There is a widespread policy assumption that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are the main driver of the observed 1°C rise in global surface air temperatures since‘pre-industrial’times.This paper demonstrates tha...There is a widespread policy assumption that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are the main driver of the observed 1°C rise in global surface air temperatures since‘pre-industrial’times.This paper demonstrates that the onset of the current warming trend began in the mid-19th century and is consistent with the rising phase of variable global warming and cooling cycles in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.Hemispheres.The last trough of the millennial cycle,the Little Ice Age,coincides approximately with the baseline of pre-industrial times used to calculate the impact of Anthropogenic Global Warming.Yet,half of the observed 20th century temperature rise occurred before 1950 when carbon dioxide levels remained low,with the remaining half happening at a similar rate of warming despite the much higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.This study shows that when the amplitudes and rates of change of the long-term global cycles are considered,the anthropogenic component of warming can be reduced to 38%(using factors derived from the latest IPCC Working Group reports)to as little as 25%(using observational flux data of dominant Short Wave Absorbed Surface Radiation).These global climate cycles can be extrapolated into the future and the implications for policy of a large natural component to climate change are explored—in particular,the potential for mitigation strategies to have minimal impact and for the climate to cool consequent upon a cyclic down-phase.展开更多
The Central Economic Work Conference was held in Beijing from December 11 to 12.The conference discussed the plans,prospects and challenges for China’s economy heading into 2024,as well as evaluating the events of th...The Central Economic Work Conference was held in Beijing from December 11 to 12.The conference discussed the plans,prospects and challenges for China’s economy heading into 2024,as well as evaluating the events of this year.It goes without saying that 2023 has been a challenging year for countries around the world as the global context has been unsatisfactory.Various geopolitical tensions have created a rise in uncertainties which have led to reduced growth worldwide and sent many economies into stagnation.In light of the critical factors affecting the stability of the global economy,China’s primary economic goal corresponds with the promotion and sustaining of free trade.展开更多
Using the three Jones models,this paper analyzes earnings management in newly listed companies in China.We find that the use of earnings management practices is prevalent among firms in China and these practices incre...Using the three Jones models,this paper analyzes earnings management in newly listed companies in China.We find that the use of earnings management practices is prevalent among firms in China and these practices increase the possibility of a sudden deterioration in performance(SDP)for the firm.The characteristics of the firm’s underwriter or sponsor also significantly impact on the possibility of a SDP.Finally,we find that the financial data of newly listed companies are not good indicators of a SDP.展开更多
For centuries,humans’capacity to capture and depict physical space has played a central role in industrial and societal development.However,the digital revolution and the emergence of networked devices and services a...For centuries,humans’capacity to capture and depict physical space has played a central role in industrial and societal development.However,the digital revolution and the emergence of networked devices and services accelerate geospatial capture,coordination,and intelligence in unprecedented ways.Underlying the digital transformation of industry and society is the fusion of the physical and digital worlds-‘perceptality’-where geospatial perception and reality merge.This paper analyzes the myriad forces that are driving perceptality and the future of geospatial intelligence and presents real-world implications and examples of its industrial application.Applications of sensors,robotics,cameras,machine learning,encryption,cloud computing and other software,and hardware intelligence are converging,enabling new ways for organizations and their equipment to perceive and capture reality.Meanwhile,demands for performance,reliability,and security are pushing compute‘to the edge’where real-time processing and coordination are vital.Big data place new restraints on economics,as pressures abound to actually use these data,both in real-time and for longer term strategic analysis and decision-making.These challenges require orchestration between information technology(IT)and operational technology(OT)and synchronization of diverse systems,data-sets,devices,environments,workflows,and people.展开更多
Watershed vulnerability was assessed for Bernalillo County, New Mexico using a multi-criteria Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) implemented in a Geographic Information System (GIS). A vulnerability map was produced by mean...Watershed vulnerability was assessed for Bernalillo County, New Mexico using a multi-criteria Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) implemented in a Geographic Information System (GIS). A vulnerability map was produced by means of a weighted overlay analysis that combined soil erosion and infiltration maps derived from the FIS methodology. Five vulnerability classes were stipulated in the model: not vulnerable (N), slightly vulnerable (SV), moderately vulnerable (MV), highly vulnerable (HV), and extremely vulnerable (EV). The results indicate that about 88% of the study area is susceptible to slight (SV) to moderate vulnerability (MV), with 11% of the area subject to experience high or extreme vulnerability (HV/EV). For land use and land cover (LULC) classifications, shrub land was identified to experience the most vulnerability. Weighted overlay output compared similarly with the results predicted by Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model with the exception of the not vulnerable (N) class. The eastern portion of the county was identified as most vulnerable due to its high slope and high precipitation. Herein, structural stormwater control measures (SCMs) may be viable for managing runoff and sediment transport offsite. This multi-criteria FIS/GIS approach can provide useful information to guide decision makers in selection of suitable structural and non-structural SCMs for the arid Southwest.展开更多
