<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The number of people with stroke increases worldwide. The stroke s</s...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The number of people with stroke increases worldwide. The stroke s</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">urvivors live with disabilities and those influence their quality of life (QOL). This study was aimed to investigate the association between clinical characteristics and QOL of th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e older people with st</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">roke at discharge from the hospital. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This is a cross-sectional study. The participants were 113 stroke survivors aged 60 years and older admitted to the stroke unit. Quality of life was the study’s outcome which measured by using the abbreviated version of t</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF). Primary clinical characteristics were measured by the National Institute of Health Stroke</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Scale (NIHSS), Barthel Index (BI), and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Po</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tential confounding factors were age, sex, education levels, marital status, curre</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nt occupation, and comorbidity (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">demia, and heart disease). Multiple linear regression was used for data analys</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The main effects of clinical outcomes were high BI Score that had a significant difference association with QOL (</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.312, 95%</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">CI =</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.042,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 0</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.296,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>P</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.009), lower mRS score also had significant difference association with QOL (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-0.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">371, 95%CI = </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5.394, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1.162, </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P</span></i><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= 0.003) after all adjusting. Additional risk factor in this study was marital status (currently married) (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.155, 95%</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">CI = </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.226, 8.666, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= 0.039). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Low function status and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">severe stroke disability as the clinical characteristics were associated with QOL in</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> older people with stroke at hospital discharge. An additional factor was marital status (currently married).展开更多
Background: Adolescent girls in the United States and around the world are at a heightened risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immu nodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective: To determine the effi...Background: Adolescent girls in the United States and around the world are at a heightened risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immu nodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective: To determine the efficacy of a skill-based HIV/STD risk-reduction intervention in reducing self-reported unprotected sex ual intercourse among African American and Latino adolescent girls. Design: Rand omized controlled trial with 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Setting and Pa rticipants: Sexually experienced African American and Latino adolescent girls re cruited from the adolescent medicine clinic of a children’s hospital serving a low-income inner-city community (N = 682, mean age, 15.5 years); 88.6%were re tained at the 12-month follow-up. Interventions: Three 250-minute interventio ns based on cognitive-behavioral theories and elicitation research: an informat ion-based HIV/STD intervention provided information necessary to practice safer sex; a skillbased HIV/STD intervention provided information and taught skills n ecessary to practice safer sex; or a health-promotion control intervention conc erned with health issues unrelated to sexual behavior. Main Outcome Measures: Pr imary outcome measure was self-reported frequency of unprotected sexual interco urse; secondary outcomes included the frequency of sexual intercoursewhile intox icated, the number of sexual partners, biologically confirmed STDs, and theoreti cal mediator variables, including the intention to use condoms, beliefs about us ing condoms, and condom-use knowledge. Results: No differences between the info rmation intervention and the health control intervention were statistically sign ificant. Skills-intervention participants (mean [SE], 2.27 [0.81]) reported les s unprotected sexual intercourse at the 12-month follow-up than did informatio n-intervention participants (mean [SE], 4.04 [0.80]; P = .03), or health contro l-intervention participants (mean [SE], 5.05 [0.81]; P = .002). At the 12-mont h follow-up, skills-intervention participants (mean [SE], 0.91 [0.05]) reporte d fewer sexual partners (P = .04) compared with health control-intervention par ticipants (mean [SE], 1.04 [0.05]) and were less likely to test positive for STD (mean [SE], 10.5%[2.9%])-than were health control-intervention participants (mean [SE], 18.2%[2.8%]; P = .05). No differences in the frequency of unprote cted sexual intercourse, the number of partners, or the rate of STD were observe d at the 3-or 6-month follow-up between skill-intervention participants and information-intervention or health control-intervention participants. Conclusi on: Skillbased HIV/STD interventions can reduce sexual risk behaviors and STD ra te among African American and Latino adolescent girls in clinic settings.展开更多
