The year 2024 marked the 40th anniversary of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS),as well as the centenary of the Chinese Meteorological Society(CMS).The inaugural issue of AAS was published in 1984,initially being s...The year 2024 marked the 40th anniversary of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS),as well as the centenary of the Chinese Meteorological Society(CMS).The inaugural issue of AAS was published in 1984,initially being sponsored primarily by Chinese National Committee for the International Association of Meteorological and Atmospheric Sciences(IAMAS)and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.In 2006,Springer became AAS’s international publisher.Then,in 2015,the CMS joined in sponsoring AAS,and in the same year,AAS also became an affiliated journal of the IAMAS.These milestone events helped broaden the reach of AAS,culminating in the journal establishing itself as a truly international journal supporting the advancement of the atmospheric sciences.展开更多
The first issue of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences（AAS）was published in 1984.Originally quarterly,the journal later became bimonthly and will now be published monthly starting from 2015.AAS is sponsored by the Chin...The first issue of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences（AAS）was published in 1984.Originally quarterly,the journal later became bimonthly and will now be published monthly starting from 2015.AAS is sponsored by the Chinese Committee of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics（CCMAP）—which later evolved into Chinese National Committee for International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences（IAMAS）—and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics（IAP）and it is now jointly published by Springer and Science Press.展开更多
Synoptic meteorology is a branch of meteorology that uses synoptic weather observations and charts for the diagnosis,study,and forecasting of weather.Weather refers to the specific state of the atmosphere near the Ea...Synoptic meteorology is a branch of meteorology that uses synoptic weather observations and charts for the diagnosis,study,and forecasting of weather.Weather refers to the specific state of the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface during a short period of time.The spatial distribution of meteorological elements in the atmosphere can be represented by a variety of transient weather phenomena,which are caused by weather systems of different spatial and temporal scales.Weather is closely related to people’s life,and its development and evolution have always been the focus of atmospheric scientific research and operation.The development of synoptic meteorology is closely related to the development of observation systems,dynamical theories and numerical models.In China,observation networks have been built since the early 1950 s.Up to now,a comprehensive meteorological observation systembased on ground,air and space has been established.In particular,the development of a new generation of dense radar networks,the development of the Fengyun satellite series and the implementation of a series of large field experiments have brought our understanding of weather from large-scale environment to thermal dynamics,cloud microphysical structure and evolution characteristics of meso and micro-scale weather systems.The development of observation has also promoted the development of theory,numerical model and simulation.In the early days,China mainly used foreign numerical models.Lately,China has developed numerical model systems with independent intellectual property rights.Based on the results of high-resolution numerical simulations,in-depth understanding of the initiation and evolution mechanism and predictability of weather at different scales has been obtained.Synoptic meteorology has gradually changed from an initially independent development to a multidisciplinary approach,and the interaction between weather and the change of climate and environment has become a hot and frontier topic in atmospheric science.This paper reviews the important scientific and technological achievements made in China over the past 70 years in the fields of synoptic meteorology based on the literatures in China and abroad,from six aspects respectively including atmospheric dynamics,synoptic-scale weather,typhoon and tropical weather,severe convective weather,numerical weather prediction and data assimilation,weather and climate,atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment.展开更多
Climate and climate change have always been a research focus of atmospheric sciences. This paper summaries research efforts, achievements and international contributions of the Chinese scientific community on climate ...Climate and climate change have always been a research focus of atmospheric sciences. This paper summaries research efforts, achievements and international contributions of the Chinese scientific community on climate and climate change over the past 70 years. The review is based on papers published officially in national or international scientific journals,and is organized to cover six aspects:(1) general climate studies;(2) impact of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau;(3) impact of the East Asian monsoon;(4) influences of teleconnection oscillation and westerlies;(5) climate dynamics and development of climate models;and(6) climate change. It is, however, to be noted that the present review can not be considered as an exhaustive one, since there is a huge body of literature in the field.展开更多
Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China 70 years ago,the subject of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment has developed rapidly in China,providing important support for the development of atmos...Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China 70 years ago,the subject of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment has developed rapidly in China,providing important support for the development of atmospheric science and guarantee for the development of national economy.In this paper,the general advancement of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in last 70 years was described.The main research progress of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up was reviewed,the outstanding research achievements since the 21 st century were summarized,the major problems and challenges are pointed out,and the key directions and suggestions for future development are put forward.展开更多
As AI continues to establish itself as a cornerstone technology across various industries and scientific disciplines,its profound impact on atmospheric and oceanic science is becoming increasingly apparent.The advanta...As AI continues to establish itself as a cornerstone technology across various industries and scientific disciplines,its profound impact on atmospheric and oceanic science is becoming increasingly apparent.The advantages of AI in surmounting obstacles within our field are undeniable,as evidenced by breakthroughs in weather forecasting(e.g.,Bi et al.,2023),climate prediction(e.g.,Ham et al.,2019),AI-based parameterization schemes(e.g.,Rasp et al.,2018;Wang and Tan,2023),and beyond.Recognizing the transformative potential of AI in atmospheric and oceanic science,this special issue endeavors to explore the extensive applications of AI in our domain.展开更多