Positive y/y inflation is back,which means rising inflation expectations are back on the radar Industrial growth steams ahead,while increasing project starts suggest the same goes for FAI Policies to remain stimulativ...Positive y/y inflation is back,which means rising inflation expectations are back on the radar Industrial growth steams ahead,while increasing project starts suggest the same goes for FAI Policies to remain stimulative,supporting consumption and wage growth into展开更多
2000年10月,我有幸受北京医科大学的邀请作为期5天的培训讲课,一些同事参加了当时我们在公开场合下对来自该医学院教学医院的病人--一名9岁男孩的问诊,正如现在一样,我的工作受到了接受过美国精神分析培训的特蕾莎*白女士的帮助.Trauma ...2000年10月,我有幸受北京医科大学的邀请作为期5天的培训讲课,一些同事参加了当时我们在公开场合下对来自该医学院教学医院的病人--一名9岁男孩的问诊,正如现在一样,我的工作受到了接受过美国精神分析培训的特蕾莎*白女士的帮助.Trauma in a loyal chinese son: the corpse's sex & children soldiers from展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of oolong tea ethanol extract(OTEE) and epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) on lipopolysaccharide-induced murine macrophage cell line(RAW 264.7).Methods: A cytotoxic as...Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of oolong tea ethanol extract(OTEE) and epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) on lipopolysaccharide-induced murine macrophage cell line(RAW 264.7).Methods: A cytotoxic assay using MTS tetrazolium was conducted to find a nontoxic level of OTEE and EGCG toward RAW 264.7 cells. Interleukins(IL-6, IL-1 b), tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a), and cyclooxigenase-2(COX-2) levels were measured by ELISA, and nitric oxide(NO) levels measured by a nitrate/nitrite colorimetric assay to determine the inhibition activity of OTEE and EGCG.Results: Lipopolysaccharide induction increases NO, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1 b, and TNF-a levels compared with the untreated cell(negative control). The positive control,lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 without treatments showed the highest level of all pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulators tested in this study. The positive control was used as standard to obtain OTEE and EGCG inhibition activity toward NO, COX-2,IL-6, IL-1 b, and TNF-a. OTEE had a higher inhibition activity toward NO, COX-2, IL-6,and IL-1 b than EGCG; the reverse was seen for TNF-a. However, both OTEE and EGCG suppressed production of NO, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1 b, and TNF-a.Conclusions: OTEE and EGCG have the potential for use as anti-inflammatory drugs,which is shown by their ability to reduce the production of NO, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1 b, and TNF-a in active macrophages.展开更多
Background: A number of conservation and societal issues require understanding how species are distributed on the landscape, yet ecologists are often faced with a lack of data to develop models at the resolution and e...Background: A number of conservation and societal issues require understanding how species are distributed on the landscape, yet ecologists are often faced with a lack of data to develop models at the resolution and extent desired, resulting in inefficient use of conservation resources.Such a situation presented itself in our attempt to develop waterfowl distribution models as part of a multi-disciplinary team targeting the control of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in China.Methods: Faced with limited data, we built species distribution models using a habitat suitability approach for China's breeding and non-breeding(hereafter, wintering) waterfowl.An extensive review of the literature was used to determine model parameters for habitat modeling.Habitat relationships were implemented in GIS using land cover covariates.Wintering models were validated using waterfowl census data, while breeding models, though developed for many species, were only validated for the one species with sufficient telemetry data available.Results: We developed suitability models for 42 waterfowl species(30 breeding and 39 wintering) at 1 km resolution for the extent of China, along with cumulative and genus level species richness maps.Breeding season models showed highest waterfowl suitability in wetlands of the high-elevation west-central plateau and northeastern China.Wintering waterfowl suitability was highest in the lowland regions of southeastern China.Validation measures indicated strong performance in predicting species presence.Comparing our model outputs to China's protected areas indicated that breeding habitat was generally better covered than wintering habitat, and identified locations for which additional research and protection should be prioritized.Conclusions: These suitability models are the first available for many of China's waterfowl species, and have direct utility to conservation and habitat planning and prioritizing management of critically important areas, providing an example of how this approach may aid others faced with the challenge of addressing conservation issues with little data to inform decision making.展开更多
