The Euler-Euler numerical method was used to investigate the effects of contraction ratio on twophase flow mixing with mass transfer in the flow injection nozzle. The geometric shape of the nozzle was modified to impr...The Euler-Euler numerical method was used to investigate the effects of contraction ratio on twophase flow mixing with mass transfer in the flow injection nozzle. The geometric shape of the nozzle was modified to improve carbonation efficiency. A gas inlet hole was created to increase the flow mixing of CO2 with water. A nozzle throat was also introduced to increase the gas dissolution by increasing flow rates. Various contraction ratios of nozzle throat, inlet gas and liquid velocities, and gas bubble sizes were employed to determine their effects on gas hold-up, gas concentration, and mass transfer coefficient. Results revealed that the flow injection nozzle with high contraction ratios improved carbonation because of high gas hold-up. Gas concentration was directly related to contraction ratio and gas flow velocities. Carbonation reduced when high liquid velocities and large gas bubbles were employed because of inefficient flow mixing. This study indicated that flow injection nozzle with large contraction ratios were suitable for carbonation because of their ability to increase gas hold-up, gas concentration, and mass transfer coefficient.展开更多
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of different regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies on productivity, oil quality and water-use efficiency on olive grown in the Sonoran Desert. The e...The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of different regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies on productivity, oil quality and water-use efficiency on olive grown in the Sonoran Desert. The experiments were carried out in 2009 and 2010, and in a ten years old traditional (10 × 5 m) “Manzanilla” olive orchard. The control treatment was irrigated at 100% ETc during the whole season while RDI treatments were applied at 75% ETc or 50% ETc. The two RDI were applied during two phenological stages: at postharvest to evaluate the effect on table olive or from pit hardening to harvest to evaluate the effect on oil olive. Our results indicated that RDI applying 50% ETc during postharvest period reduced significantly fruit set and table olive yield, while applied during pit hardening to harvest period, it decreased oil yield but increased oil content. The RDI applying an ETc of 75% during the postharvest period gave similar table olive yield to the control, and applied form of pit hardening to harvest also gave similar oil yield to the control. The RDI using an ETc of 75% resulted in the highest water-use efficiency for oil or table olive production.展开更多
A high-entropy matrix with highly polarizable elements sharing a rare-earth element at the same crystallographic site was designed using the chemical formula Ba_(1/5)Pb_(1/5)Sr_(1/5)RE_(1/5)K_(1/5)TiO_(3)(BPSREKTO),wh...A high-entropy matrix with highly polarizable elements sharing a rare-earth element at the same crystallographic site was designed using the chemical formula Ba_(1/5)Pb_(1/5)Sr_(1/5)RE_(1/5)K_(1/5)TiO_(3)(BPSREKTO),where rare-earth(RE)=La,Nb,Sm,Gd,Dy,Ho,Y,and Lu.Single-phase stability was observed only in the BPSREKTO with RE=La,Nd,and Sm high-entropy compounds.The crystal structure,optical properties,and ferroelectric nature of the single-phase ceramic compounds were investigated.Elemental and structural analyses revealed that all the cations were homogeneously distributed in a global centrosymmetric cubic structure(S.G.Pm3m).Optical absorption showed that the RE=Nd compound is more photoactive in the 200-1000 nm wavelength range,unlike the RE=La,Sm high-entropy compounds.The introduction of RE elements in high-entropy ceramic(HEC)systems affects the indirect bandgap of BPSREKTO with RE=La,Nd,and Sm.It was also found that cationic disorder increases the Urbach energy,leading to a decrease in the indirect energy bandgap in the HEC compound compared to the homologue BaTiO_(3)/SrTiO_(3) single-phase.The dielectric spectra show a broad peak in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss,which are shifted in temperatures with increasing frequencies due to a relaxor ferroelectric transition typical of the diffuse phase transitions.This relaxor behavior was unexpected,because the global crystal structure was centrosymmetric,implying an increase in the number of polar nanoregions(PNRs).These PNRs coexisting with non-polar regions(NPRs)were observed using piezo-force microscopy.Furthermore,the slim polarization loop confirmed the relaxor behavior of BPSREKTO with RE=La,Nd,and Sm.These ferroelectric features make these RE-modified HEC materials good candidates for high-energy storage applications.展开更多
文摘The Euler-Euler numerical method was used to investigate the effects of contraction ratio on twophase flow mixing with mass transfer in the flow injection nozzle. The geometric shape of the nozzle was modified to improve carbonation efficiency. A gas inlet hole was created to increase the flow mixing of CO2 with water. A nozzle throat was also introduced to increase the gas dissolution by increasing flow rates. Various contraction ratios of nozzle throat, inlet gas and liquid velocities, and gas bubble sizes were employed to determine their effects on gas hold-up, gas concentration, and mass transfer coefficient. Results revealed that the flow injection nozzle with high contraction ratios improved carbonation because of high gas hold-up. Gas concentration was directly related to contraction ratio and gas flow velocities. Carbonation reduced when high liquid velocities and large gas bubbles were employed because of inefficient flow mixing. This study indicated that flow injection nozzle with large contraction ratios were suitable for carbonation because of their ability to increase gas hold-up, gas concentration, and mass transfer coefficient.