This study investigates the influence of major climatic modes on the interannual variability of the annual minimum extent of Antarctic sea ice.It shows that the Southern Annular Mode(SAM),the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD),...This study investigates the influence of major climatic modes on the interannual variability of the annual minimum extent of Antarctic sea ice.It shows that the Southern Annular Mode(SAM),the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD),and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),along with the total sea ice condition during the preceding spring,serve as precursor signals of February sea ice extent(SIE).These climate modes interact,energizing the Pacific-South American pattern(PSA),which deepens and shifts the Amundsen Sea Low(ASL)westward in spring.This pattern generates a dipole sea ice anomaly characterized by an increase in sea ice in the northern Ross Sea but a decrease in ice in the Bellingshausen and northern Weddell Seas.However,as the season transitions into summer,the ASL exerts a pronounced delayed effect,contributing to widespread sea ice loss across West Antarctica.Strong southerly winds on the western flank of the ASL push sea ice away from the inner Ross Sea,exposing coastal waters that absorb solar radiation,thereby accelerating ice melt through positive ice-albedo feedback.Simultaneously,northwesterly winds on the eastern flank transport warm air toward the Bellingshausen and northern Weddell Seas,intensifying ice loss in these regions.Furthermore,the active PSA is accompanied by a tripole sea surface temperature pattern characterized by warming in the Weddell Sea,which promotes continued ice melt.The co-occurrence of an exceptionally positive SAM,a La Niña,and a strong negative IOD during spring 2022,combined with lower-than-normal total spring SIE,ultimately contributed to the record-low Antarctic SIE observed in February 2023.展开更多
Subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)forecasting for East Asian atmospheric circulation poses significant challenges for conventional numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Recently,deep learning(DL)models have demonstrated s...Subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)forecasting for East Asian atmospheric circulation poses significant challenges for conventional numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Recently,deep learning(DL)models have demonstrated significant potential in further enhancing S2S forecasts beyond the capabilities of NWP models.However,most current DLbased S2S forecasting models largely overlook the role of global predictors from multiple spheres,such as ocean,land,and atmosphere domains,that are crucial for effective S2S forecasting.In this study,we introduce EAAC-S2S,a tailored DL model for S2S forecasting of East Asian atmospheric circulation.EAAC-S2S employs the cross-attention mechanism to couple atmospheric circulations over East Asia with representative multi-sphere(i.e.,atmosphere,land,and ocean)variables,providing pentad-averaged circulation forecasts up to 12 pentads ahead throughout all seasons.Experimental results demonstrate,on the S2S time scale,that EAAC-S2S consistently outperforms the European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Ensemble Prediction System by decreasing the root-mean-square error(RMSE)by3.8%and increasing the anomaly correlation coefficient(ACC)by 8.6%,averaged across all 17 predictands.Our system also shows good skill for examples of heatwaves and the South China Sea Subtropical High Intensity Index(SCSSHII).Moreover,quantitative interpretability analysis including multi-sphere attribution and attention visualization are conducted for the first time in a DL S2S model,where the traced predictability aligns well with prior meteorological knowledge.We hope that our results have the potential to advance research in data-driven S2S forecasting.展开更多
Ice cores play an important role in the reconstruction of historical atmospheric information.The glacier of the Tibetan Plateau is influenced by the Indian monsoon and westerly winds,which divide the Tibetan Plateau i...Ice cores play an important role in the reconstruction of historical atmospheric information.The glacier of the Tibetan Plateau is influenced by the Indian monsoon and westerly winds,which divide the Tibetan Plateau into monsoon-and westly influenced regions.These atmospheric circulations bring distinct microbial communities to glaciers,with the microbial dispersal process being also influenced by atmospheric factors.However,the potential influence of between bacterial abundance and atmospheric factors is not well known.To reveal potential mechanisms controlling bacterial abundance between two regions,we obtained bacterial abundance and atmospheric records for the past 46 years from two ice cores located within these regions.Statistical regression models were constructed to fit the relationship between bacterial abundance and atmospheric factors.Generalized additive model(GAM)was superior in modeling bacterial abundance compared with linear models and showed that the key factors affecting bacterial abundance were different in the monsoon-and westerly-dominated regions.Specifically,atmospheric dust and black carbon were the key factors for the monsoon-dominated region,and westerly index was the key factor for the westerly-dominated region.The model outputs confirm that atmospheric black carbon plays an important role in affecting bacterial abundance for the glacier located within the monsoon-dominated region,particularly in recent decades.The model also predicted that bacterial abundance will increase by 27%with a doubled black carbon deposition.We quantify and model for the first time that relationship between bacterial abundance and atmospheric black carbon in Tibetan glaciers change over time based on GAM models.展开更多
Active atmospheric convection on the monsoon coast is crucial for the Earth’s climate system.In particular,the upscale convective growth(UCG)from ordinary isolated convection to organized convective system is a key p...Active atmospheric convection on the monsoon coast is crucial for the Earth’s climate system.In particular,the upscale convective growth(UCG)from ordinary isolated convection to organized convective system is a key process causing severe weather,but its activities on the monsoon coast are less understood because of the lack of fine-resolution datasets.For the first time,we present the climatology of UCG on a typical monsoon coast using kilometer-mesh radar data from southern China.The UCG undergoes pronounced subseasonal and diurnal variations in the early-summer rainy season.The subseasonal UCG increase is attributed to the onshore flows shifting from easterlies in April to monsoon southwesterlies in June.UCG becomes vigorous following summer monsoon onset,with hotspots near windward coastal mountains.Daytime UCG first peaks near noontime along coastal land,where onshore flows are destabilized by boundary-layer heating and mountains.Afternoon inland peaks and off-coast minimums are recognized due to land–sea thermal contrast and sea-breeze circulation.Nighttime UCG is revived at the coast by nocturnally enhanced southerlies,followed by offshore activity as the convergence of land-breeze northerlies shifts seaward.The UCG thus responds strongly to changing atmospheric conditions,land heating/cooling,and thermally driven local circulations.Our results may help clarify the predictability of monsoon coastal convection.展开更多
