rainfall zone(seasonal rainfall 4600 mm)where economic crops are grown to offset the high cost of terrace construction and maintenance.In the medium and low rainfall zones(seasonal rainfall 400–600 mm and 300–400 mm),terracing for water erosion control is generally not needed on cultivated land less than 10%in slope where wheat and barley crops are normally grown;however,pioneer research projects are needed to assess the feasibility of terraces of the level(detention)type to conserve rain water in these two zones for a more successful rainfed farming venture.展开更多
文摘Water samples, sediments from three stations in Euphrates River, lraq were analyzed quantitatively for some physical and chemical characters and six heavy metals （Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb） using flam atomic absorption spectrophotpmeter in period Sept. 2009-Oct. 2010. The physical and chemical characters included temperature, pH, water flow, salinity, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, alkalinity total hardness, calcium and nutrients （nitrite, nitrate reactive phosphate and silicate）. The results showed variation in water flow 0.05-0.40 m/sec., according to the values of salinity 0.40%-0.60% values of the BOD5 were ranged between 0.2-4.3 mg/L. The mean concentration of the heavy metals （Pb, Ni, Mn, Co, Cu and Fe） of the dissolved phase in water were 0.13 μg/L, 0.021 μg/L, 0.31 μg/L, 4.29 μg/L, 7.78 μg/L, 6.46 μg/L and 79.04 μg/L, respectively, while their concentration in the particulate phase were 0.59 μg/g, 0.06 μg/g, 0.42 μg/g, 50.06 μg/g, 6.61 μg/g, 7.17 vg/g and 149.42 μg/g dry weight, respectively. Also the mean concentrations of heavy metals in sediment （exchangeable phase） were 0.51 vg/g,0.18 vg/g, 0.08 μg/g, 61.39 μg/g, 5.40 μg/g, 14.06 vg/g and 130.05 μg/g dry weight respectively, and 0.40 μg/g, 0.17 μg/g, 0.10 μg/g, 63.01 μg/g, 4.64 μg/g, 18.44 μg/g and 126.26 μg/g D.W. respectively in residual phase of sediment.
文摘Quantum calculation method has been used to understand and investigate the free radical reactions of propane with hydroxyl radical in vacuum through modem quantum mechanics that is package on hyperchem 8.02 program. Optimized structures and structural reactivates have been studied through bond stability and angles using DFT calculation based on the basis set 6-31G＊. Energetic properties have been calculated like total energy, Gibbs free energy, entropy, heat of formation, and rate constant for all chemical species that＇s participate in the suggested reaction mechanism. Reaction mechanism and rate determining step had been suggested according to calculation of energy barrier values, and compares between the suggested competitive reactions for each probable reaction step. Suggested structures and the probable transition states have been studied.
文摘A new design technique employing CMOS Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA) is presented. This design approach applies CFA OTA as input stage cascaded with class AB cross-coupled buffer stage. The performance parameters of CMOS CFOA such as bandwidth, slew rate, settling time are extensively improved compared with conventional CFOA. These parameters are very important in high frequency applications that use CMOS CFOA as an active building block such as A/D converters, and active filters. Also the DC input offset voltage and harmonic distortion (HD) are very low values compared with the conventional CMOS CFOA are obtained. P-Spice simulation results using 0.35 μm MI-ETEC CMOS process parameters shows considerable improvement over existing CMOS CFOA simulated model. Some of the performance parameters for example are DC gain of 67.2 dB, open-loop gain bandwidth product of 104 MHz, slew rate (SR+) of +91.3 V/μS, THD of -67 dB and DC input offset voltage of -0.2 mV.
文摘Solid waste management aspect is one of the most important challenges facing the local administration in the Govemorate of Najaf. Therefore, this study aims to provide for solid waste management problem by choosing the best locations for the establishment of sanitary landfills in the governorate. In this study, GIS （geographic information system） and MCDA （multi-criteria decision analysis） were used based on 17 environmental, economic and geological criteria converted to input digital map layers. These were urban centres, cemetery, airports, electrical power lines, oil pipes, railways, roads, slope, historical sites, main rivers, industrial areas, religion sites, wells, military area, electrical power plants, nature reserves and national borders to select most importance sites in the govemorate. AHP （analytic hierarchy process） method was used in weighting the criteria used. All layers＇ maps were graded from 0 （not suitable） to 5 （most suitable） using spatial information scale then SAW （simple additive weighting） method was integrated in GIS used to calculate the suitability index for the studied area. The results indicated that 4.4% of the study region is suitable for landfill siting with grading values greater than 4.0. This included five sites distributed in three qadhaas of governorate.
