Atmospheric pollution would increase morbidity and mortality rates for various respiratory illnesses in urban areas, and could also be an explanatory factor of higher rates of myocardial infarction in Charleroi compar...Atmospheric pollution would increase morbidity and mortality rates for various respiratory illnesses in urban areas, and could also be an explanatory factor of higher rates of myocardial infarction in Charleroi compared with the other Belgian cities. The present study investigates the health effects of acute exposure to air pollution on cardiovascular morbidity/mortality in Charleroi. The study is based on comparing hospital data taken from the registry of ischaemic cardiopathies in Charleroi (1999 to 2008) to data on the air quality in this region. To measure the association between atmospheric pollution and the number of cases of myocardial infarction, Poisson regression was carried out. The excess risk of myocardial infarction was analysed according to the month of admission. For men, a decrease in the attack rate of myocardial infarction is visible during the first three years of the study, later to remain stable. For women, attack rates are stable throughout the study. Most of the pollutants vary according to season. Except for ozone, concentrations are generally higher in winter. We observe an association between the concentrations of PM10 and NO2 and morbidity/mortality by acute myocardial infarction. The increased risk for an increase of 10 μg/m3 of pollutant is 1.8% for PM10 and 4.0% for NO2. Multivariate models must still be developed and applied to our data.展开更多
Two dominant species of Willow( Salix triandra )and Reed (Phragmites australis) along the Schelde Estuary(in Belgium)were selected in this research. The pigments of higher plant was used as biomarkers, the deco...Two dominant species of Willow( Salix triandra )and Reed (Phragmites australis) along the Schelde Estuary(in Belgium)were selected in this research. The pigments of higher plant was used as biomarkers, the decomposition process of the two species were studied after they fall into the Schelde Estuary. After statistical analysis(Spearman rank order correlation, P <0 05), the results has shown the decomposition dynamics pattern of the pigments, and the willow showed different pattern in comparing with the reed, e.g. Chlorophyll a decomposition dynamics for willow is: y 1=12196 x 2 - 175895 x +1E+06+ k , R 2=0 5706 while for reed is: y 2=-37878 x 2+229782 x +734282+ k , R 2=0 9065 The precise time of the leaf litter spent in the water was also calculated as were less than 24 days, 24-37 days, longer than 37 days(willow)and less than 24 days, longer than 24 days(reed), the leaf litter fate of the two dominant species in the Schelde Estuary was also compared.展开更多
Background： Climate change is likely to cause significant modifications in forests. Rising to this challenge may require adaptation of forest management, and therefore should trigger proactive measures by forest mana...Background： Climate change is likely to cause significant modifications in forests. Rising to this challenge may require adaptation of forest management, and therefore should trigger proactive measures by forest managers, but it is unclear to what extent this is already happening. Methods： The survey carried out in this research assesses how forest stakeholders in Belgium perceive the role of their forest management in the context of climate change and the impediments that limit their ability to prepare and respond to these changes. Results： Respondents indicated strong awareness of the changing climate, with more than two-thirds （71%） expressing concern about the impacts of climate change on their forests. However, less than one-third of the respondents （32 %） reported modifying their management practices motivated by climate change. Among the major constraints limiting their climate red,ted ~ctions, lack of ic^formation was considered the most important for managers of both public and private forests. Conclusions： Knowledge transfer is an essential condition for research to lead to innovation. Improving the communication and demonstration of possible solutions for climate change adaptation is therefore likely to be the most effective strategy for increasing their adoption.展开更多
The vertical tide in the Sea Scheldt (Belgium) is predicted using a combination of harmonic tidal prediction and 1D hydraulic modeling. At Prosperpolder (a measurement station close to the Dutch-Belgian border), four ...The vertical tide in the Sea Scheldt (Belgium) is predicted using a combination of harmonic tidal prediction and 1D hydraulic modeling. At Prosperpolder (a measurement station close to the Dutch-Belgian border), four years of water level data (2009-2012) are analyzed to obtain the harmonic components at that location. The accuracy of the harmonic prediction is checked with a statistical analysis of an astronomical hindcast for 2009-2012 against measurements. An existing 1D hydraulic model of the tidally influenced part of the Scheldt estuary is cut off at Prosperpolder. The time series of tidally predicted water levels at Prosperpolder is used as a downstream boundary condition for the hydraulic model. In this way, a tidal prediction can be obtained for any location in the Sea Scheldt, also for locations where no harmonic components are available, whilst guaranteeing the consistency between the predicted time series.展开更多