In November 1984,China launched its first expedition to the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic continent,culminating in the establishment of its first year-round research station—Great Wall Station—on the Antarctic Pe...In November 1984,China launched its first expedition to the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic continent,culminating in the establishment of its first year-round research station—Great Wall Station—on the Antarctic Peninsula in February 1985.Forty years later,in February 2024,China’s fifth research station,Qinling Station,commenced operations on Inexpress-ible Island near Terra Nova Bay.展开更多
PM_(2.5) and black carbon(BC)are important air pollutants impacting radiation balance,air quality,health,and ecosystems.Ozone(O_(3))levels are increasing despite decreases in other pollutants,posing a challenge for po...PM_(2.5) and black carbon(BC)are important air pollutants impacting radiation balance,air quality,health,and ecosystems.Ozone(O_(3))levels are increasing despite decreases in other pollutants,posing a challenge for pollution control,especially in coastal cities like Zhoushan,where the monsoonal climate can exacerbate PM_(2.5) and ozone pollution.This study conducted continuous online measurements of major atmospheric pollutants in Zhoushan,Zhejiang Province,in 2020.The results indicate that the highest contribution from local air masses in Zhoushan is observed in spring,accounting for 17.7%,while the greatest average contribution from northern Zhejiang Province,Jiangsu Province,and Shanghai occurs in winter,at 18.5%.Pollutant concentrationswere seasonally variable,with PM_(2.5),BC,and sulfur dioxide concentrations 56.6%,36%,and 58.2%higher in the cold season compared to the warm season.The O_(3) in spring is approximately 50%higher than that in summer.Ship emissions significantly contributed to BC,nitrogen oxides(NO_(x)),and carbon monoxide in Zhoushan.In spring,PM_(2.5) sources included photochemical processes and northern air mass transport,while in winter,PM_(2.5) was due to regional transport.The inhibitory effect of PM_(2.5) on O_(3) formation in the Zhoushan area is relatively weak.Reducing NO_(x) emissions may increase O_(3),emphasizing the need for volatile organic compounds monitoring and regional control measures to improve air quality and ensure sustainable development in Zhoushan.展开更多
Although the Chinese new-generation Fengyun-4B(FY-4B) geostationary satellite Atmospheric Motion Vector(AMV) products became operational in June 2022, their accuracy and utility remain largely unexamined. This study c...Although the Chinese new-generation Fengyun-4B(FY-4B) geostationary satellite Atmospheric Motion Vector(AMV) products became operational in June 2022, their accuracy and utility remain largely unexamined. This study comprehensively evaluates FY-4B AMV products for August and October 2023, as well as January and April 2024,exploring their application in monitoring the South China Sea Summer Monsoon(SCSSM) onset. The results indicate that AMV products derived from the upper-level water vapor absorption channel(AMV_WV) and the infrared channel(AMV_IR) demonstrate high accuracy when compared with ERA5 reanalysis data. The root mean square error(RMSE) is mostly between 4.5 m s^(–1)and 6.4 m s^(–1), with coefficients of determination(R2) values ranging from 0.7 to 0.8, indicating the overall reliability of FY-4B AMVs. The observation errors of AMVs exhibit significant vertical structure characteristics. Specifically, the AMV_WV products demonstrate superior accuracy above 350 h Pa, while the AMV_IR products exhibit reduced errors in the layers between 200–500 h Pa and 700–950 h Pa. Spatially, most areas exhibit low observation errors for AMVs, while clear-sky weather and deep convective cloud systems can increase errors. A lack of clouds or water vapor may reduce the number of observation samples in some areas, leading to unstable RMSE performance, which is particularly evident for AMV_WV RMSE around 25°–30°N in January and near 25°S in August. Deep convective cloud systems can influence AMV retrieval results, leading to systematic observation errors, especially for the infrared channel.Additionally, AMV_WV is more reliable during the daytime, with a lower RMSE compared to nighttime, while AMV_IR exhibits a diverging diurnal variation pattern. Finally, the FY-4B AMV_WV products were applied to monitor the SCSSM event in 2024. Significant zonal wind direction reversal characteristics were observed in key regions around the onset date,indicating that AMVs can serve as effective indicators for monitoring the SCSSM onset.展开更多
Predicting monsoon climate is one of the major endeavors in climate science and is becoming increasingly challenging due to global warming. The accuracy of monsoon seasonal predictions significantly impacts the lives ...Predicting monsoon climate is one of the major endeavors in climate science and is becoming increasingly challenging due to global warming. The accuracy of monsoon seasonal predictions significantly impacts the lives of billions who depend on or are affected by monsoons, as it is essential for the water cycle, food security, ecology, disaster prevention, and the economy of monsoon regions. Given the extensive literature on Asian monsoon climate prediction, we limit our focus to reviewing the seasonal prediction and predictability of the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM). However, much of this review is also relevant to monsoon predictions in other seasons and regions. Over the past two decades, considerable progress has been made in the seasonal forecasting of the ASM, driven by an enhanced understanding of the sources of predictability and the dynamics of seasonal variability, along with advanced development in sophisticated models and technologies. This review centers on advances in understanding the physical foundation for monsoon climate prediction (section 2), significant findings and insights into the primary and regional sources of predictability arising from feedback processes among various climate components (sections 3 and 4), the effects of global warming and external forcings on predictability (section 5), developments in seasonal prediction models and techniques (section 6), the challenges and limitations of monsoon climate prediction (section 7), and emerging research trends with suggestions for future directions (section 8). We hope this review will stimulate creative activities to enhance monsoon climate prediction.展开更多
Using multi-source reanalysis data,this study examines the relationship between the tropical Pacific-Atlantic SST Dipole Mode(TPA-DM)and summer precipitation in North China(NCSP)on the interannual timescale during the...Using multi-source reanalysis data,this study examines the relationship between the tropical Pacific-Atlantic SST Dipole Mode(TPA-DM)and summer precipitation in North China(NCSP)on the interannual timescale during the period of 1979-2022.The results show that the TPA-DM,the dominant pattern of interannual variability in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic regions,exhibits a significant negative correlation with NCSP.The positive phase of TPA-DM induces subsidence over the Maritime Continent through a zonal circulation pattern,which initiates a Pacific-Japan-like wave train along the East Asian coast.The circulation anomalies lead to moisture deficits and convergence subsidence over North China,leading to below-normal rainfall.Further analysis reveals that cooler SST in the Southern Tropical Atlantic facilitates the persistence of the TPA-DM by stimulating the anomalous Walker circulation associated with wind-evaporation-SST-convection feedback.展开更多