Morally controversial content,such as offensive and hateful images over social media,is especially challenging to categorize,given widespread disagreement in how people interpret and evaluate this content.Numerous stu...Morally controversial content,such as offensive and hateful images over social media,is especially challenging to categorize,given widespread disagreement in how people interpret and evaluate this content.Numerous studies argue that a range of subjective biases,such as partisan differences in moral reasoning,lead people not only to diverge in their classifications of controversial content,but also to resist any attempts to change their classification judgments via social influence.Yet,recent large-scale analyses of classification patterns over social media suggest that separate populations,such as democrats and republicans,can reach surprising levels of agreement in the categorization of inflammatory content like fake news and hate speech,despite considerable differences in their moral reasoning and worldview.This poses a fundamental puzzle:how can populations of diverse individuals who disagree in the interpretation of controversial content nevertheless arrive at highly similar decisions for the classification and removal of such content?Here,we use an online platform to test the hypothesis that structural symmetries in information exchange networks can synchronize convergence on decisions regarding the classification and removal of controversial images across independent networks,leading them to independently reproduce consistent systems of classification.We find that isolated individuals diverge considerably in their classification of controversial content,whereas separate,structurally similar networks independently synchronize in their classifications and content removal decisions,reducing partisan biases across all networks.We also find that when participant experience is compared to subjects evaluating content individually in the control condition,participants within synchronizing networks reported having significantly more positive feelings about their task,and experience significantly less emotional stress when evaluating controversial content.展开更多
As machines are becoming more interactive,such as Artificial Intelligence(AI)agents,the importance of interactions between humans and AI increases as a new type of communication.However,unlike most studies have examin...As machines are becoming more interactive,such as Artificial Intelligence(AI)agents,the importance of interactions between humans and AI increases as a new type of communication.However,unlike most studies have examined the influence of AI on individuals,fewer studies about how human-AI interactions will impact society have been conducted.It should be acknowledged that we attribute social roles to AI when assigning social tasks,and there are power dynamics within an interaction between humans and AI because of it.Also,we should ask whether the current society is ready for AI to take responsibility for its actions.Finally,limitations on existing human-machine communication(HMC)studies,an unclear definition of AI as an interlocutor and a lack of theoretical frameworks,were pointed out with suggestions.It is expected that considering a machine’s social roles and powers in human-AI interactions will broaden the theoretical realm of HMC.展开更多
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The number of people with stroke increases worldwide. The stroke s</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">urvivors live with disabilities and those influence their quality of life (QOL). This study was aimed to investigate the association between clinical characteristics and QOL of th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e older people with st</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">roke at discharge from the hospital. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This is a cross-sectional study. The participants were 113 stroke survivors aged 60 years and older admitted to the stroke unit. Quality of life was the study’s outcome which measured by using the abbreviated version of t</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF). Primary clinical characteristics were measured by the National Institute of Health Stroke</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Scale (NIHSS), Barthel Index (BI), and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Po</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tential confounding factors were age, sex, education levels, marital status, curre</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nt occupation, and comorbidity (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">demia, and heart disease). Multiple linear regression was used for data analys</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The main effects of clinical outcomes were high BI Score that had a significant difference association with QOL (</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.312, 95%</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">CI =</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.042,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 0</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.296,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>P</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.009), lower mRS score also had significant difference association with QOL (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-0.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">371, 95%CI = </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5.394, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1.162, </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P</span></i><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= 0.003) after all adjusting. Additional risk factor in this study was marital status (currently married) (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.155, 95%</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">CI = </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.226, 8.666, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= 0.039). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Low function status and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">severe stroke disability as the clinical characteristics were associated with QOL in</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> older people with stroke at hospital discharge. An additional factor was marital status (currently married).