Air pollution monitoring is one of the most important features in contamination risk management.This is because many of the compounds contained within air pollution present a serious risk both for the preservation of ...Air pollution monitoring is one of the most important features in contamination risk management.This is because many of the compounds contained within air pollution present a serious risk both for the preservation of open air cultural heritage and for human health.New particle formation is a major contributor to urban pollution,but how it occurs in cities is often puzzling.As more and more people enjoy an increased quality of life through outdoor activity,managing outdoor air quality is vital.This study presents the application of a low-cost system for monitoring the current level of road traffic passengers’exposure to particulate air contamination.The global rise in tourism also leads to apprehension about its probable destructive influence on various aspects of global preservation.One of the major risks encountered by tourists,stemming from modes of transport,are nanoparticles(NPs)(<100 nm)and ultra-fine particles(UFPs)(100-1000 nm)consisting of potentially hazardous elements(PHEs).This study examines Steen Castle,a medieval fortress located in Antwerp,Belgium.Significant NPs with PHEs,were found in the air sampled in this area.The self-made passive sampler(LSPS)described in this study,consisting of retainers specially designed for advanced microscopic analysis,is used for the first time as a simple way to characterize the surrounding atmospheric contamination caused by NPs and UFPs,without the need of other commonly employed more expensive particulate focused active samplers such as cascade impactors.This study aims to assess the result of the utilization of a low-cost,LSPS,to determine outdoor NPs and UFPs in a Belgian urban(Steen Castle)and rural area(Fort van Schoten).This work is the first to detail the usefulness of LSPS for the evaluation of Belgium’s outdoor air for NPs and UFPs,which contain PHEs.展开更多
Objective: To define the prevalence of auto antibodies (Ab) to different organs in young patients with type 1 diabetes (type 1DM). Methods: Ab to thyroid, celiac and adrenal disease was analyzed in 831 type 1 DM patie...Objective: To define the prevalence of auto antibodies (Ab) to different organs in young patients with type 1 diabetes (type 1DM). Methods: Ab to thyroid, celiac and adrenal disease was analyzed in 831 type 1 DM patients. Results: Hundred twenty-three (14.8%) had positive thyroid Ab. The risk of developing thyroid Ab was increased in girls (HR 2.3;95% CI 1.6 - 3.2, p < 0.0001). Thirty-three (3.9%) patients had positive endomysium Ab (3.1% in girls and 3.5% in boys, p = NS). Adrenal Ab was detected in 5 patients. The DQA1*0301-DQB1*0301 haplotype was more prevalent in patients with thyroid Ab (p = 0.0281);DQA1*301-DQB1*302 and DQA1*501-DQB1*201 in patients with endo- mysium Ab (p = 0.0251 and p < 0.0001). All patients with adrenal Ab were DQA1*301-DQB1*302 positive. Conclusions: Type 1D patients should be screened annually for thyroid autoimmunity and celiac disease. The DQA1*0301-DQB1*0301 haplotype seems to confer susceptibility to thyroid autoimmunity, DQA1*301-DQB1*302 and DQA1*501-DQB1*201 to celiac disease and DQA1*301-DQB1*302 to adrenal autoimmunity.展开更多
AIM: To study the degree of stigmatization among trainee psychiatrists, individual characteristics potentially leading to higher associative stigma, and coping mechanisms.METHODS: Two hundred and seven trainee psychia...AIM: To study the degree of stigmatization among trainee psychiatrists, individual characteristics potentially leading to higher associative stigma, and coping mechanisms.METHODS: Two hundred and seven trainee psychiatrists in Flanders(Belgium), all member of the Flemish Association of Trainee Psychiatrists, were approached to participate in the survey. A non-demanding questionnaire that was specifically designed for the purpose of the study was sent by mail. The questionnaire consisted of three parts, each emphasizing a different aspect of associative stigma: devaluing and humiliating interactions, the focus on stigma during medical train-ing, and identification with negative stereotypes in the media. Answers were scored on a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3. The results were analyzed using SPSS Version 18.0. RESULTS: The response rate of the study was 75.1%. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was good, with a Cronbach's α of 0.71. Seventy-five percent of all trainee psychiatrists confirmed hearing denigrating or humiliating remarks about the psychiatric profession more than once. Additionally, more than half of them had had remarks about the incompetence of psychiatrists directed at them. Only 1.3% remembered having stigma as a topic during their psychiatric training. Trainees who had been in training for a longer period of time had experienced a significantly higher level of stigmatization than trainees with fewer years of experience(mean total stigma scores of 16.93 ± SD 7.8 vs 14.45 ± SD 6.1, t =-2.179 and P < 0.05). In addition, senior trainees effectively kept quiet about their profession significantly more often than their junior colleagues(mean item score 0.44 ± SD 0.82 vs 0.13 ± SD 0.48, t = 2.874, P < 0.01). Comparable results were found in trainees working in adult psychiatry as were found in those working in child or youth psychiatry(mean item score 0.38 ± SD 0.77 vs 0.15 ± SD 0.53, t =-2.153, P < 0.05). Biologically oriented trainees were more inclined to give preventive explanations about their profession, which can be seen as a coping mechanism used to deal with this stigma(mean item score 2.05 ± SD 1.05 vs 1.34 ± SD 1.1, t =-3.403, P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: Associative stigma in trainee psychiatrists is underestimated. More attention should be paid to this potentially harmful phenomenon in training.展开更多
In order to analyze the distribution and evolution of the aquatic vegetation and ecological status of the Semois-Chiers basin (Semois sub-basin and Chiers sub-basin), macrophyte surveys were conducted at 48 sites in 2...In order to analyze the distribution and evolution of the aquatic vegetation and ecological status of the Semois-Chiers basin (Semois sub-basin and Chiers sub-basin), macrophyte surveys were conducted at 48 sites in 2007 and 2013. Environmental parameters were also measured in order to characterize the waterbodies in terms of physico-chemical properties and anthropogenic pressure. The two-way clustering and indicator value (INDVAL) methods were used to assess groups of sites according to their macrophytic composition and species communities. The results showed a clear difference between streams in the Lorraine area (calcareous watercourses) and in the Ardennes (siliceous). Within each natural region, those with natural vegetation of high ecological status were separated from those dominated by resistant species. The Macrophytical Biological Index for Rivers (IBMR) was calculated for the sites visited in 2010 and 2013 and the results show a trend towards an increase of IBMR values of polluted