Cirrus clouds play a crucial role in the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system.We investigated the spatiotemporal variations of cirrus over the South China Sea(SCS)using satellite data(MOD08,MYD08,CALIPSO)and ...Cirrus clouds play a crucial role in the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system.We investigated the spatiotemporal variations of cirrus over the South China Sea(SCS)using satellite data(MOD08,MYD08,CALIPSO)and reanalysis data(MERRA-2)from March 2007 to February 2015(eight years).The horizontal distribution reveals lower cirrus fraction values in the northern SCS and higher values in the southern region,with minima observed in March and April and maxima sequentially occurring in August(northern SCS,NSCS),September(middle SCS,MSCS),and December(southern SCS,SSCS).Vertically,the cirrus fraction peaks in summer and reaches its lowest levels in spring.Opaque cirrus dominates during summer in the NSCS and MSCS,comprising 53.6%and 55.9%,respectively,while the SSCS exhibits a higher frequency of opaque cirrus relative to other cloud types.Subvisible cirrus clouds have the lowest frequency year-round,whereas thin cirrus is most prominent in winter in the NSCS(46.3%)and in spring in the MSCS(45.3%).A case study from September 2021 further explores the influence of ice crystal habits on brightness temperature(BT)over the SCS.Simulations utilizing five ice crystal shapes from the ARTS DDA(Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator Discrete Dipole Approximation)database and the RTTOV 12.4 radiative transfer model reveal that the 8-column-aggregate shape best represents BT in the NSCS and SSCS,while the large-block-aggregate shape performs better in the SSCS.展开更多
Current shipping,tourism,and resource development requirements call for more accurate predictions of the Arctic sea-ice concentration(SIC).However,due to the complex physical processes involved,predicting the spatiote...Current shipping,tourism,and resource development requirements call for more accurate predictions of the Arctic sea-ice concentration(SIC).However,due to the complex physical processes involved,predicting the spatiotemporal distribution of Arctic SIC is more challenging than predicting its total extent.In this study,spatiotemporal prediction models for monthly Arctic SIC at 1-to 3-month leads are developed based on U-Net-an effective convolutional deep-learning approach.Based on explicit Arctic sea-ice-atmosphere interactions,11 variables associated with Arctic sea-ice variations are selected as predictors,including observed Arctic SIC,atmospheric,oceanic,and heat flux variables at 1-to 3-month leads.The prediction skills for the monthly Arctic SIC of the test set(from January 2018 to December 2022)are evaluated by examining the mean absolute error(MAE)and binary accuracy(BA).Results showed that the U-Net model had lower MAE and higher BA for Arctic SIC compared to two dynamic climate prediction systems(CFSv2 and NorCPM).By analyzing the relative importance of each predictor,the prediction accuracy relies more on the SIC at the 1-month lead,but on the surface net solar radiation flux at 2-to 3-month leads.However,dynamic models show limited prediction skills for surface net solar radiation flux and other physical processes,especially in autumn.Therefore,the U-Net model can be used to capture the connections among these key physical processes associated with Arctic sea ice and thus offers a significant advantage in predicting Arctic SIC.展开更多
This study investigates the impact of vegetation-climate feedback on the global land monsoon system during the Last Interglacial(LIG,127000 years BP)and the mid-Holocene(MH,6000 years BP)using the earth system model E...This study investigates the impact of vegetation-climate feedback on the global land monsoon system during the Last Interglacial(LIG,127000 years BP)and the mid-Holocene(MH,6000 years BP)using the earth system model EC-Earth3.Our findings indicate that vegetation changes significantly influence the global monsoon area and precipitation patterns,especially in the North African and Indian monsoon regions.The North African monsoon region experienced the most substantial increase in vegetation during both the LIG and MH,resulting in significant increases in monsoonal precipitation by 9.8%and 6.0%,respectively.The vegetation feedback also intensified the Saharan Heat Low,strengthened monsoonal flows,and enhanced precipitation over the North African monsoon region.In contrast,the Indian monsoon region exhibited divergent responses to vegetation changes.During the LIG,precipitation in the Indian monsoon region decreased by 2.2%,while it increased by 1.6%during the MH.These differences highlight the complex and region-specific impacts of vegetation feedback on monsoon systems.Overall,this study demonstrates that vegetation feedback exerts distinct influences on the global monsoon during the MH and LIG.These findings highlight the importance of considering vegetation-climate feedback in understanding past monsoon variability and in predicting future climate change impacts on monsoon systems.展开更多
High spatiotemporal resolution infrared radiances from FY-4A/AGRI(Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager)can provide crucial information for rapidly developing severe convective weather.This study established a symme...High spatiotemporal resolution infrared radiances from FY-4A/AGRI(Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager)can provide crucial information for rapidly developing severe convective weather.This study established a symmetric observation error model that differentiates between land and sea for FY-4A/AGRI all-sky assimilation,developed an all-sky assimilation scheme for FY-4A/AGRI based on hydrometeor control variables,and investigated the impacts of all-sky FY-4A/AGRI water vapor channels at different altitudes and rapid-update assimilation at different frequencies on the assimilation and forecasting of a severe convective weather event.Results show that simultaneous assimilation of two water vapor channels can enhance precipitation forecasts compared to single-channel assimilation,which is mainly attributable to a more accurate analysis of water vapor and hydrometeor information.Experiments with different assimilation frequencies demonstrate that the hourly assimilation frequency,compared to other frequencies,incorporates the high-frequency information from AGRI while reducing the impact of spurious oscillations caused by excessively high-frequency assimilation.This hourly assimilation frequency reduces the incoordination among thermal,dynamical,and water vapor conditions caused by excessively fast or slow assimilation frequencies,thus improving the forecast accuracy compared to other frequencies.展开更多
文摘The year 2024 marked the 40th anniversary of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS),as well as the centenary of the Chinese Meteorological Society(CMS).The inaugural issue of AAS was published in 1984,initially being sponsored primarily by Chinese National Committee for the International Association of Meteorological and Atmospheric Sciences(IAMAS)and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.In 2006,Springer became AAS’s international publisher.Then,in 2015,the CMS joined in sponsoring AAS,and in the same year,AAS also became an affiliated journal of the IAMAS.These milestone events helped broaden the reach of AAS,culminating in the journal establishing itself as a truly international journal supporting the advancement of the atmospheric sciences.
