This article is the 18th contribution to the Fungal Diversity Notes series,in which we document 98 taxa across two phyla,eight classes,21 orders,46 families,and 59 genera.The represent samples of taxa were collected f...This article is the 18th contribution to the Fungal Diversity Notes series,in which we document 98 taxa across two phyla,eight classes,21 orders,46 families,and 59 genera.The represent samples of taxa were collected from a diverse range of regions,including Australia,Benin,Bolivia,Burkina Faso,Cameroon,Canada,China,Czechia,India,Japan,Madagascar,Mexico,New Zealand,Sri Lanka,Thailand,Togo,USA,Uzbekistan and Venezuela.Among these,we introduce one new genus,59 new species,13 new combinations,one new name and 24 new records,along with information on their hosts and geographic distributions.The newly introduced genus is Fusicastoreum,and the newly described species include:Acrogenospora guangxiensis,Agaricus longistipitatus,A.sunanensis,Anthosulcatispora sichuanensis,Anthracoidea siccatae,Bjerkandera meridionalis,Camarophyllopsis brunnea,Candolleomyces analalavaensis,C.kely,C.macrosporus,Ceriporia yunnanensis,Choiromyces mongolicus,Colletotrichum duohuaense,Coprinus variicolor,Cystoderma alticola,C.microspore,C.yadongense,Cytospora lhaluensis,Diaporthe amberina,D.mangiferae,Elsinoe fuzhouensis,Epicocum maxima,Fulvifomes shailashikhara,Fusarium tuberculatum,Fusicastoreum arenarium,F.occidentale,F.pisiglareum,F.trappei,Gyalidea lluxitensis,Gymnopilus rimopileus,Hohenbuehelia triloba,Hymenagaricus ruber,Hypholoma darjeelingensis,Laccaria guizhouensis,Lactifluus aureoelephanti,L.croceivillus,Leucoagaricus ankarafantsikaensis,L.rutilus,Micropsalliota squamulosa,M.vinacea,Neomyrmecridium triseptatum,Niesslia wurfbainiae,Nigropunctata conspicosa,Ophiocordyceps jilinensis,Oxydothis dehongensis,Panaeolus ranwuensis,Pestalotiopsis buxicola,Pleurocordyceps puerensis,Pseudocercospora cunninghamia,Psilocybe zhushanensis,Remotididymella tachibana,Russula gaoligongensis,R.guilinensis,R.pseudovirescens,Sarocladium solani,Septoriella saviya-ramazanovaii,Seriascoma oblonga,Talaromyces pseudorugulosus and Tricholosporum madagascariense.Additionally,species newly transferred from Psilocybe include Deconica caespitosa,D.californica,D.goniospora,D.josecastilloi,D.latispora,D.novozoncuantlensis,D.oregonensis,D.venezuelana and D.vialis.Russula afroscrobiculata is newly transferred from Lactarius afroscrobiculatus,and Puccinia hamamelidis,P.hydrangeicola,P.philadelphi are newly transferred from Aecidium.Furthermore,the new name Puccinia shojiana is proposed as a replacement for Aecidium akebiae.The 24 new records of hosts and geographical distributions include:Agaricus pallidobrunneus,Bovista cretacea,Candolleomyces subsingeri,Clitopilus chichawatniensis,Collybiopsis gibbosa,C.subumbilicata,Curvularia geniculate,Cystoderma japonicum,Cytospora diatrypelloidea,C.schulzeri,Elsinoe leucospermi,Fulvifomes aurantiacus,Laccaria macrobasidia,Menisporopsis pandanicola,M.pirozynskii,Multifurca pseudofurcata,Musicillium elettariae,Myrmecridium pulvericola,Ophiocordyceps asiana,O.campes,Phellinus resupinatus,Phylloporia afrospathulata,Tropicoporus linteus and Typhula incarnate.All taxa are supported by both morphological and phylogenetic analyses.展开更多
The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota.The present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera t...The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota.The present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document.An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided,which includes 1928 currently used genera names,with 1263 synonyms,which are distributed in 241 families,68 orders,18 classes and four subphyla.We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification,number of accepted species,type species,life mode,habitat,distribution,and sequence information.Furthermore,three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU,SSU,5.8s,rpb1,rpb2,and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina,Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted,respectively.Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders,168 families and 605 genera.Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406-430 Mya,classes are 211-383 Mya,and orders are 99-323 Mya,which are largely consistent with previous studies.In this study,all phylogenetically supported families were dated,with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27-178 Mya,Pucciniomycotina from 85-222 Mya,and Ustilaginomycotina from 79-177 Mya.Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system,and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.展开更多
Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla in the fungal tree of life.The outline of Basidiomycota provides essential taxonomic information for researchers and workers in mycology.In this study,we present a time-framed p...Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla in the fungal tree of life.The outline of Basidiomycota provides essential taxonomic information for researchers and workers in mycology.In this study,we present a time-framed phylogenomic tree with 487 species of Basidiomycota from 127 families,47 orders,14 classes and four subphyla;we update the outline of Basidiomycota based on the phylogenomic relationships and the taxonomic studies since 2019;and we provide notes for each order and discuss the history,defining characteristics,evolution,justification of orders,problems,significance,and plates.Our phylogenomic analysis suggests that the subphyla diverged in a time range of 443-490 Myr(million years),classes in a time range of 312-412 Myr,and orders in a time range of 102-361 Myr.Families diverged in a time range of 50-289 Myr,76-224 Myr,and 62-156 Myr in Agaricomycotina,Pucciniomycotina,and Ustilaginomycotina,respectively.Based on the phylogenomic relationships and divergence times,we propose a new suborder Mycenineae in Agaricales to accommodate Mycenaceae.In the current outline of Basidiomycota,there are four subphyla,20 classes,77 orders,297 families,and 2134 genera accepted.When building a robust taxonomy of Basidiomycota in the genomic era,the generation of molecular phylogenetic data has become relatively easier.Finding phenotypical characters,especially those that can be applied for identification and classification,however,has become increasingly challenging.展开更多
Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics s...Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al.,and the definition and the higher ranks(e.g.,phyla)of the‘true fungi’have been revised in several subsequent publications.Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom.This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi,drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota,with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings.We accept 19 phyla of Fungi,viz.Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocallimastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,and Zoopagomycota.In the phylogenies,Caulochytriomycota resides in Chytridiomycota;thus,the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter,while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota.We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes.A new subphylum,Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota.The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al.in Pneumocystomycetes,Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated.Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed,providing examples.展开更多
Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2-3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics si...Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2-3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al.,and the definition and the higher ranks(e.g.,phyla)of the‘true fungi’have been revised in several subsequent publications.Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom.This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi,drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota,with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings.We accept 19 phyla of Fungi,viz.Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocal-limastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,and Zoopagomycota.In the phylogenies,Caulochy-triomycota resides in Chytridiomycota;thus,the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter,while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota.We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes.A new subphylum,Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota.The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al.in Pneumocystomycetes,Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated.Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed,providing examples.展开更多
基金Supported by the Project of Background Resources Survey in Shennongjia National Park(SNJNP2022004)the Open Project Fund of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Shennongjia Snub-nosed Monkeys(SNJGKL2022004)+5 种基金the Science and Technology Projects of Xizang Autonomous Region,China(XZ202501ZY0019)the Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2023FY101303)the Biological Resources Programme,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KFJ-BRP-009)the Projects of Science and Technology Programs of Xizang(XZ202202YD0031C)the Survey of Wildlife Resources in Key Areas of Xizang(ZL202203601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31961143010,31970010).
文摘This article is the 18th contribution to the Fungal Diversity Notes series,in which we document 98 taxa across two phyla,eight classes,21 orders,46 families,and 59 genera.The represent samples of taxa were collected from a diverse range of regions,including Australia,Benin,Bolivia,Burkina Faso,Cameroon,Canada,China,Czechia,India,Japan,Madagascar,Mexico,New Zealand,Sri Lanka,Thailand,Togo,USA,Uzbekistan and Venezuela.Among these,we introduce one new genus,59 new species,13 new combinations,one new name and 24 new records,along with information on their hosts and geographic distributions.The newly introduced genus is Fusicastoreum,and the newly described species include:Acrogenospora guangxiensis,Agaricus longistipitatus,A.sunanensis,Anthosulcatispora sichuanensis,Anthracoidea siccatae,Bjerkandera meridionalis,Camarophyllopsis brunnea,Candolleomyces analalavaensis,C.kely,C.macrosporus,Ceriporia yunnanensis,Choiromyces mongolicus,Colletotrichum duohuaense,Coprinus variicolor,Cystoderma alticola,C.microspore,C.yadongense,Cytospora lhaluensis,Diaporthe amberina,D.mangiferae,Elsinoe fuzhouensis,Epicocum maxima,Fulvifomes shailashikhara,Fusarium tuberculatum,Fusicastoreum arenarium,F.occidentale,F.pisiglareum,F.trappei,Gyalidea lluxitensis,Gymnopilus rimopileus,Hohenbuehelia triloba,Hymenagaricus ruber,Hypholoma darjeelingensis,Laccaria guizhouensis,Lactifluus aureoelephanti,L.croceivillus,Leucoagaricus ankarafantsikaensis,L.rutilus,Micropsalliota squamulosa,M.vinacea,Neomyrmecridium triseptatum,Niesslia wurfbainiae,Nigropunctata conspicosa,Ophiocordyceps jilinensis,Oxydothis dehongensis,Panaeolus ranwuensis,Pestalotiopsis buxicola,Pleurocordyceps puerensis,Pseudocercospora cunninghamia,Psilocybe zhushanensis,Remotididymella tachibana,Russula gaoligongensis,R.guilinensis,R.pseudovirescens,Sarocladium