sites. For the latter, the Wilcoxon test was performed to assess the significance of the difference in quality between 2010 and 2013. This showed a statistically significant difference (p-value = 0.035). Our results showed similarities with previous data, as well as some differences. The differences observed might indicate a gradual change in the composition of the vegetation in the study area, which was caused by changes in environmental conditions. They could also reflect a lack of information about the ecology of certain groups of plants, mainly bryophytes and macroalgae that were not considered in previous studies. Despite the measures implemented under the EU’s Water Framework Directive (WFD), the current vegetation of the Semois river differs little from that observed in 1996. The headwaters of a Semois river, described in previous studies as polytrophic and devoid of vegetation, show a slight improvement, with the appearance of macrophytic species. In some parts of the Chiers sub-basin, however, resistant species observed in 1999 persist.展开更多
In this study, we combine an analysis of the toolsets of children＇s online news sites in three countries （the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the Netherlands） with a usability study of two of these news sites for chil...In this study, we combine an analysis of the toolsets of children＇s online news sites in three countries （the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the Netherlands） with a usability study of two of these news sites for children aged nine to 12 years old. Results show that especially nine-year-olds find it difficult to navigate through the sites and are faced with reading and comprehension difficulties. Not only nine-year-olds but also 12-year-olds with a higher reading proficiency level run into a lot of difficulties during the usability test. According to the Flesch and Flesch-Douma reading ease calculations, the text material on the sites is too difficult for the age group.展开更多
The landmark Convention on the Rights of the Child states that children around the World have right to safe environment. In Belgium, as in many countries, children spend, on average, 4.5 weekdays at school, during nea...The landmark Convention on the Rights of the Child states that children around the World have right to safe environment. In Belgium, as in many countries, children spend, on average, 4.5 weekdays at school, during nearly 8 hours per day. Studies have shown that, the risk of school-related injury exceeds the risk during leisure time. Literature reports that school accidents account for 10 to 30% of all accidents among pupils. Despite that, few papers treat of the school-related injuries. Consequently, based on 1540 accidents forms from an insurance company, injury places, mechanisms involved, body parts injured and nature of injuries were described. Head injuries, upper and lower limbs injuries were investigated in more details. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to assess the relationships between the variables and multivariate logistic regression models were used to study the three specific types of injuries cited above. Gender ratio (M/F) was equal to 1.6 with 25.9% of children under 6 years, 29.4% of 6 - 9 years, 26.9% of 10 - 12 years and 17.8% from 13 years or more. The major places of injuries were the playground (56.9%) and the physical education (19.7%). Falls were observed in 52.1% of cases and contacts were reported in 24.3%. The head injuries account for 40.6%, the upper limbs for 32.0% and the lower limbs injuries for 20.2%. The bruises and the scratches were observed in 23.8% and the wounds in 21.5%. Fractures were reported in 16.1%. In conclusion, having a routine access to the data from the insurance companies could be an important source of information for an injury surveillance system in which the school injuries will be included. Taking into account this data will require an awareness of all the concerned persons about the relevance of such a system and a harmonization of the accidental forms.展开更多
Despite many attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of case management for frail older people, systematic reviews including experimental designs show inconsistent results. Starting from the view that case management i...Despite many attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of case management for frail older people, systematic reviews including experimental designs show inconsistent results. Starting from the view that case management is a complex intervention occurring in multilayered realities, we conducted a realist evaluation of case management in Belgium, where this type of intervention is new. Realist approaches are particularly well suited to evaluate complex interventions as they seek to investigate iteratively the literature and empirical data to uncover mid-range theories underpinning the intervention under study. As such, realist evaluations are works in progress which provide tools to describe how, why and for whom an intervention is supposed to work. In this paper, we describe two mid-range theories that can explain why case management can help frail older people to remain at home, through the lens of capacity and social support.展开更多
Neuroinflammation is a key process in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases,such as multiple sclerosis(MS),Alzheimer's disease,and traumatic brain injury.Even for disorders historically unrelated ...Neuroinflammation is a key process in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases,such as multiple sclerosis(MS),Alzheimer's disease,and traumatic brain injury.Even for disorders historically unrelated to neuroinflammation,such as Alzheimer's disease,it is now shown to precede pathological protein aggregations.展开更多
Using the classical Susceptible-Infected-Recovered epidemiological model,an analytical formula is derived for the number of beds occupied by Covid-19 patients.The analytical curve is fitted to data in Belgium,France,N...Using the classical Susceptible-Infected-Recovered epidemiological model,an analytical formula is derived for the number of beds occupied by Covid-19 patients.The analytical curve is fitted to data in Belgium,France,New York City and Switzerland,with a correlation coefficient exceeding 98.8%,suggesting that finer models are unnecessary with such macroscopic data.The fitting is used to extract estimates of the doubling time in the ascending phase of the epidemic,the mean recovery time and,for those who require medical intervention,the mean hospitalization time.Large variations can be observed among different outbreaks.展开更多