文摘SimaPro is a software package designed to make a valuable contribution for analyzing the environmental impact on products during their whole life cycle. A huge amount of knowledge about the environment is built into the program and database, enabling to analyze a product with a minimum of specialized knowledge. In this study, SimaPro was used to analyze and evaluate the impacts that resulted from sewerage network in Al-Hilla city, Iraq. The results of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) showed that sewerage network had an impact and damage on the environment by 291 points for every cubic meter of collect wastewater. The most potential environmental impacts were global warming, respiratory inorganics and non-renewable energy, contributing to the sewerage network. The study also showed that most of the effects were as a result of energy consumption in the pumping of wastewater, pipes used and diesel using for network operation.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82074251)the Hunan Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2018JJ2413)the Hunan Provincial Health and Health Commission Project(No.c2018032)。
文摘Objective Sulfanilamide,sulfadiazine,and dapsone were the first sulfonamides to be used to treat malaria by disrupting the folate biosynthesis process,which is essential for parasite survival.Therefore,we aimed to synthesize novel N-(2-arylaminophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide derivatives through a rational drug design approach.Methods All compounds were synthesized by the conventional method,and the products were characterized by spectral analysis(1 H NMR and mass spectrometry).The progression of the reaction was monitored using thin-layer chromatography(TLC).All the derivatives were analyzed for their effective binding mode in the allosteric site of the plasmodium cysteine protease falcipain-2.Antibacterial and antifungal activities were determined using the broth dilution method.Results S6(N-(2-thiazol-4 yl)-acetyl-aminophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide and S9(N-(1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)aminophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide formed five hydrogen bonds;S8(N-(2-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)aminophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide and S10(N-(1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)aminophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide formed four hydrogen bonds with the allosteric site of the enzyme.Considering the docking scores and formation of hydrogen bonds with the target enzyme,the novel derivatives were processed for wet lab synthesis.All the newly synthesized derivatives were subjected to in vitro antimalarial,antifungal,and antibacterial activities.All the derivatives exhibited sufficient sensitivity to the Plasmodium falciparum strain compared to the standards.Moreover,compounds S9 and S10 showed the most potent dual antimicrobial and antimalarial activities.They also exhibited powerful molecular interactions in molecular docking studies.Conclusion Based on the above results,it was concluded that N-(2-arylaminophenyl)-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide derivatives have excellent biological potential to act as antimalarial,antifungal,and antibacterial agents.
文摘The aim of this new study is to investigate the ability of using crushed plastic solid wastes in water filtration by using a pilot plant. Two sets of filters were used. The first set represents mono media filters. The first filter is a sand media with effective size of 0.65 mm and the others three are plastic media with different grain sizes. The second set represents dual media filters with different depths, the filters were made to operate with the same effective size （0.6-1.0 mm）. These filters were subjected to the same operating conditions of filtration rates and infiuent turbidity. The filters were operated at rates of 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 m/h in order to find the optimum filtration velocity with influent turbidity ranged between 7 and l0 NTU （nephelometric turbidity unit）. The results indicated that the single plastic filters and the dual filters produced water of the same high quality as the sand filter. Plastic filters were slower in the development of head losses by about of 8%-78% less and they have longer running time than the sand filter, while the dual filters were slower in the development of head losses by about of 14%-16% and they have longer running time by about of 12%-40% than the sand filter.
文摘The current work seeks to examine numerical heat transfer by using a complicated channel with a trapezoid shape hanging in the channel.This channel demonstrates two-dimensional laminar flow,forced convective flow,and incompressible flow.To explore the behavior of heat transfer in complex channels,several parameters,such as the constant Prandtl number(Pr=6.9),volume fraction(ϕ)equal to(0.02 to 0.04),Cauchy number(Ca)equal to(10^(-4) to 10^(-8)),and Reynolds number equal to(60 to 160)were utilized.At the complex channel,different elastic walls are used in different locations,with case A being devoid of an elastic wall,cases B and C each having three elastic walls before and after the trapezoid shape,respectively,and case D having six elastic walls.The geometry of a complicated channel with varying L2/H2 and B/H2 ratios is investigated.The trouble was solved using the FEM with the ALE technique.The results showed that the best case with an elastic wall is reached for B/H2=0.8 and L2/H2=3.When compared to the channel without a flexible wall in case A,the highest reading for Nusselt was recorded at case C with a percentage of 34.5 percent,followed by case B(31.4 percent)and then case D(21.5 percent).It also has the highest Nusselt number reading at Ca=10^(-4) and Re=160,or about 6.4 when compared to Ca=10^(-5) and Ca=10^(-8).In case A,ΔP increases as the Re grows;however,in cases B and C,the ΔP reduces as the Re increases,but in case D,the ΔP increases with increasing Re.