The fluorescence mechanism of HBT-HBZ is investigated in this work. A fluorescent probe is used to detect HClO content in living cells and tap water, and its structure after oxidation by HCl O(HBT-ClO) is discussed ba...The fluorescence mechanism of HBT-HBZ is investigated in this work. A fluorescent probe is used to detect HClO content in living cells and tap water, and its structure after oxidation by HCl O(HBT-ClO) is discussed based on the density functional theory(DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory(TDDFT). At the same time, the influence of the probe conformation and the proton transfer site within the excited state molecule on the fluorescence mechanism are revealed. Combined with infrared vibrational spectra and atoms-in-molecules theory, the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in HBT-HBZ and HBT-ClO and their isomers are demonstrated qualitatively. The relationship between the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and dipole moments is discussed. The potential energy curves demonstrate the feasibility of intramolecular proton transfer. The weak fluorescence phenomenon of HBT-HBZ in solution is quantitatively explained by analyzing the frontier molecular orbital and hole electron caused by charge separation. Moreover, when strong cyan fluorescence occurs in solution, the corresponding molecular structure should be HBT-ClO(T). The influence of the intramolecular hydrogen bond formation site on the molecule as a whole is also investigated by electrostatic potential analysis.展开更多
Leptospirosis is a potential threat to public health. An increasing number of people infected with Leptospira were reported in Bantul District, Yogyakarta special region with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 7.8%. Infect...Leptospirosis is a potential threat to public health. An increasing number of people infected with Leptospira were reported in Bantul District, Yogyakarta special region with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 7.8%. Infected areas in the district have increased from 2 to 15 sub districts. Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira bacteria and spread by direct contact with infected rodents and indirect contact through contaminated water or soil. Leptospira in rats, water and soil were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The sites of sampled materials were geocoded using Global Positioning System (GPS). Spatial analysis was used to predict the spread of Spira. This study aims to perform the mapping, clustering, and predicting the spread of Leptospira in Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia. Data were collected from three sub-districts: Sedayu, Sewon and Bantul. The result showed that 38.04% from 368 samples were Spira positive. There were four significant clusters of infection spread source. Spira is predicted to spread in, and out from, Bantul District.展开更多
This paper describes a versatile and computationally efficient method for coupling several finite element analysis(FEA)programs together so that the unique modeling and analysis capabilities of each code can be utiliz...This paper describes a versatile and computationally efficient method for coupling several finite element analysis(FEA)programs together so that the unique modeling and analysis capabilities of each code can be utilized simultaneously to simulate the static or dynamic response of a complete numerical system.An arbitrary number of finite element analysis software packages can be coupled by adding two special types of elements,namely generic and adapter elements,to each of the finite element applications using their programming interface.These elements are inserted at the interfaces between the different sub-domains of the complete system modeled by each finite element analysis software package.Exchange of data between the coupled FEA codes is accomplished in a modular and synchronized manner using OpenFresco(Opensource Framework for Experimental Setup and Control).OpenFresco is an objectoriented,environment independent software framework initially developed for hybrid simulation in which certain aspects of a complete structure are simulated numerically and other aspects are simultaneously tested physically.An important practical advantage of this coupled analysis approach is that all of the connected FEA codes run concurrently and continuously,decreasing analysis time consumption by an order of magnitude or more compared to more traditional approaches that shut down and restart the coupled analysis codes at each integration time step.The implementation and accuracy of this approach to FE software coupling are demonstrated using dynamic analyses of three simple structural models from the field of earthquake engineering.展开更多
While holding the office of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Hu Jintao t advanced the idea of＂China＇s peaceful rise,＂ which emphasizes Chinas commitment to refrain from v...While holding the office of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Hu Jintao t advanced the idea of＂China＇s peaceful rise,＂ which emphasizes Chinas commitment to refrain from violent confrontation. Adherence to this principle can help positively reshape the international order, transitioning international politics from a Westphalian system characterized by violent competition. Advocating multilateralism in international relations is an effective policy tool for China to achieve this goal. Perhaps the best region where one can see the benefits of China＇s multilateralism is Africa.展开更多
The booming summer grain harvest this year saw a slight decline in to the low spring tem erature in Chinese north regions and also the drought disaster in the southwestern region, According to the data released by th...The booming summer grain harvest this year saw a slight decline in to the low spring tem erature in Chinese north regions and also the drought disaster in the southwestern region, According to the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics on July 12th,展开更多