The predictability of a coupled system composed of a coupled reduced-order extratropical ocean-atmosphere model forced by a low-order three-variable tropical recharge-discharge model is explored with emphasis on its l...The predictability of a coupled system composed of a coupled reduced-order extratropical ocean-atmosphere model forced by a low-order three-variable tropical recharge-discharge model is explored with emphasis on its long-term forecasting capabilities.Highly idealized ensemble forecasts are produced taking into account the uncertainties in the initial states of the system,with specific attention to the structure of the initial errors in the tropical model.Three main types of experiments are explored:with random perturbations along the three Lyapunov vectors of the tropical model;along the two dominant Lyapunov vectors;and along the first Lyapunov vector only.When perturbations are introduced along all vectors,forecasting biases develop even if in a perfect model framework and with known initial uncertainty properties.Theses biases are considerably reduced only when the perturbations are introduced along the dominant Lyapunov vector.Furthermore,this perturbation strategy allows a reduced mean square error to be obtained at long lead times of a few years,as well as reliable ensemble forecasts across the whole time range.These very counterintuitive findings further underline the importance of appropriately controlling the initial error structure in the tropics through data assimilation.展开更多
Background Fast-growing broilers are poorly adapted to heat.Adjusting feed composition may mitigate heat stress(HS)effects in temperate climates,while maintaining performance and health during cooler days.Methods One ...Background Fast-growing broilers are poorly adapted to heat.Adjusting feed composition may mitigate heat stress(HS)effects in temperate climates,while maintaining performance and health during cooler days.Methods One thousand nine hundred and twenty Ross 308 male broilers were housed in 64 pens in 4 climate-controlled rooms,2 under cyclical HS(d 28–43;32±2℃;60%–70%RH;09:30–15:30)and 2 under thermoneutral(TN)conditions.In the finisher phase,broilers were allocated to 4 dietary treatments,analyzed values are given except for metabolizable energy(ME):low crude protein(CP)and control fat(LowCP-ConF;17.0%CP,5.9%crude fat(CF),2,925 kcal/kg ME),low CP and high fat(LowCP-HighF;17.2%CP,7.9%CF,3,019 kcal/kg ME),control CP and high fat(ConCP-HighF;18.1%CP,8.0%CF,2,992 kcal/kg ME)and a basal control(ConCP-ConF;18.7%CP,6.3%CF,2,913 kcal/kg ME).LowCP diets contained control levels of digestible amino acids.Results During the finisher phase,compared to control CP levels,LowCP increased average daily feed intake(ADFI)(+2.15%;P=0.020)and affected average daily gain(ADG)and feed conversion ratio(FCR)negatively under TN(-3.77%and+6.49%;P=0.003 and P<0.001,respectively),but not during HS.Compared to control CF,HighF decreased ADFI during TN and HS(-3.16%and-3.17%;P<0.001 and P=0.022)and reduced ADG in TN groups(-3.17%;P=0.010),but not during HS.Mortality was higher in broilers receiving HighF during HS(P=0.040).Slaughter weights were unaffected.LowCP decreased plasma uric acid and lactate dehydrogenase levels during TN,but increased plasma glucose during HS.LowCP increased breast meat redness(a*)during TN and HS(P<0.05).HighF decreased fat(-1.68%;P=0.017),but increased protein levels(+1.53%;P<0.001)in breast meat of HS-broilers.Conclusion LowCP and HighF impaired performance under TN but not under HS.HighF increased mortality under HS,yet improved breast meat composition.These findings highlight the challenge of designing an optimal diet for both conditions and underscore the need to better understand amino acid needs and energy-to-protein ratios during HS.展开更多
BACKGROUND Living donor kidney transplantation is the optimal method of long-term renal replacement therapy.Minimally invasive donor nephrectomy techniques,such as robot-assisted(RALDN)and hand-assisted(HALDN)laparosc...BACKGROUND Living donor kidney transplantation is the optimal method of long-term renal replacement therapy.Minimally invasive donor nephrectomy techniques,such as robot-assisted(RALDN)and hand-assisted(HALDN)laparoscopic procedures,are well-established in high-income countries and are being increasingly adopted worldwide.Nevertheless,no studies have reported surgical outcomes of RALDN donor nephrectomy from a United Kingdom center to date.AIM To compare surgical outcomes between RALDN and HALDN laparoscopic donor nephrectomy in a United Kingdom high-volume living kidney donor transplant program.METHODS A case-control matching analysis was performed based on the following parameters:Sex,age,body mass index,procedure laterality,number of renal arteries,and previous abdominal surgeries.Key surgical outcomes,including primary warm ischemia time,operative duration,and post-operative recovery,were evaluated.RESULTS In this cohort of 140 living donors(70 RALDN vs 70 HALDN),donor and recipient outcomes were equivalent across key metrics:Pain scores,overall complication rates,readmissions,reoperations,and creatinine levels at 30 days and 1 year.Recipient long-term renal function did not differ between groups.Operative time for RALDN decreased significantly over the study period,indicating progressive improvement along the learning curve.Although RALDN was associated with a modestly longer mean warm ischaemia time(3.53 minutes vs 2.76 minutes,P<0.001)and extended hospital stay(4.21 days vs 3.17 days,P<0.001),these did not translate into any disadvantage in clinical outcomes.CONCLUSION In this first United Kingdom comparative cohort,RALDN demonstrated excellent safety and efficacy,even in the early phase of our programme,matching the outcomes of the well-established,gold-standard HALDN approach.Moreover,the pronounced learning-curve trajectory suggests considerable potential for further improvements in robotic surgical outcomes as the programme matures.展开更多