文摘Iraq is one of the countries that is suffering from water shortage problems and, for this reason, wastewater treatment plants become a necessity to minimize this problem. In this study, the impact of A1-Hilla WWTP （wastewater treatment plant） on the environment has been studied. This was achieved using SimaPro software package. This software is a powerful tool for analyzing the environmental impact on products during their whole life cycle. A huge amount of knowledge about the environment is built into the program and database, enabling to analyze a product with a minimum of specialized knowledge. The results of LCA （life cycle assessment） showed that the impact and damage on the environment by A1-Hilla WWTP was 41 bad points for each 1 m3 of treated wastewater. The most environmental impacts potentially were global warming, respiratory inorganics and non-renewable energy. The study also showed that most of the effects were the result of the use of cement, steel and electricity consumption.
文摘This paper presents a different approach of Intermediate Frequency (IF) amplifier using 0.18 μm MIETEC technology channel length of MOSFET Darlington transistors. In contrast to Bipolar conventional Darlingtonpair, a MOSFET Darlington configuration is employed to reduce supply voltage (VDD) and DC consumption power (Pc). The frequency response parameters of the proposed design such as bandwidth, gain bandwidth product, input/output noises and noise figure (NF) are improved in proposed (IF) amplifier. Moreover, a dual-input and dual-output (DIDO) IF amplifier constructed from two symmetrical single input and single output (SISO) (IF) amplifier is proposed too. The idea is to achieve improved bandwidth, and flat response, because these parameters are very important in high frequency applications. Simulation results that obtained by P-SPICE program are 1.2 GHz Bandwidth (BW), 3.4 GHz (gain bandwidth product), 0.5 mW DC consumption power (Pc) and the low total output noise is 12 nV with 1.2 V single supply voltage.
文摘In Najaf Govemorate, Iraq, there are five landfill sites. This study aims to rank these sites based on their criteria which are site capacity, land elevation and land price. AHP （analytic hierarchy process） method was used to weight the criteria and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution. Fuzzy TOPSIS （technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution） method was used to rank these sites from best to worst. Based on AHP method, the site capacity criterion was the most important than land price and land elevation.
文摘Here we demonstrate the synthesis of multifunctionalised benzimidazoles through the coupling of o-phenylenediamine with aldehydes by using Copper (II) hydroxide as an efficient solid catalyst in methanol at room temperature. The Copper (II) hydroxide solid catalyst gave better yields (80%-99%) in short reaction time (4-8 h). These commercially available cheap catalysts are more active than many reported expensive heterogeneous catalysts. Using the Copper hydroxide fresh catalyst, the yield of product 3a was 98%, while the recovered catalyst in the three subsequent cycles gave the yield of 94%, 90% and 88% respectively.
文摘The focal point of this paper is to present the theoretical aspects of the building blocks of the upper bounds of ISD （integer sub-decomposition） method defined by kP = k11P ＋ k12ψ1 （P） ＋ k21P ＋ k22ψ2 （P） with max {｜k11｜, ｜k12｜} 〈 Ca√n and max{｜k21｜, ｜k22｜}≤C√, where C=I that uses efficiently computable endomorphisms ψj for j=1,2 to compute any multiple kP of a point P of order n lying on an elliptic curve E. The upper bounds of sub-scalars in ISD method are presented and utilized to enhance the rate of successful computation of scalar multiplication kP. Important theorems that establish the upper bounds of the kernel vectors of the ISD reduction map are generalized and proved in this work. The values of C in the upper bounds, that are greater than 1, have been proven in two cases of characteristic polynomials （with degree 1 or 2） of the endomorphisms. The upper bound of ISD method with the case of the endomorphism rings over an integer ring Z results in a higher rate of successful computations kP. Compared to the case of endomorphism rings, which is embedded over an imaginary quadratic field Q = [4-D]. The determination of the upper bounds is considered as a key point in developing the ISD elliptic scalar multiplication technique.
文摘The integration between engineering and knowledge systems(KS)in a manufacturing environment in a network of industrial enterprises was investigated.The drivers for this application of engineering design to infrastructure in an industrial setting where cost and time to market are vital were to spread best practice,and to gain experience in dealing with the regulatory authorities according to ISO 14000.Therefore,the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the industrial wastewater treatment plant of the Hilla Textile Factories,to find an appropriate method of treating the industrial wastewater so as to render it fit for reuse or safe to be disposed of as stipulated by the Iraqi laws on effluent disposal.The removal efficiencies of the different parameters used to describe water quality was low.It was found that the removal efficiency of COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand)was 20-21%,that of BOD(Biochemical Oxygen Demand)was 17-30%and that of TSS(Total Suspended Solids)was 27-31%.The quality of the effluent was not in line with those of either the Iraqi or American standards.