solani,Septoriella saviya-ramazanovaii,Seriascoma oblonga,Talaromyces pseudorugulosus and Tricholosporum madagascariense.Additionally,species newly transferred from Psilocybe include Deconica caespitosa,D.californica,D.goniospora,D.josecastilloi,D.latispora,D.novozoncuantlensis,D.oregonensis,D.venezuelana and D.vialis.Russula afroscrobiculata is newly transferred from Lactarius afroscrobiculatus,and Puccinia hamamelidis,P.hydrangeicola,P.philadelphi are newly transferred from Aecidium.Furthermore,the new name Puccinia shojiana is proposed as a replacement for Aecidium akebiae.The 24 new records of hosts and geographical distributions include:Agaricus pallidobrunneus,Bovista cretacea,Candolleomyces subsingeri,Clitopilus chichawatniensis,Collybiopsis gibbosa,C.subumbilicata,Curvularia geniculate,Cystoderma japonicum,Cytospora diatrypelloidea,C.schulzeri,Elsinoe leucospermi,Fulvifomes aurantiacus,Laccaria macrobasidia,Menisporopsis pandanicola,M.pirozynskii,Multifurca pseudofurcata,Musicillium elettariae,Myrmecridium pulvericola,Ophiocordyceps asiana,O.campes,Phellinus resupinatus,Phylloporia afrospathulata,Tropicoporus linteus and Typhula incarnate.All taxa are supported by both morphological and phylogenetic analyses.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(Project No.2018YFD0400200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project IDs:31470152,31360014 and 31970010)+20 种基金Beijing Innovative Consortium of Agriculture Research System(Project ID:BAIC05-2019)the Thailand Research funds for grant RDG6130001 entitled"Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion"Thailand Science Research and Innovation fund for the grant DBG6280009 entitled Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and surrounding areasCroatian Science Foundation for support under the project For FungiDNA(IP-2018-01-1736)the support provided by the Moravian Museum by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic as part of its long-term conceptual development programme for research institutions[Grant Number DKRVO,Ref.MK000094862]National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270072)the Special Funds for the Young Scholars of Taxonomy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZSBR-001)National Key Basic Research Special Foundation of China(2013FY110400)support from the Department of Science&Technology(DST),New Delhi,Indiain the form of a DST-Inspire Faculty Fellowship(DST/INSPIRE/04/2018/001906,dated 24 July,2018)State task of the V.L.Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences(AAAA-A19-119080990059-1 and RFBR,project 19-04-00024)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30770013,31500013)the National Project on Scientific Ground work for Basic Science of the Ministry of Science and Technology(Nos.2012FY1116002014FY210400)the Coordenacao de Aperfeic¸oamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior(CAPES-Brazil)for the PhD scholarshipsCNPq for providing‘Produtividade em Pesquisa’(Proc.307922/2014-6 and Proc.307947/2017-3)grantCONACYT(Project 252934)COFAAIPN(Project SIP-20195222)the financial support provided for his researchesthe Coordenacao de Aperfeic¸oamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior(CAPES-Brazil)for the PhD scholarshipsthe following sources of funding for his All-Taxa Biodiversity Inventory work at the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area(Massachusetts,USA):National Park Service,Boston Harbor Now and New England Botanical Club(2017 Les Mehrhoff Botanical Research Award)the support from the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology Grant No.1012196004partly supported by the ELTE Institutional Excellence Program(1783-3/2018/FEKUTSRAT)of the Hungarian Ministry of Human Capacities.
文摘The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota.The present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document.An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided,which includes 1928 currently used genera names,with 1263 synonyms,which are distributed in 241 families,68 orders,18 classes and four subphyla.We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification,number of accepted species,type species,life mode,habitat,distribution,and sequence information.Furthermore,three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU,SSU,5.8s,rpb1,rpb2,and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina,Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted,respectively.Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders,168 families and 605 genera.Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406-430 Mya,classes are 211-383 Mya,and orders are 99-323 Mya,which are largely consistent with previous studies.In this study,all phylogenetically supported families were dated,with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27-178 Mya,Pucciniomycotina from 85-222 Mya,and Ustilaginomycotina from 79-177 Mya.Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system,and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
基金provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.32100011,31961143010,31970010,31470152)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant no.2021M693361)+3 种基金National Key R&D Program of China project”Accurate identification and innovative utilization of germplasm resources of edible mushrooms suitable for factory cultivation(Grant no.2022YFD1200605)Beijing Innovation Consortium of Agriculture Research System(Grant no.BAIC03-01)Biological Resources Programme,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant no.KFJ-BRP-009-003)Survey of Wildlife Resources in Key Areas of Tibet(Grant no.ZL202203601).