This paper deals with the imperatives of nature-society interaction in the Himalayas as seen through CPR (Common Property Resources). It specifically looks at the process and factors that characterize the dynamics of ...This paper deals with the imperatives of nature-society interaction in the Himalayas as seen through CPR (Common Property Resources). It specifically looks at the process and factors that characterize the dynamics of the above interactions, with particular reference to the changing status and governance of CPRs at community levels. The paper puts together the synthesis of observations and inferences of different studies by ICIMOD and others in mountain regions, particularly in different parts of Nepal, India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China and Pakistan. Rural CPRs (providing sustenance supplies and services) as an important component of a community’s natural resource base, manifest the institutional arrangements evolved by the communities to facilitate their adaptations to nature. The above process can be more clearly illustrated with reference to specific characteristics of mountain areas, called mountain specificities. However, over time, the situation of CPRs in terms of their extent and status, governance and management as well as contributions to community sustenance, has changed. The paper attempts toindicate potential lead lines for searching options for rehabilitation of CPRs, based on a closer under- standing of the factors contributing to their decline.展开更多
文摘There is a widespread policy assumption that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are the main driver of the observed 1°C rise in global surface air temperatures since‘pre-industrial’times.This paper demonstrates that the onset of the current warming trend began in the mid-19th century and is consistent with the rising phase of variable global warming and cooling cycles in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.Hemispheres.The last trough of the millennial cycle,the Little Ice Age,coincides approximately with the baseline of pre-industrial times used to calculate the impact of Anthropogenic Global Warming.Yet,half of the observed 20th century temperature rise occurred before 1950 when carbon dioxide levels remained low,with the remaining half happening at a similar rate of warming despite the much higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.This study shows that when the amplitudes and rates of change of the long-term global cycles are considered,the anthropogenic component of warming can be reduced to 38%(using factors derived from the latest IPCC Working Group reports)to as little as 25%(using observational flux data of dominant Short Wave Absorbed Surface Radiation).These global climate cycles can be extrapolated into the future and the implications for policy of a large natural component to climate change are explored—in particular,the potential for mitigation strategies to have minimal impact and for the climate to cool consequent upon a cyclic down-phase.
文摘The Central Economic Work Conference was held in Beijing from December 11 to 12.The conference discussed the plans,prospects and challenges for China’s economy heading into 2024,as well as evaluating the events of this year.It goes without saying that 2023 has been a challenging year for countries around the world as the global context has been unsatisfactory.Various geopolitical tensions have created a rise in uncertainties which have led to reduced growth worldwide and sent many economies into stagnation.In light of the critical factors affecting the stability of the global economy,China’s primary economic goal corresponds with the promotion and sustaining of free trade.
文摘Using the three Jones models,this paper analyzes earnings management in newly listed companies in China.We find that the use of earnings management practices is prevalent among firms in China and these practices increase the possibility of a sudden deterioration in performance(SDP)for the firm.The characteristics of the firm’s underwriter or sponsor also significantly impact on the possibility of a SDP.Finally,we find that the financial data of newly listed companies are not good indicators of a SDP.
基金supported by Hexagon AB,a global provider of information technologies for geospatial and industrial enterprises.
文摘For centuries,humans’capacity to capture and depict physical space has played a central role in industrial and societal development.However,the digital revolution and the emergence of networked devices and services accelerate geospatial capture,coordination,and intelligence in unprecedented ways.Underlying the digital transformation of industry and society is the fusion of the physical and digital worlds-‘perceptality’-where geospatial perception and reality merge.This paper analyzes the myriad forces that are driving perceptality and the future of geospatial intelligence and presents real-world implications and examples of its industrial application.Applications of sensors,robotics,cameras,machine learning,encryption,cloud computing and other software,and hardware intelligence are converging,enabling new ways for organizations and their equipment to perceive and capture reality.Meanwhile,demands for performance,reliability,and security are pushing compute‘to the edge’where real-time processing and coordination are vital.Big data place new restraints on economics,as pressures abound to actually use these data,both in real-time and for longer term strategic analysis and decision-making.These challenges require orchestration between information technology(IT)and operational technology(OT)and synchronization of diverse systems,data-sets,devices,environments,workflows,and people.