文摘Ore microscopy study for some samples from Mawat complex NE Iraq (part of Zagros Suture Zone) showed the presence of copper ore minerals was irregularly distributed, mainly throughout the basic rocks of Mawat Ophiolite Complex. The main sulfides minerals identified were: chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, chalcocite and covellite. Iron hydroxides/oxides including goethite and magnetite were also observed associated with sulfide ore. Chalcopyrite and pyrite were the main primary minerals from which other ores were formed. They were originated at the orthomagmatic stage, and also deposited from aqueous solution of final stage in the consolidation of a magma forming vein textures which was observed in many samples. Two types of pyrite generations were recognized. They were pre-tectonic pyrite and post-tectonic pyrite. The secondary recognized ore textures were rim, pseudo morph, zoning, relicts, atoll and vein replacement textures. Secondary textures resulting from exsolution were also presented. Three stages of mineralization could be concluded: orthomagmatic stage (Earliest), the hydrothermal activations stage (Hypogene) and the weathering stage (Supergene). Paragenaticaly, the primary copper sulfides including chalcopyrite and bornite were responsible for other copper ores formation. These minerals were observed disseminated throughout the host mafic rocks which were considered as endogenic deposits (magmatic and hypogene origin) and they were modified as small patches of chalcocite and covellite.
文摘Solid waste management is one of the most important challenges facing the local administration in the governorate of Najaf. This paper investigates the domestic amount generated in Najaf governorate for period 2015-2035 and the required landfill volume for the disposal of the waste. The daily per capita waste generation in Al-Najaf is 0.42 kg, the humidity content about 43% and the density of waste around 473 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. The total amount was about 5,914,415 ton and the required landfill volume is 11,828,829 m<sup>3</sup>.
文摘The expanding resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics casts a serious threat to the public health.Thus,a new strategy is required to resolve this problem.This study aims to compare the antibacterial impact of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles(Bio-AgNPs),gentamycin(GEN),and the conjugation of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles and gentamycin(GEN:Bio-AgNPs)on multidrugresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.The characteristic properties of Bio-AgNPs were detected by the following analyses:ultraviolet–visible(UV–Vis)spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),dynamic light scattering(DLS),Zeta potential,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Depending on micro-dilution assay,the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)of the tested subjects(Bio-AgNPs,GEN,GEN:Bio-AgNPs)are calculated to be 112±400,1536±525,and 49±18.8μg/mL,respectively.The obtained results confirmed that the GEN:Bio-AgNPs have greater potency effect than Bio-AgNPs and GEN alone,showing that AgNPs of low concentration can potentially enhance the effect of GEN against resistant P.aeruginosa.
文摘In the present work,we investigated novel,green,and facile approach for the synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles by use of inexpensive and available Iraqi Zahdi palm dates extract as reducing and stabilizing agents.The formation and color change of dark brown suspension of silver nanoparticles were monitored and examined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric analysis at maximum wavelength of 401 nm.The produced nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering(DLS),Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry(FTIR),atomic force microscope(AFM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)-energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The results demonstrated that particle size distribution was around 90±40 nm which was in line with grain size of the nanoparticles measured by AFM,while the crystallite size was about 20 nm according to the results observed from XRD technique.Additionally,the zeta potential of synthesized silver nanoparticles was found to be nearly about-25 mV,whereby the suspension showed high stability upon storing the sample in a cool place for a long period of time.The synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited efficient antibacterial activity against pathogenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)bacteria.They also showed enhanced anticancer activity against breast cancer cells(MCF7)with high apoptotic effect as compared with normal MCF10A cells,which confirmed the biocompatible nature of green synthesized silver nanoparticles.It is considered that nanosilver particles synthesized with palm dates extract may basically establish a significant step to synthesize such nanoparticles for topical applications as well as an alternative anticancer drug of existing chemotherapeutics of cancer..
文摘The rainfed region in Iraq comprises an area of more than 5 million ha of forest,grazing and farmland areas.Except the plains,the region suffers from moderate to severe water erosion due mainly to overgrazing and land mismanagement.Due to population growth and the shortage in water resources,an expansion in land used for agriculture in the region is expected.Terracing is an option when utilizing sloping land for agricultural production.A terrace design criterion was developed for the region in which terrace spacing was determined using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE);terrace channel specifications were determined using conventional hydraulic computations.Analyses showed that terracing is feasible on rolling and hilly sloping land in the high rainfall zone(seasonal rainfall 4600 mm)where economic crops are grown to offset the high cost of terrace construction and maintenance.In the medium and low rainfall zones(seasonal rainfall 400–600 mm and 300–400 mm),terracing for water erosion control is generally not needed on cultivated land less than 10%in slope where wheat and barley crops are normally grown;however,pioneer research projects are needed to assess the feasibility of terraces of the level(detention)type to conserve rain water in these two zones for a more successful rainfed farming venture.