文摘The first issue of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences（AAS）was published in 1984.Originally quarterly,the journal later became bimonthly and will now be published monthly starting from 2015.AAS is sponsored by the Chinese Committee of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics（CCMAP）—which later evolved into Chinese National Committee for International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences（IAMAS）—and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics（IAP）and it is now jointly published by Springer and Science Press.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41425018)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC1501601)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41675045)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC1501904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41875066, 41675108 & 41875051)the Special Program on the Monitoring, Warning and Prevention of Major Natural Disasters (Grant No. 2018YFC1506702)
文摘Synoptic meteorology is a branch of meteorology that uses synoptic weather observations and charts for the diagnosis,study,and forecasting of weather.Weather refers to the specific state of the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface during a short period of time.The spatial distribution of meteorological elements in the atmosphere can be represented by a variety of transient weather phenomena,which are caused by weather systems of different spatial and temporal scales.Weather is closely related to people’s life,and its development and evolution have always been the focus of atmospheric scientific research and operation.The development of synoptic meteorology is closely related to the development of observation systems,dynamical theories and numerical models.In China,observation networks have been built since the early 1950 s.Up to now,a comprehensive meteorological observation systembased on ground,air and space has been established.In particular,the development of a new generation of dense radar networks,the development of the Fengyun satellite series and the implementation of a series of large field experiments have brought our understanding of weather from large-scale environment to thermal dynamics,cloud microphysical structure and evolution characteristics of meso and micro-scale weather systems.The development of observation has also promoted the development of theory,numerical model and simulation.In the early days,China mainly used foreign numerical models.Lately,China has developed numerical model systems with independent intellectual property rights.Based on the results of high-resolution numerical simulations,in-depth understanding of the initiation and evolution mechanism and predictability of weather at different scales has been obtained.Synoptic meteorology has gradually changed from an initially independent development to a multidisciplinary approach,and the interaction between weather and the change of climate and environment has become a hot and frontier topic in atmospheric science.This paper reviews the important scientific and technological achievements made in China over the past 70 years in the fields of synoptic meteorology based on the literatures in China and abroad,from six aspects respectively including atmospheric dynamics,synoptic-scale weather,typhoon and tropical weather,severe convective weather,numerical weather prediction and data assimilation,weather and climate,atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41521004)the China University Research Talents Recruitment Program(Grant No.B13045)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.LZUJBKY-2019-kb30)
文摘Climate and climate change have always been a research focus of atmospheric sciences. This paper summaries research efforts, achievements and international contributions of the Chinese scientific community on climate and climate change over the past 70 years. The review is based on papers published officially in national or international scientific journals,and is organized to cover six aspects:(1) general climate studies;(2) impact of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau;(3) impact of the East Asian monsoon;(4) influences of teleconnection oscillation and westerlies;(5) climate dynamics and development of climate models;and(6) climate change. It is, however, to be noted that the present review can not be considered as an exhaustive one, since there is a huge body of literature in the field.
文摘Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China 70 years ago,the subject of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment has developed rapidly in China,providing important support for the development of atmospheric science and guarantee for the development of national economy.In this paper,the general advancement of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in last 70 years was described.The main research progress of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up was reviewed,the outstanding research achievements since the 21 st century were summarized,the major problems and challenges are pointed out,and the key directions and suggestions for future development are put forward.
文摘As AI continues to establish itself as a cornerstone technology across various industries and scientific disciplines,its profound impact on atmospheric and oceanic science is becoming increasingly apparent.The advantages of AI in surmounting obstacles within our field are undeniable,as evidenced by breakthroughs in weather forecasting(e.g.,Bi et al.,2023),climate prediction(e.g.,Ham et al.,2019),AI-based parameterization schemes(e.g.,Rasp et al.,2018;Wang and Tan,2023),and beyond.Recognizing the transformative potential of AI in atmospheric and oceanic science,this special issue endeavors to explore the extensive applications of AI in our domain.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.42288101 and 42375045)
文摘This study investigates the influence of major climatic modes on the interannual variability of the annual minimum extent of Antarctic sea ice.It shows that the Southern Annular Mode(SAM),the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD),and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),along with the total sea ice condition during the preceding spring,serve as precursor signals of February sea ice extent(SIE).These climate modes interact,energizing the Pacific-South American pattern(PSA),which deepens and shifts the Amundsen Sea Low(ASL)westward in spring.This pattern generates a dipole sea ice anomaly characterized by an increase in sea ice in the northern Ross Sea but a decrease in ice in the Bellingshausen and northern Weddell Seas.However,as the season transitions into summer,the ASL exerts a pronounced delayed effect,contributing to widespread sea ice loss across West Antarctica.Strong southerly winds on the western flank of the ASL push sea ice away from the inner Ross Sea,exposing coastal waters that absorb solar radiation,thereby accelerating ice melt through positive ice-albedo feedback.Simultaneously,northwesterly winds on the eastern flank transport warm air toward the Bellingshausen and northern Weddell Seas,intensifying ice loss in these regions.Furthermore,the active PSA is accompanied by a tripole sea surface temperature pattern characterized by warming in the Weddell Sea,which promotes continued ice melt.The co-occurrence of an exceptionally positive SAM,a La Niña,and a strong negative IOD during spring 2022,combined with lower-than-normal total spring SIE,ultimately contributed to the record-low Antarctic SIE observed in February 2023.