Large-volume presses(LVPs)are widely utilized in diverse research fields—including high-pressure physics,chemistry,materials science,and Earth and planetary sciences—to investigate the physical and chemical properti...Large-volume presses(LVPs)are widely utilized in diverse research fields—including high-pressure physics,chemistry,materials science,and Earth and planetary sciences—to investigate the physical and chemical properties of materials under extreme high-pressure and hightemperature conditions.A prerequisite for achieving reproducible property measurements is the determination and control of pressure within experimental setups.However,the lack of precise pressure calibration in LVPs hinders the broader application of such devices in ultrahigh-pressure studies.This study employs a suite of standard phase transition-based pressure markers—comprising metallic conductors,semiconductors,and minerals—through both in situ and ex situ identification approaches,to establish pressure calibration curves ranging from 0.4 to>30 GPa for various types of LVP installed at the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research(HPSTAR),Beijing,including piston–cylinder,cubic,and multi-anvil presses.The results provide a unified and traceable pressure reference for highpressure experiments conducted at HPSTAR,while also offering technical guidance and calibration standards for other researchers utilizing similar LVP systems,thereby enabling more consistent comparison between different laboratories.This work facilitates the advancement of LVP research toward broader applications in higher-pressure regimes.展开更多
文摘Atmospheric pollution would increase morbidity and mortality rates for various respiratory illnesses in urban areas, and could also be an explanatory factor of higher rates of myocardial infarction in Charleroi compared with the other Belgian cities. The present study investigates the health effects of acute exposure to air pollution on cardiovascular morbidity/mortality in Charleroi. The study is based on comparing hospital data taken from the registry of ischaemic cardiopathies in Charleroi (1999 to 2008) to data on the air quality in this region. To measure the association between atmospheric pollution and the number of cases of myocardial infarction, Poisson regression was carried out. The excess risk of myocardial infarction was analysed according to the month of admission. For men, a decrease in the attack rate of myocardial infarction is visible during the first three years of the study, later to remain stable. For women, attack rates are stable throughout the study. Most of the pollutants vary according to season. Except for ozone, concentrations are generally higher in winter. We observe an association between the concentrations of PM10 and NO2 and morbidity/mortality by acute myocardial infarction. The increased risk for an increase of 10 μg/m3 of pollutant is 1.8% for PM10 and 4.0% for NO2. Multivariate models must still be developed and applied to our data.
文摘Two dominant species of Willow( Salix triandra )and Reed (Phragmites australis) along the Schelde Estuary(in Belgium)were selected in this research. The pigments of higher plant was used as biomarkers, the decomposition process of the two species were studied after they fall into the Schelde Estuary. After statistical analysis(Spearman rank order correlation, P <0 05), the results has shown the decomposition dynamics pattern of the pigments, and the willow showed different pattern in comparing with the reed, e.g. Chlorophyll a decomposition dynamics for willow is: y 1=12196 x 2 - 175895 x +1E+06+ k , R 2=0 5706 while for reed is: y 2=-37878 x 2+229782 x +734282+ k , R 2=0 9065 The precise time of the leaf litter spent in the water was also calculated as were less than 24 days, 24-37 days, longer than 37 days(willow)and less than 24 days, longer than 24 days(reed), the leaf litter fate of the two dominant species in the Schelde Estuary was also compared.
基金funded by BRAIN.be,Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks,in the framework of the FORBIO Climate project
文摘Background： Climate change is likely to cause significant modifications in forests. Rising to this challenge may require adaptation of forest management, and therefore should trigger proactive measures by forest managers, but it is unclear to what extent this is already happening. Methods： The survey carried out in this research assesses how forest stakeholders in Belgium perceive the role of their forest management in the context of climate change and the impediments that limit their ability to prepare and respond to these changes. Results： Respondents indicated strong awareness of the changing climate, with more than two-thirds （71%） expressing concern about the impacts of climate change on their forests. However, less than one-third of the respondents （32 %） reported modifying their management practices motivated by climate change. Among the major constraints limiting their climate red,ted ~ctions, lack of ic^formation was considered the most important for managers of both public and private forests. Conclusions： Knowledge transfer is an essential condition for research to lead to innovation. Improving the communication and demonstration of possible solutions for climate change adaptation is therefore likely to be the most effective strategy for increasing their adoption.
文摘The vertical tide in the Sea Scheldt (Belgium) is predicted using a combination of harmonic tidal prediction and 1D hydraulic modeling. At Prosperpolder (a measurement station close to the Dutch-Belgian border), four years of water level data (2009-2012) are analyzed to obtain the harmonic components at that location. The accuracy of the harmonic prediction is checked with a statistical analysis of an astronomical hindcast for 2009-2012 against measurements. An existing 1D hydraulic model of the tidally influenced part of the Scheldt estuary is cut off at Prosperpolder. The time series of tidally predicted water levels at Prosperpolder is used as a downstream boundary condition for the hydraulic model. In this way, a tidal prediction can be obtained for any location in the Sea Scheldt, also for locations where no harmonic components are available, whilst guaranteeing the consistency between the predicted time series.
