Vegetable production in South East Asia often is in rotation with flooded rice. The puddling of the soil with flooded rice production may result in unfavourable soil conditions for the subsequent production of dry lan...Vegetable production in South East Asia often is in rotation with flooded rice. The puddling of the soil with flooded rice production may result in unfavourable soil conditions for the subsequent production of dry land crops. To establish whether permanent vegetable production results in favourable soil conditions for vegetables, the effects of five different permanent vegetable production systems and a system of vegetable production in rotation with flooded rice on soil properties after flooded rice were studied in a 2-year field experiment. Bulk density at 0.05–0.10 m depth layer decreased with permanent vegetable production and vegetable production in rotation with flooded rice. The decrease in bulk density was influenced by the application of organic manure and rice husks, and especially by the number of crops cultivated, suggesting that frequency of soil tillage had a major effect on bulk density. Ploughing with buffalo traction after flooded rice, in combination with construction of raised beds, could reduce or totally eliminate negative effects of puddling on soil structure. Bulk density at 0.15–0.20 m soil depth was not influenced. Soil acidity decreased significantly in all systems. Soil organic carbon increased in all systems, but significant increase was only found in two permanent vegetable production systems. Available phosphorus(P) significantly increased in two permanent vegetable production systems, with a positively correlation to the amount of P applied. The significant decrease in bulk density and increase in p H(H2O), after only 2 years, showed that soil conditions after flooded rice could be improved in a short time under intensive vegetable production.展开更多
This paper presents results concerning energy efficiency of wheat production considered in the context of specific energy input variation in different climatic conditions of Europe as well as case studies on implement...This paper presents results concerning energy efficiency of wheat production considered in the context of specific energy input variation in different climatic conditions of Europe as well as case studies on implementation of selected energy saving measures in practice.The source data collected from the six european union(EU)countries represent five agricultural regions of continental Europe and three climates:continental,temperate and Mediterranean.The life cycle assessment(LCA)methodology was applied to analyze the data excluding of pre-farm gate activities.The total primary energy consumption was decomposed into main energy input streams and it was regressed to yield.In order to compare energy efficiency of wheat production across the geographical areas,the data envelopment analysis(DEA)was applied.It was shown that the highest wheat yield(6.7 t/ha to 8.7 t/ha)at the lowest specific energy input(2.08 GJ/t to 2.56 G J/t)is unique for temperate climate conditions.The yield in continental and Mediterranean climatic conditions is on average lower by 1.3 t/ha and 2.7 t/ha and energy efficiency lower by 14%and 38%,respectively.The case studies have shown that the energy saving activities in wheat production may be universal for the climatic zones or specific for a given geographical location.It was stated that trade-offs between energy,economic,and environmental effects,which are associated with implementation of a given energy saving measure or a set of measures to a great extent depend on the current energy efficiency status of the farm and opportunity for investment,which varies substantially across Europe.展开更多
基金carried out in the framework of the‘Perm Veg’project(2007-2013)part of the strategic research program KB1"Global Food Security:Scarcity and Transition"which was funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs,and carried out by Wageningen University and Research Centre
文摘Vegetable production in South East Asia often is in rotation with flooded rice. The puddling of the soil with flooded rice production may result in unfavourable soil conditions for the subsequent production of dry land crops. To establish whether permanent vegetable production results in favourable soil conditions for vegetables, the effects of five different permanent vegetable production systems and a system of vegetable production in rotation with flooded rice on soil properties after flooded rice were studied in a 2-year field experiment. Bulk density at 0.05–0.10 m depth layer decreased with permanent vegetable production and vegetable production in rotation with flooded rice. The decrease in bulk density was influenced by the application of organic manure and rice husks, and especially by the number of crops cultivated, suggesting that frequency of soil tillage had a major effect on bulk density. Ploughing with buffalo traction after flooded rice, in combination with construction of raised beds, could reduce or totally eliminate negative effects of puddling on soil structure. Bulk density at 0.15–0.20 m soil depth was not influenced. Soil acidity decreased significantly in all systems. Soil organic carbon increased in all systems, but significant increase was only found in two permanent vegetable production systems. Available phosphorus(P) significantly increased in two permanent vegetable production systems, with a positively correlation to the amount of P applied. The significant decrease in bulk density and increase in p H(H2O), after only 2 years, showed that soil conditions after flooded rice could be improved in a short time under intensive vegetable production.
文摘This paper presents results concerning energy efficiency of wheat production considered in the context of specific energy input variation in different climatic conditions of Europe as well as case studies on implementation of selected energy saving measures in practice.The source data collected from the six european union(EU)countries represent five agricultural regions of continental Europe and three climates:continental,temperate and Mediterranean.The life cycle assessment(LCA)methodology was applied to analyze the data excluding of pre-farm gate activities.The total primary energy consumption was decomposed into main energy input streams and it was regressed to yield.In order to compare energy efficiency of wheat production across the geographical areas,the data envelopment analysis(DEA)was applied.It was shown that the highest wheat yield(6.7 t/ha to 8.7 t/ha)at the lowest specific energy input(2.08 GJ/t to 2.56 G J/t)is unique for temperate climate conditions.The yield in continental and Mediterranean climatic conditions is on average lower by 1.3 t/ha and 2.7 t/ha and energy efficiency lower by 14%and 38%,respectively.The case studies have shown that the energy saving activities in wheat production may be universal for the climatic zones or specific for a given geographical location.It was stated that trade-offs between energy,economic,and environmental effects,which are associated with implementation of a given energy saving measure or a set of measures to a great extent depend on the current energy efficiency status of the farm and opportunity for investment,which varies substantially across Europe.