基金supported in part by the Meteorological Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2142211)by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0608002)+4 种基金by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42075141 and 42341202)by the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(Grant No.BX20230071)by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Youth(Grant No.42205191)by the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2021SHZDZX0100)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)forecasting for East Asian atmospheric circulation poses significant challenges for conventional numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Recently,deep learning(DL)models have demonstrated significant potential in further enhancing S2S forecasts beyond the capabilities of NWP models.However,most current DLbased S2S forecasting models largely overlook the role of global predictors from multiple spheres,such as ocean,land,and atmosphere domains,that are crucial for effective S2S forecasting.In this study,we introduce EAAC-S2S,a tailored DL model for S2S forecasting of East Asian atmospheric circulation.EAAC-S2S employs the cross-attention mechanism to couple atmospheric circulations over East Asia with representative multi-sphere(i.e.,atmosphere,land,and ocean)variables,providing pentad-averaged circulation forecasts up to 12 pentads ahead throughout all seasons.Experimental results demonstrate,on the S2S time scale,that EAAC-S2S consistently outperforms the European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Ensemble Prediction System by decreasing the root-mean-square error(RMSE)by3.8%and increasing the anomaly correlation coefficient(ACC)by 8.6%,averaged across all 17 predictands.Our system also shows good skill for examples of heatwaves and the South China Sea Subtropical High Intensity Index(SCSSHII).Moreover,quantitative interpretability analysis including multi-sphere attribution and attention visualization are conducted for the first time in a DL S2S model,where the traced predictability aligns well with prior meteorological knowledge.We hope that our results have the potential to advance research in data-driven S2S forecasting.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2300904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42101128).
文摘Ice cores play an important role in the reconstruction of historical atmospheric information.The glacier of the Tibetan Plateau is influenced by the Indian monsoon and westerly winds,which divide the Tibetan Plateau into monsoon-and westly influenced regions.These atmospheric circulations bring distinct microbial communities to glaciers,with the microbial dispersal process being also influenced by atmospheric factors.However,the potential influence of between bacterial abundance and atmospheric factors is not well known.To reveal potential mechanisms controlling bacterial abundance between two regions,we obtained bacterial abundance and atmospheric records for the past 46 years from two ice cores located within these regions.Statistical regression models were constructed to fit the relationship between bacterial abundance and atmospheric factors.Generalized additive model(GAM)was superior in modeling bacterial abundance compared with linear models and showed that the key factors affecting bacterial abundance were different in the monsoon-and westerly-dominated regions.Specifically,atmospheric dust and black carbon were the key factors for the monsoon-dominated region,and westerly index was the key factor for the westerly-dominated region.The model outputs confirm that atmospheric black carbon plays an important role in affecting bacterial abundance for the glacier located within the monsoon-dominated region,particularly in recent decades.The model also predicted that bacterial abundance will increase by 27%with a doubled black carbon deposition.We quantify and model for the first time that relationship between bacterial abundance and atmospheric black carbon in Tibetan glaciers change over time based on GAM models.
基金the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(Grant No.2020B0301030004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42275002 and 42275006)+1 种基金the National Institute of Natural Hazards,Ministry of Emergency Management of China(Grant Nos.ZDJ2024-01 and ZDJ2024-25)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2023B1212060019).
文摘Active atmospheric convection on the monsoon coast is crucial for the Earth’s climate system.In particular,the upscale convective growth(UCG)from ordinary isolated convection to organized convective system is a key process causing severe weather,but its activities on the monsoon coast are less understood because of the lack of fine-resolution datasets.For the first time,we present the climatology of UCG on a typical monsoon coast using kilometer-mesh radar data from southern China.The UCG undergoes pronounced subseasonal and diurnal variations in the early-summer rainy season.The subseasonal UCG increase is attributed to the onshore flows shifting from easterlies in April to monsoon southwesterlies in June.UCG becomes vigorous following summer monsoon onset,with hotspots near windward coastal mountains.Daytime UCG first peaks near noontime along coastal land,where onshore flows are destabilized by boundary-layer heating and mountains.Afternoon inland peaks and off-coast minimums are recognized due to land–sea thermal contrast and sea-breeze circulation.Nighttime UCG is revived at the coast by nocturnally enhanced southerlies,followed by offshore activity as the convergence of land-breeze northerlies shifts seaward.The UCG thus responds strongly to changing atmospheric conditions,land heating/cooling,and thermally driven local circulations.Our results may help clarify the predictability of monsoon coastal convection.
文摘In November 1984,China launched its first expedition to the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic continent,culminating in the establishment of its first year-round research station—Great Wall Station—on the Antarctic Peninsula in February 1985.Forty years later,in February 2024,China’s fifth research station,Qinling Station,commenced operations on Inexpress-ible Island near Terra Nova Bay.
基金supported by Zhejiang Province Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.LR24D050001)the Joint Funds of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LZJMZ23D050002)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42175116)the Scientific Research Foundation for Guilin University of Technology(No.GUTQDJJ2023046)supported by Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Treatment for Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollutionthe Modern Industry College of Ecology and Environmental Protection,Guilin University of Technology.