基金funding received from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq)the Administrative Department of Science,Technology,and Innovation of the Colombian Government(Colciencias)。
文摘Air pollution monitoring is one of the most important features in contamination risk management.This is because many of the compounds contained within air pollution present a serious risk both for the preservation of open air cultural heritage and for human health.New particle formation is a major contributor to urban pollution,but how it occurs in cities is often puzzling.As more and more people enjoy an increased quality of life through outdoor activity,managing outdoor air quality is vital.This study presents the application of a low-cost system for monitoring the current level of road traffic passengers’exposure to particulate air contamination.The global rise in tourism also leads to apprehension about its probable destructive influence on various aspects of global preservation.One of the major risks encountered by tourists,stemming from modes of transport,are nanoparticles(NPs)(<100 nm)and ultra-fine particles(UFPs)(100-1000 nm)consisting of potentially hazardous elements(PHEs).This study examines Steen Castle,a medieval fortress located in Antwerp,Belgium.Significant NPs with PHEs,were found in the air sampled in this area.The self-made passive sampler(LSPS)described in this study,consisting of retainers specially designed for advanced microscopic analysis,is used for the first time as a simple way to characterize the surrounding atmospheric contamination caused by NPs and UFPs,without the need of other commonly employed more expensive particulate focused active samplers such as cascade impactors.This study aims to assess the result of the utilization of a low-cost,LSPS,to determine outdoor NPs and UFPs in a Belgian urban(Steen Castle)and rural area(Fort van Schoten).This work is the first to detail the usefulness of LSPS for the evaluation of Belgium’s outdoor air for NPs and UFPs,which contain PHEs.
文摘Objective: To define the prevalence of auto antibodies (Ab) to different organs in young patients with type 1 diabetes (type 1DM). Methods: Ab to thyroid, celiac and adrenal disease was analyzed in 831 type 1 DM patients. Results: Hundred twenty-three (14.8%) had positive thyroid Ab. The risk of developing thyroid Ab was increased in girls (HR 2.3;95% CI 1.6 - 3.2, p < 0.0001). Thirty-three (3.9%) patients had positive endomysium Ab (3.1% in girls and 3.5% in boys, p = NS). Adrenal Ab was detected in 5 patients. The DQA1*0301-DQB1*0301 haplotype was more prevalent in patients with thyroid Ab (p = 0.0281);DQA1*301-DQB1*302 and DQA1*501-DQB1*201 in patients with endo- mysium Ab (p = 0.0251 and p < 0.0001). All patients with adrenal Ab were DQA1*301-DQB1*302 positive. Conclusions: Type 1D patients should be screened annually for thyroid autoimmunity and celiac disease. The DQA1*0301-DQB1*0301 haplotype seems to confer susceptibility to thyroid autoimmunity, DQA1*301-DQB1*302 and DQA1*501-DQB1*201 to celiac disease and DQA1*301-DQB1*302 to adrenal autoimmunity.
文摘AIM: To study the degree of stigmatization among trainee psychiatrists, individual characteristics potentially leading to higher associative stigma, and coping mechanisms.METHODS: Two hundred and seven trainee psychiatrists in Flanders(Belgium), all member of the Flemish Association of Trainee Psychiatrists, were approached to participate in the survey. A non-demanding questionnaire that was specifically designed for the purpose of the study was sent by mail. The questionnaire consisted of three parts, each emphasizing a different aspect of associative stigma: devaluing and humiliating interactions, the focus on stigma during medical train-ing, and identification with negative stereotypes in the media. Answers were scored on a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3. The results were analyzed using SPSS Version 18.0. RESULTS: The response rate of the study was 75.1%. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was good, with a Cronbach's α of 0.71. Seventy-five percent of all trainee psychiatrists confirmed hearing denigrating or humiliating remarks about the psychiatric profession more than once. Additionally, more than half of them had had remarks about the incompetence of psychiatrists directed at them. Only 1.3% remembered having stigma as a topic during their psychiatric training. Trainees who had been in training for a longer period of time had experienced a significantly higher level of stigmatization than trainees with fewer years of experience(mean total stigma scores of 16.93 ± SD 7.8 vs 14.45 ± SD 6.1, t =-2.179 and P < 0.05). In addition, senior trainees effectively kept quiet about their profession significantly more often than their junior colleagues(mean item score 0.44 ± SD 0.82 vs 0.13 ± SD 0.48, t = 2.874, P < 0.01). Comparable results were found in trainees working in adult psychiatry as were found in those working in child or youth psychiatry(mean item score 0.38 ± SD 0.77 vs 0.15 ± SD 0.53, t =-2.153, P < 0.05). Biologically oriented trainees were more inclined to give preventive explanations about their profession, which can be seen as a coping mechanism used to deal with this stigma(mean item score 2.05 ± SD 1.05 vs 1.34 ± SD 1.1, t =-3.403, P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: Associative stigma in trainee psychiatrists is underestimated. More attention should be paid to this potentially harmful phenomenon in training.