文摘Background: Adolescent girls in the United States and around the world are at a heightened risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immu nodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective: To determine the efficacy of a skill-based HIV/STD risk-reduction intervention in reducing self-reported unprotected sex ual intercourse among African American and Latino adolescent girls. Design: Rand omized controlled trial with 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Setting and Pa rticipants: Sexually experienced African American and Latino adolescent girls re cruited from the adolescent medicine clinic of a children’s hospital serving a low-income inner-city community (N = 682, mean age, 15.5 years); 88.6%were re tained at the 12-month follow-up. Interventions: Three 250-minute interventio ns based on cognitive-behavioral theories and elicitation research: an informat ion-based HIV/STD intervention provided information necessary to practice safer sex; a skillbased HIV/STD intervention provided information and taught skills n ecessary to practice safer sex; or a health-promotion control intervention conc erned with health issues unrelated to sexual behavior. Main Outcome Measures: Pr imary outcome measure was self-reported frequency of unprotected sexual interco urse; secondary outcomes included the frequency of sexual intercoursewhile intox icated, the number of sexual partners, biologically confirmed STDs, and theoreti cal mediator variables, including the intention to use condoms, beliefs about us ing condoms, and condom-use knowledge. Results: No differences between the info rmation intervention and the health control intervention were statistically sign ificant. Skills-intervention participants (mean [SE], 2.27 [0.81]) reported les s unprotected sexual intercourse at the 12-month follow-up than did informatio n-intervention participants (mean [SE], 4.04 [0.80]; P = .03), or health contro l-intervention participants (mean [SE], 5.05 [0.81]; P = .002). At the 12-mont h follow-up, skills-intervention participants (mean [SE], 0.91 [0.05]) reporte d fewer sexual partners (P = .04) compared with health control-intervention par ticipants (mean [SE], 1.04 [0.05]) and were less likely to test positive for STD (mean [SE], 10.5%[2.9%])-than were health control-intervention participants (mean [SE], 18.2%[2.8%]; P = .05). No differences in the frequency of unprote cted sexual intercourse, the number of partners, or the rate of STD were observe d at the 3-or 6-month follow-up between skill-intervention participants and information-intervention or health control-intervention participants. Conclusi on: Skillbased HIV/STD interventions can reduce sexual risk behaviors and STD ra te among African American and Latino adolescent girls in clinic settings.
基金from the Content Moderation Research Award granted by Facebook。
文摘Morally controversial content,such as offensive and hateful images over social media,is especially challenging to categorize,given widespread disagreement in how people interpret and evaluate this content.Numerous studies argue that a range of subjective biases,such as partisan differences in moral reasoning,lead people not only to diverge in their classifications of controversial content,but also to resist any attempts to change their classification judgments via social influence.Yet,recent large-scale analyses of classification patterns over social media suggest that separate populations,such as democrats and republicans,can reach surprising levels of agreement in the categorization of inflammatory content like fake news and hate speech,despite considerable differences in their moral reasoning and worldview.This poses a fundamental puzzle:how can populations of diverse individuals who disagree in the interpretation of controversial content nevertheless arrive at highly similar decisions for the classification and removal of such content?Here,we use an online platform to test the hypothesis that structural symmetries in information exchange networks can synchronize convergence on decisions regarding the classification and removal of controversial images across independent networks,leading them to independently reproduce consistent systems of classification.We find that isolated individuals diverge considerably in their classification of controversial content,whereas separate,structurally similar networks independently synchronize in their classifications and content removal decisions,reducing partisan biases across all networks.We also find that when participant experience is compared to subjects evaluating content individually in the control condition,participants within synchronizing networks reported having significantly more positive feelings about their task,and experience significantly less emotional stress when evaluating controversial content.
文摘As machines are becoming more interactive,such as Artificial Intelligence(AI)agents,the importance of interactions between humans and AI increases as a new type of communication.However,unlike most studies have examined the influence of AI on individuals,fewer studies about how human-AI interactions will impact society have been conducted.It should be acknowledged that we attribute social roles to AI when assigning social tasks,and there are power dynamics within an interaction between humans and AI because of it.Also,we should ask whether the current society is ready for AI to take responsibility for its actions.Finally,limitations on existing human-machine communication(HMC)studies,an unclear definition of AI as an interlocutor and a lack of theoretical frameworks,were pointed out with suggestions.It is expected that considering a machine’s social roles and powers in human-AI interactions will broaden the theoretical realm of HMC.