文摘The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of different regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies on productivity, oil quality and water-use efficiency on olive grown in the Sonoran Desert. The experiments were carried out in 2009 and 2010, and in a ten years old traditional (10 × 5 m) “Manzanilla” olive orchard. The control treatment was irrigated at 100% ETc during the whole season while RDI treatments were applied at 75% ETc or 50% ETc. The two RDI were applied during two phenological stages: at postharvest to evaluate the effect on table olive or from pit hardening to harvest to evaluate the effect on oil olive. Our results indicated that RDI applying 50% ETc during postharvest period reduced significantly fruit set and table olive yield, while applied during pit hardening to harvest period, it decreased oil yield but increased oil content. The RDI applying an ETc of 75% during the postharvest period gave similar table olive yield to the control, and applied form of pit hardening to harvest also gave similar oil yield to the control. The RDI using an ETc of 75% resulted in the highest water-use efficiency for oil or table olive production.
基金the National Autonomous University of México(UNAM)through the Support Program for Technological Research and Innovation Projects(DGAPAPAPIIT),grants No.IN103623.
文摘A high-entropy matrix with highly polarizable elements sharing a rare-earth element at the same crystallographic site was designed using the chemical formula Ba_(1/5)Pb_(1/5)Sr_(1/5)RE_(1/5)K_(1/5)TiO_(3)(BPSREKTO),where rare-earth(RE)=La,Nb,Sm,Gd,Dy,Ho,Y,and Lu.Single-phase stability was observed only in the BPSREKTO with RE=La,Nd,and Sm high-entropy compounds.The crystal structure,optical properties,and ferroelectric nature of the single-phase ceramic compounds were investigated.Elemental and structural analyses revealed that all the cations were homogeneously distributed in a global centrosymmetric cubic structure(S.G.Pm3m).Optical absorption showed that the RE=Nd compound is more photoactive in the 200-1000 nm wavelength range,unlike the RE=La,Sm high-entropy compounds.The introduction of RE elements in high-entropy ceramic(HEC)systems affects the indirect bandgap of BPSREKTO with RE=La,Nd,and Sm.It was also found that cationic disorder increases the Urbach energy,leading to a decrease in the indirect energy bandgap in the HEC compound compared to the homologue BaTiO_(3)/SrTiO_(3) single-phase.The dielectric spectra show a broad peak in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss,which are shifted in temperatures with increasing frequencies due to a relaxor ferroelectric transition typical of the diffuse phase transitions.This relaxor behavior was unexpected,because the global crystal structure was centrosymmetric,implying an increase in the number of polar nanoregions(PNRs).These PNRs coexisting with non-polar regions(NPRs)were observed using piezo-force microscopy.Furthermore,the slim polarization loop confirmed the relaxor behavior of BPSREKTO with RE=La,Nd,and Sm.These ferroelectric features make these RE-modified HEC materials good candidates for high-energy storage applications.