文摘In order to analyze the distribution and evolution of the aquatic vegetation and ecological status of the Semois-Chiers basin (Semois sub-basin and Chiers sub-basin), macrophyte surveys were conducted at 48 sites in 2007 and 2013. Environmental parameters were also measured in order to characterize the waterbodies in terms of physico-chemical properties and anthropogenic pressure. The two-way clustering and indicator value (INDVAL) methods were used to assess groups of sites according to their macrophytic composition and species communities. The results showed a clear difference between streams in the Lorraine area (calcareous watercourses) and in the Ardennes (siliceous). Within each natural region, those with natural vegetation of high ecological status were separated from those dominated by resistant species. The Macrophytical Biological Index for Rivers (IBMR) was calculated for the sites visited in 2010 and 2013 and the results show a trend towards an increase of IBMR values of polluted sites. For the latter, the Wilcoxon test was performed to assess the significance of the difference in quality between 2010 and 2013. This showed a statistically significant difference (p-value = 0.035). Our results showed similarities with previous data, as well as some differences. The differences observed might indicate a gradual change in the composition of the vegetation in the study area, which was caused by changes in environmental conditions. They could also reflect a lack of information about the ecology of certain groups of plants, mainly bryophytes and macroalgae that were not considered in previous studies. Despite the measures implemented under the EU’s Water Framework Directive (WFD), the current vegetation of the Semois river differs little from that observed in 1996. The headwaters of a Semois river, described in previous studies as polytrophic and devoid of vegetation, show a slight improvement, with the appearance of macrophytic species. In some parts of the Chiers sub-basin, however, resistant species observed in 1999 persist.
文摘In this study, we combine an analysis of the toolsets of children＇s online news sites in three countries （the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the Netherlands） with a usability study of two of these news sites for children aged nine to 12 years old. Results show that especially nine-year-olds find it difficult to navigate through the sites and are faced with reading and comprehension difficulties. Not only nine-year-olds but also 12-year-olds with a higher reading proficiency level run into a lot of difficulties during the usability test. According to the Flesch and Flesch-Douma reading ease calculations, the text material on the sites is too difficult for the age group.
文摘The landmark Convention on the Rights of the Child states that children around the World have right to safe environment. In Belgium, as in many countries, children spend, on average, 4.5 weekdays at school, during nearly 8 hours per day. Studies have shown that, the risk of school-related injury exceeds the risk during leisure time. Literature reports that school accidents account for 10 to 30% of all accidents among pupils. Despite that, few papers treat of the school-related injuries. Consequently, based on 1540 accidents forms from an insurance company, injury places, mechanisms involved, body parts injured and nature of injuries were described. Head injuries, upper and lower limbs injuries were investigated in more details. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to assess the relationships between the variables and multivariate logistic regression models were used to study the three specific types of injuries cited above. Gender ratio (M/F) was equal to 1.6 with 25.9% of children under 6 years, 29.4% of 6 - 9 years, 26.9% of 10 - 12 years and 17.8% from 13 years or more. The major places of injuries were the playground (56.9%) and the physical education (19.7%). Falls were observed in 52.1% of cases and contacts were reported in 24.3%. The head injuries account for 40.6%, the upper limbs for 32.0% and the lower limbs injuries for 20.2%. The bruises and the scratches were observed in 23.8% and the wounds in 21.5%. Fractures were reported in 16.1%. In conclusion, having a routine access to the data from the insurance companies could be an important source of information for an injury surveillance system in which the school injuries will be included. Taking into account this data will require an awareness of all the concerned persons about the relevance of such a system and a harmonization of the accidental forms.
文摘Despite many attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of case management for frail older people, systematic reviews including experimental designs show inconsistent results. Starting from the view that case management is a complex intervention occurring in multilayered realities, we conducted a realist evaluation of case management in Belgium, where this type of intervention is new. Realist approaches are particularly well suited to evaluate complex interventions as they seek to investigate iteratively the literature and empirical data to uncover mid-range theories underpinning the intervention under study. As such, realist evaluations are works in progress which provide tools to describe how, why and for whom an intervention is supposed to work. In this paper, we describe two mid-range theories that can explain why case management can help frail older people to remain at home, through the lens of capacity and social support.
基金supported by FWO(Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek),grant number G07562NFWO(to BB)。
文摘Neuroinflammation is a key process in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases,such as multiple sclerosis(MS),Alzheimer's disease,and traumatic brain injury.Even for disorders historically unrelated to neuroinflammation,such as Alzheimer's disease,it is now shown to precede pathological protein aggregations.
文摘Using the classical Susceptible-Infected-Recovered epidemiological model,an analytical formula is derived for the number of beds occupied by Covid-19 patients.The analytical curve is fitted to data in Belgium,France,New York City and Switzerland,with a correlation coefficient exceeding 98.8%,suggesting that finer models are unnecessary with such macroscopic data.The fitting is used to extract estimates of the doubling time in the ascending phase of the epidemic,the mean recovery time and,for those who require medical intervention,the mean hospitalization time.Large variations can be observed among different outbreaks.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF0805100)。
文摘The predictability of a coupled system composed of a coupled reduced-order extratropical ocean-atmosphere model forced by a low-order three-variable tropical recharge-discharge model is explored with emphasis on its long-term forecasting capabilities.Highly idealized ensemble forecasts are produced taking into account the uncertainties in the initial states of the system,with specific attention to the structure of the initial errors in the tropical model.Three main types of experiments are explored:with random perturbations along the three Lyapunov vectors of the tropical model;along the two dominant Lyapunov vectors;and along the first Lyapunov vector only.When perturbations are introduced along all vectors,forecasting biases develop even if in a perfect model framework and with known initial uncertainty properties.Theses biases are considerably reduced only when the perturbations are introduced along the dominant Lyapunov vector.Furthermore,this perturbation strategy allows a reduced mean square error to be obtained at long lead times of a few years,as well as reliable ensemble forecasts across the whole time range.These very counterintuitive findings further underline the importance of appropriately controlling the initial error structure in the tropics through data assimilation.