文摘Watershed vulnerability was assessed for Bernalillo County, New Mexico using a multi-criteria Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) implemented in a Geographic Information System (GIS). A vulnerability map was produced by means of a weighted overlay analysis that combined soil erosion and infiltration maps derived from the FIS methodology. Five vulnerability classes were stipulated in the model: not vulnerable (N), slightly vulnerable (SV), moderately vulnerable (MV), highly vulnerable (HV), and extremely vulnerable (EV). The results indicate that about 88% of the study area is susceptible to slight (SV) to moderate vulnerability (MV), with 11% of the area subject to experience high or extreme vulnerability (HV/EV). For land use and land cover (LULC) classifications, shrub land was identified to experience the most vulnerability. Weighted overlay output compared similarly with the results predicted by Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model with the exception of the not vulnerable (N) class. The eastern portion of the county was identified as most vulnerable due to its high slope and high precipitation. Herein, structural stormwater control measures (SCMs) may be viable for managing runoff and sediment transport offsite. This multi-criteria FIS/GIS approach can provide useful information to guide decision makers in selection of suitable structural and non-structural SCMs for the arid Southwest.
文摘Positive y/y inflation is back,which means rising inflation expectations are back on the radar Industrial growth steams ahead,while increasing project starts suggest the same goes for FAI Policies to remain stimulative,supporting consumption and wage growth into
文摘2000年10月,我有幸受北京医科大学的邀请作为期5天的培训讲课,一些同事参加了当时我们在公开场合下对来自该医学院教学医院的病人--一名9岁男孩的问诊,正如现在一样,我的工作受到了接受过美国精神分析培训的特蕾莎*白女士的帮助.Trauma in a loyal chinese son: the corpse's sex & children soldiers from
基金financial support of the Research Center and Service Community,School of Health Sciences Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi,West Java,Indonesia for research grant 2015supported by Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Centre,Aretha Medika Utama,Bandung,West Java,Indonesia
文摘Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of oolong tea ethanol extract(OTEE) and epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) on lipopolysaccharide-induced murine macrophage cell line(RAW 264.7).Methods: A cytotoxic assay using MTS tetrazolium was conducted to find a nontoxic level of OTEE and EGCG toward RAW 264.7 cells. Interleukins(IL-6, IL-1 b), tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a), and cyclooxigenase-2(COX-2) levels were measured by ELISA, and nitric oxide(NO) levels measured by a nitrate/nitrite colorimetric assay to determine the inhibition activity of OTEE and EGCG.Results: Lipopolysaccharide induction increases NO, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1 b, and TNF-a levels compared with the untreated cell(negative control). The positive control,lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 without treatments showed the highest level of all pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulators tested in this study. The positive control was used as standard to obtain OTEE and EGCG inhibition activity toward NO, COX-2,IL-6, IL-1 b, and TNF-a. OTEE had a higher inhibition activity toward NO, COX-2, IL-6,and IL-1 b than EGCG; the reverse was seen for TNF-a. However, both OTEE and EGCG suppressed production of NO, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1 b, and TNF-a.Conclusions: OTEE and EGCG have the potential for use as anti-inflammatory drugs,which is shown by their ability to reduce the production of NO, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1 b, and TNF-a in active macrophages.
基金supported by the United States Geological Survey(Ecosystems Mission Area)the National Science Foundation Small Grants for Exploratory Research(No.0713027)Wetlands International
文摘Background: A number of conservation and societal issues require understanding how species are distributed on the landscape, yet ecologists are often faced with a lack of data to develop models at the resolution and extent desired, resulting in inefficient use of conservation resources.Such a situation presented itself in our attempt to develop waterfowl distribution models as part of a multi-disciplinary team targeting the control of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in China.Methods: Faced with limited data, we built species distribution models using a habitat suitability approach for China's breeding and non-breeding(hereafter, wintering) waterfowl.An extensive review of the literature was used to determine model parameters for habitat modeling.Habitat relationships were implemented in GIS using land cover covariates.Wintering models were validated using waterfowl census data, while breeding models, though developed for many species, were only validated for the one species with sufficient telemetry data available.Results: We developed suitability models for 42 waterfowl species(30 breeding and 39 wintering) at 1 km resolution for the extent of China, along with cumulative and genus level species richness maps.Breeding season models showed highest waterfowl suitability in wetlands of the high-elevation west-central plateau and northeastern China.Wintering waterfowl suitability was highest in the lowland regions of southeastern China.Validation measures indicated strong performance in predicting species presence.Comparing our model outputs to China's protected areas indicated that breeding habitat was generally better covered than wintering habitat, and identified locations for which additional research and protection should be prioritized.Conclusions: These suitability models are the first available for many of China's waterfowl species, and have direct utility to conservation and habitat planning and prioritizing management of critically important areas, providing an example of how this approach may aid others faced with the challenge of addressing conservation issues with little data to inform decision making.