文摘Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla in the fungal tree of life.The outline of Basidiomycota provides essential taxonomic information for researchers and workers in mycology.In this study,we present a time-framed phylogenomic tree with 487 species of Basidiomycota from 127 families,47 orders,14 classes and four subphyla;we update the outline of Basidiomycota based on the phylogenomic relationships and the taxonomic studies since 2019;and we provide notes for each order and discuss the history,defining characteristics,evolution,justification of orders,problems,significance,and plates.Our phylogenomic analysis suggests that the subphyla diverged in a time range of 443-490 Myr(million years),classes in a time range of 312-412 Myr,and orders in a time range of 102-361 Myr.Families diverged in a time range of 50-289 Myr,76-224 Myr,and 62-156 Myr in Agaricomycotina,Pucciniomycotina,and Ustilaginomycotina,respectively.Based on the phylogenomic relationships and divergence times,we propose a new suborder Mycenineae in Agaricales to accommodate Mycenaceae.In the current outline of Basidiomycota,there are four subphyla,20 classes,77 orders,297 families,and 2134 genera accepted.When building a robust taxonomy of Basidiomycota in the genomic era,the generation of molecular phylogenetic data has become relatively easier.Finding phenotypical characters,especially those that can be applied for identification and classification,however,has become increasingly challenging.
基金provide by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32460002,31960005,32000009,32170019,NSFC 32260004)ussian Science Foundation(Nos.24-44-00099,23-74-00071,24-44-00099)+14 种基金National Research Council of Thailand(No.N42A650547)National Institute of Nursing Research(1P20GM152333-01)National Science Foundation(2029478)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS,23K05900)National Science Foundation of China(32150410362)Croatian Science Foundation(HRZZIP-2022-10-5219)RSF(21-74-20089)ZIN RAS(122031100260-0)Science and Technology Human Resource Development Project(R3RJ2)Asian Development Bank,Conselho Naional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(306632/2022-5),zygosporic fungi in the Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco and Paraiba,Brazil(FACEPE–APQ-1346-2.12/22),Agriculture Sci-Tech Renovation(XJNKYWDZC–2022004)Research Foundation—Flanders(1206024N),FWF(P31038)Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Province“High-End Foreign Experts,National Centre for Research and Development,Poland”(Tango-IV-C/0005/2019)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2021FYB0005)Smart Yunnan Project(E13K281261)High-Level Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Provinces.
文摘Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al.,and the definition and the higher ranks(e.g.,phyla)of the‘true fungi’have been revised in several subsequent publications.Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom.This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi,drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota,with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings.We accept 19 phyla of Fungi,viz.Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocallimastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,and Zoopagomycota.In the phylogenies,Caulochytriomycota resides in Chytridiomycota;thus,the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter,while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota.We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes.A new subphylum,Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota.The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al.in Pneumocystomycetes,Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated.Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed,providing examples.
基金provide by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32460002,31960005,32000009,32170019,NSFC 32260004)Russian Science Foundation(Nos.24-44-00099,23-74-00071,24-44-00099)+17 种基金National Research Council of Thailand(No.N42A650547)National Institute of Nursing Research(1P20GM152333-01)National Science Foundation(2029478)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS,23K05900)National Science Foundation of China(32150410362)Croatian Science Foundation(HRZZ-IP-2022-10-5219)RSF(21-74-20089)ZIN RAS(122031100260-0)Science and Technology Human Resource Development Project(R3RJ2)Asian Development Bank,Conselho Naional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(306632/2022-5)zygosporic fungi in the Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco and Paraíba,Brazil(FACEPE-APQ-1346-2.12/22)Agriculture Sci-Tech Renovation(XJNKYWDZC-2022004)Research Foundation-Flanders(1206024N)FWF(P31038)Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Province“High-End Foreign Experts”,National Centre for Research and Development,Poland(Tango-Ⅳ-C/0005/2019)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2021FYB0005)Smart Yunnan Project(E13K281261)High-Level Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Provinces.
文摘Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2-3 million.The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al.,and the definition and the higher ranks(e.g.,phyla)of the‘true fungi’have been revised in several subsequent publications.Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom.This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi,drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota,with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings.We accept 19 phyla of Fungi,viz.Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocal-limastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,and Zoopagomycota.In the phylogenies,Caulochy-triomycota resides in Chytridiomycota;thus,the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter,while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota.We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes.A new subphylum,Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota.The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al.in Pneumocystomycetes,Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated.Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed,providing examples.