基金funded by VLAIO(Flemish Innovation&Entrepreneurship),grant number HBC.2020.3165。
文摘Background Fast-growing broilers are poorly adapted to heat.Adjusting feed composition may mitigate heat stress(HS)effects in temperate climates,while maintaining performance and health during cooler days.Methods One thousand nine hundred and twenty Ross 308 male broilers were housed in 64 pens in 4 climate-controlled rooms,2 under cyclical HS(d 28–43;32±2℃;60%–70%RH;09:30–15:30)and 2 under thermoneutral(TN)conditions.In the finisher phase,broilers were allocated to 4 dietary treatments,analyzed values are given except for metabolizable energy(ME):low crude protein(CP)and control fat(LowCP-ConF;17.0%CP,5.9%crude fat(CF),2,925 kcal/kg ME),low CP and high fat(LowCP-HighF;17.2%CP,7.9%CF,3,019 kcal/kg ME),control CP and high fat(ConCP-HighF;18.1%CP,8.0%CF,2,992 kcal/kg ME)and a basal control(ConCP-ConF;18.7%CP,6.3%CF,2,913 kcal/kg ME).LowCP diets contained control levels of digestible amino acids.Results During the finisher phase,compared to control CP levels,LowCP increased average daily feed intake(ADFI)(+2.15%;P=0.020)and affected average daily gain(ADG)and feed conversion ratio(FCR)negatively under TN(-3.77%and+6.49%;P=0.003 and P<0.001,respectively),but not during HS.Compared to control CF,HighF decreased ADFI during TN and HS(-3.16%and-3.17%;P<0.001 and P=0.022)and reduced ADG in TN groups(-3.17%;P=0.010),but not during HS.Mortality was higher in broilers receiving HighF during HS(P=0.040).Slaughter weights were unaffected.LowCP decreased plasma uric acid and lactate dehydrogenase levels during TN,but increased plasma glucose during HS.LowCP increased breast meat redness(a*)during TN and HS(P<0.05).HighF decreased fat(-1.68%;P=0.017),but increased protein levels(+1.53%;P<0.001)in breast meat of HS-broilers.Conclusion LowCP and HighF impaired performance under TN but not under HS.HighF increased mortality under HS,yet improved breast meat composition.These findings highlight the challenge of designing an optimal diet for both conditions and underscore the need to better understand amino acid needs and energy-to-protein ratios during HS.
文摘BACKGROUND Living donor kidney transplantation is the optimal method of long-term renal replacement therapy.Minimally invasive donor nephrectomy techniques,such as robot-assisted(RALDN)and hand-assisted(HALDN)laparoscopic procedures,are well-established in high-income countries and are being increasingly adopted worldwide.Nevertheless,no studies have reported surgical outcomes of RALDN donor nephrectomy from a United Kingdom center to date.AIM To compare surgical outcomes between RALDN and HALDN laparoscopic donor nephrectomy in a United Kingdom high-volume living kidney donor transplant program.METHODS A case-control matching analysis was performed based on the following parameters:Sex,age,body mass index,procedure laterality,number of renal arteries,and previous abdominal surgeries.Key surgical outcomes,including primary warm ischemia time,operative duration,and post-operative recovery,were evaluated.RESULTS In this cohort of 140 living donors(70 RALDN vs 70 HALDN),donor and recipient outcomes were equivalent across key metrics:Pain scores,overall complication rates,readmissions,reoperations,and creatinine levels at 30 days and 1 year.Recipient long-term renal function did not differ between groups.Operative time for RALDN decreased significantly over the study period,indicating progressive improvement along the learning curve.Although RALDN was associated with a modestly longer mean warm ischaemia time(3.53 minutes vs 2.76 minutes,P<0.001)and extended hospital stay(4.21 days vs 3.17 days,P<0.001),these did not translate into any disadvantage in clinical outcomes.CONCLUSION In this first United Kingdom comparative cohort,RALDN demonstrated excellent safety and efficacy,even in the early phase of our programme,matching the outcomes of the well-established,gold-standard HALDN approach.Moreover,the pronounced learning-curve trajectory suggests considerable potential for further improvements in robotic surgical outcomes as the programme matures.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U1530402 and U1930401).
文摘Large-volume presses(LVPs)are widely utilized in diverse research fields—including high-pressure physics,chemistry,materials science,and Earth and planetary sciences—to investigate the physical and chemical properties of materials under extreme high-pressure and hightemperature conditions.A prerequisite for achieving reproducible property measurements is the determination and control of pressure within experimental setups.However,the lack of precise pressure calibration in LVPs hinders the broader application of such devices in ultrahigh-pressure studies.This study employs a suite of standard phase transition-based pressure markers—comprising metallic conductors,semiconductors,and minerals—through both in situ and ex situ identification approaches,to establish pressure calibration curves ranging from 0.4 to>30 GPa for various types of LVP installed at the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research(HPSTAR),Beijing,including piston–cylinder,cubic,and multi-anvil presses.The results provide a unified and traceable pressure reference for highpressure experiments conducted at HPSTAR,while also offering technical guidance and calibration standards for other researchers utilizing similar LVP systems,thereby enabling more consistent comparison between different laboratories.This work facilitates the advancement of LVP research toward broader applications in higher-pressure regimes.