文摘PM_(2.5) and black carbon(BC)are important air pollutants impacting radiation balance,air quality,health,and ecosystems.Ozone(O_(3))levels are increasing despite decreases in other pollutants,posing a challenge for pollution control,especially in coastal cities like Zhoushan,where the monsoonal climate can exacerbate PM_(2.5) and ozone pollution.This study conducted continuous online measurements of major atmospheric pollutants in Zhoushan,Zhejiang Province,in 2020.The results indicate that the highest contribution from local air masses in Zhoushan is observed in spring,accounting for 17.7%,while the greatest average contribution from northern Zhejiang Province,Jiangsu Province,and Shanghai occurs in winter,at 18.5%.Pollutant concentrationswere seasonally variable,with PM_(2.5),BC,and sulfur dioxide concentrations 56.6%,36%,and 58.2%higher in the cold season compared to the warm season.The O_(3) in spring is approximately 50%higher than that in summer.Ship emissions significantly contributed to BC,nitrogen oxides(NO_(x)),and carbon monoxide in Zhoushan.In spring,PM_(2.5) sources included photochemical processes and northern air mass transport,while in winter,PM_(2.5) was due to regional transport.The inhibitory effect of PM_(2.5) on O_(3) formation in the Zhoushan area is relatively weak.Reducing NO_(x) emissions may increase O_(3),emphasizing the need for volatile organic compounds monitoring and regional control measures to improve air quality and ensure sustainable development in Zhoushan.
基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (2023B1212060019)Natural Science Foundation of China (42175086)Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)(SML2023SP208)。
文摘Although the Chinese new-generation Fengyun-4B(FY-4B) geostationary satellite Atmospheric Motion Vector(AMV) products became operational in June 2022, their accuracy and utility remain largely unexamined. This study comprehensively evaluates FY-4B AMV products for August and October 2023, as well as January and April 2024,exploring their application in monitoring the South China Sea Summer Monsoon(SCSSM) onset. The results indicate that AMV products derived from the upper-level water vapor absorption channel(AMV_WV) and the infrared channel(AMV_IR) demonstrate high accuracy when compared with ERA5 reanalysis data. The root mean square error(RMSE) is mostly between 4.5 m s^(–1)and 6.4 m s^(–1), with coefficients of determination(R2) values ranging from 0.7 to 0.8, indicating the overall reliability of FY-4B AMVs. The observation errors of AMVs exhibit significant vertical structure characteristics. Specifically, the AMV_WV products demonstrate superior accuracy above 350 h Pa, while the AMV_IR products exhibit reduced errors in the layers between 200–500 h Pa and 700–950 h Pa. Spatially, most areas exhibit low observation errors for AMVs, while clear-sky weather and deep convective cloud systems can increase errors. A lack of clouds or water vapor may reduce the number of observation samples in some areas, leading to unstable RMSE performance, which is particularly evident for AMV_WV RMSE around 25°–30°N in January and near 25°S in August. Deep convective cloud systems can influence AMV retrieval results, leading to systematic observation errors, especially for the infrared channel.Additionally, AMV_WV is more reliable during the daytime, with a lower RMSE compared to nighttime, while AMV_IR exhibits a diverging diurnal variation pattern. Finally, the FY-4B AMV_WV products were applied to monitor the SCSSM event in 2024. Significant zonal wind direction reversal characteristics were observed in key regions around the onset date,indicating that AMVs can serve as effective indicators for monitoring the SCSSM onset.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2342208)support from NSF/Climate Dynamics Award#2025057。
文摘Predicting monsoon climate is one of the major endeavors in climate science and is becoming increasingly challenging due to global warming. The accuracy of monsoon seasonal predictions significantly impacts the lives of billions who depend on or are affected by monsoons, as it is essential for the water cycle, food security, ecology, disaster prevention, and the economy of monsoon regions. Given the extensive literature on Asian monsoon climate prediction, we limit our focus to reviewing the seasonal prediction and predictability of the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM). However, much of this review is also relevant to monsoon predictions in other seasons and regions. Over the past two decades, considerable progress has been made in the seasonal forecasting of the ASM, driven by an enhanced understanding of the sources of predictability and the dynamics of seasonal variability, along with advanced development in sophisticated models and technologies. This review centers on advances in understanding the physical foundation for monsoon climate prediction (section 2), significant findings and insights into the primary and regional sources of predictability arising from feedback processes among various climate components (sections 3 and 4), the effects of global warming and external forcings on predictability (section 5), developments in seasonal prediction models and techniques (section 6), the challenges and limitations of monsoon climate prediction (section 7), and emerging research trends with suggestions for future directions (section 8). We hope this review will stimulate creative activities to enhance monsoon climate prediction.
基金jointly supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program[grant number-ber 2019QZKK0103]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42293294]the China Meteorological Admin-istration Climate Change Special Program[grant number QBZ202303]。
文摘Using multi-source reanalysis data,this study examines the relationship between the tropical Pacific-Atlantic SST Dipole Mode(TPA-DM)and summer precipitation in North China(NCSP)on the interannual timescale during the period of 1979-2022.The results show that the TPA-DM,the dominant pattern of interannual variability in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic regions,exhibits a significant negative correlation with NCSP.The positive phase of TPA-DM induces subsidence over the Maritime Continent through a zonal circulation pattern,which initiates a Pacific-Japan-like wave train along the East Asian coast.The circulation anomalies lead to moisture deficits and convergence subsidence over North China,leading to below-normal rainfall.Further analysis reveals that cooler SST in the Southern Tropical Atlantic facilitates the persistence of the TPA-DM by stimulating the anomalous Walker circulation associated with wind-evaporation-SST-convection feedback.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42027804,41775026,and 41075012)。
文摘Cirrus clouds play a crucial role in the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system.We investigated the spatiotemporal variations of cirrus over the South China Sea(SCS)using satellite data(MOD08,MYD08,CALIPSO)and reanalysis data(MERRA-2)from March 2007 to February 2015(eight years).The horizontal distribution reveals lower cirrus fraction values in the northern SCS and higher values in the southern region,with minima observed in March and April and maxima sequentially occurring in August(northern SCS,NSCS),September(middle SCS,MSCS),and December(southern SCS,SSCS).Vertically,the cirrus fraction peaks in summer and reaches its lowest levels in spring.Opaque cirrus dominates during summer in the NSCS and MSCS,comprising 53.6%and 55.9%,respectively,while the SSCS exhibits a higher frequency of opaque cirrus relative to other cloud types.Subvisible cirrus clouds have the lowest frequency year-round,whereas thin cirrus is most prominent in winter in the NSCS(46.3%)and in spring in the MSCS(45.3%).A case study from September 2021 further explores the influence of ice crystal habits on brightness temperature(BT)over the SCS.Simulations utilizing five ice crystal shapes from the ARTS DDA(Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator Discrete Dipole Approximation)database and the RTTOV 12.4 radiative transfer model reveal that the 8-column-aggregate shape best represents BT in the NSCS and SSCS,while the large-block-aggregate shape performs better in the SSCS.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number 2022YFE0106800]an Innovation Group Project of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)[grant number 311024001]+3 种基金a project supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)[grant number SML2023SP209]a Research Council of Norway funded project(MAPARC)[grant number 328943]a Nansen Center´s basic institutional funding[grant number 342624]the high-performance computing support from the School of Atmospheric Science at Sun Yat-sen University。
文摘Current shipping,tourism,and resource development requirements call for more accurate predictions of the Arctic sea-ice concentration(SIC).However,due to the complex physical processes involved,predicting the spatiotemporal distribution of Arctic SIC is more challenging than predicting its total extent.In this study,spatiotemporal prediction models for monthly Arctic SIC at 1-to 3-month leads are developed based on U-Net-an effective convolutional deep-learning approach.Based on explicit Arctic sea-ice-atmosphere interactions,11 variables associated with Arctic sea-ice variations are selected as predictors,including observed Arctic SIC,atmospheric,oceanic,and heat flux variables at 1-to 3-month leads.The prediction skills for the monthly Arctic SIC of the test set(from January 2018 to December 2022)are evaluated by examining the mean absolute error(MAE)and binary accuracy(BA).Results showed that the U-Net model had lower MAE and higher BA for Arctic SIC compared to two dynamic climate prediction systems(CFSv2 and NorCPM).By analyzing the relative importance of each predictor,the prediction accuracy relies more on the SIC at the 1-month lead,but on the surface net solar radiation flux at 2-to 3-month leads.However,dynamic models show limited prediction skills for surface net solar radiation flux and other physical processes,especially in autumn.Therefore,the U-Net model can be used to capture the connections among these key physical processes associated with Arctic sea ice and thus offers a significant advantage in predicting Arctic SIC.
基金supported by the Swedish Research Council(Vetenskapsradet,Grant No.202203129)the Project of Youth Science and Technology Fund of Gansu Province(Grant No.24JRRA439)partially funded by the Swedish Research Council(Vetenskapsradet,Grant No.2022-06725)。
文摘This study investigates the impact of vegetation-climate feedback on the global land monsoon system during the Last Interglacial(LIG,127000 years BP)and the mid-Holocene(MH,6000 years BP)using the earth system model EC-Earth3.Our findings indicate that vegetation changes significantly influence the global monsoon area and precipitation patterns,especially in the North African and Indian monsoon regions.The North African monsoon region experienced the most substantial increase in vegetation during both the LIG and MH,resulting in significant increases in monsoonal precipitation by 9.8%and 6.0%,respectively.The vegetation feedback also intensified the Saharan Heat Low,strengthened monsoonal flows,and enhanced precipitation over the North African monsoon region.In contrast,the Indian monsoon region exhibited divergent responses to vegetation changes.During the LIG,precipitation in the Indian monsoon region decreased by 2.2%,while it increased by 1.6%during the MH.These differences highlight the complex and region-specific impacts of vegetation feedback on monsoon systems.Overall,this study demonstrates that vegetation feedback exerts distinct influences on the global monsoon during the MH and LIG.These findings highlight the importance of considering vegetation-climate feedback in understanding past monsoon variability and in predicting future climate change impacts on monsoon systems.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3080500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2142208,42475158,and 42105149)the High-Performance Computing Center of Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology for supporting this work。
文摘High spatiotemporal resolution infrared radiances from FY-4A/AGRI(Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager)can provide crucial information for rapidly developing severe convective weather.This study established a symmetric observation error model that differentiates between land and sea for FY-4A/AGRI all-sky assimilation,developed an all-sky assimilation scheme for FY-4A/AGRI based on hydrometeor control variables,and investigated the impacts of all-sky FY-4A/AGRI water vapor channels at different altitudes and rapid-update assimilation at different frequencies on the assimilation and forecasting of a severe convective weather event.Results show that simultaneous assimilation of two water vapor channels can enhance precipitation forecasts compared to single-channel assimilation,which is mainly attributable to a more accurate analysis of water vapor and hydrometeor information.Experiments with different assimilation frequencies demonstrate that the hourly assimilation frequency,compared to other frequencies,incorporates the high-frequency information from AGRI while reducing the impact of spurious oscillations caused by excessively high-frequency assimilation.This hourly assimilation frequency reduces the incoordination among thermal,dynamical,and water vapor conditions caused by excessively fast or slow assimilation frequencies,thus improving the forecast accuracy compared to other frequencies.