基金Project supported by the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics in Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘The fluorescence mechanism of HBT-HBZ is investigated in this work. A fluorescent probe is used to detect HClO content in living cells and tap water, and its structure after oxidation by HCl O(HBT-ClO) is discussed based on the density functional theory(DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory(TDDFT). At the same time, the influence of the probe conformation and the proton transfer site within the excited state molecule on the fluorescence mechanism are revealed. Combined with infrared vibrational spectra and atoms-in-molecules theory, the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in HBT-HBZ and HBT-ClO and their isomers are demonstrated qualitatively. The relationship between the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and dipole moments is discussed. The potential energy curves demonstrate the feasibility of intramolecular proton transfer. The weak fluorescence phenomenon of HBT-HBZ in solution is quantitatively explained by analyzing the frontier molecular orbital and hole electron caused by charge separation. Moreover, when strong cyan fluorescence occurs in solution, the corresponding molecular structure should be HBT-ClO(T). The influence of the intramolecular hydrogen bond formation site on the molecule as a whole is also investigated by electrostatic potential analysis.
文摘Leptospirosis is a potential threat to public health. An increasing number of people infected with Leptospira were reported in Bantul District, Yogyakarta special region with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 7.8%. Infected areas in the district have increased from 2 to 15 sub districts. Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira bacteria and spread by direct contact with infected rodents and indirect contact through contaminated water or soil. Leptospira in rats, water and soil were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The sites of sampled materials were geocoded using Global Positioning System (GPS). Spatial analysis was used to predict the spread of Spira. This study aims to perform the mapping, clustering, and predicting the spread of Leptospira in Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia. Data were collected from three sub-districts: Sedayu, Sewon and Bantul. The result showed that 38.04% from 368 samples were Spira positive. There were four significant clusters of infection spread source. Spira is predicted to spread in, and out from, Bantul District.
基金Funding for this work was provided in part by the National Science Foundation through a subaward from the NEES Consortium,Inc.under Cooperative Agreement CMS0402490.The authors appreciate the assistance of Dr.Frank McKenna of the University of California,Berkeley,Dr.John Hallquist of Livermore Software Technology Corporation,and Prof.Yoshikazu Takahashi of Kyoto University.The findings and conclusions are those of the authors alone,and may not reflect those of the sponsors.
文摘This paper describes a versatile and computationally efficient method for coupling several finite element analysis(FEA)programs together so that the unique modeling and analysis capabilities of each code can be utilized simultaneously to simulate the static or dynamic response of a complete numerical system.An arbitrary number of finite element analysis software packages can be coupled by adding two special types of elements,namely generic and adapter elements,to each of the finite element applications using their programming interface.These elements are inserted at the interfaces between the different sub-domains of the complete system modeled by each finite element analysis software package.Exchange of data between the coupled FEA codes is accomplished in a modular and synchronized manner using OpenFresco(Opensource Framework for Experimental Setup and Control).OpenFresco is an objectoriented,environment independent software framework initially developed for hybrid simulation in which certain aspects of a complete structure are simulated numerically and other aspects are simultaneously tested physically.An important practical advantage of this coupled analysis approach is that all of the connected FEA codes run concurrently and continuously,decreasing analysis time consumption by an order of magnitude or more compared to more traditional approaches that shut down and restart the coupled analysis codes at each integration time step.The implementation and accuracy of this approach to FE software coupling are demonstrated using dynamic analyses of three simple structural models from the field of earthquake engineering.
文摘While holding the office of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Hu Jintao t advanced the idea of＂China＇s peaceful rise,＂ which emphasizes Chinas commitment to refrain from violent confrontation. Adherence to this principle can help positively reshape the international order, transitioning international politics from a Westphalian system characterized by violent competition. Advocating multilateralism in international relations is an effective policy tool for China to achieve this goal. Perhaps the best region where one can see the benefits of China＇s multilateralism is Africa.
文摘The booming summer grain harvest this year saw a slight decline in to the low spring tem erature in Chinese north regions and also the drought disaster in the southwestern region, According to the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics on July 12th,
文摘This paper deals with the imperatives of nature-society interaction in the Himalayas as seen through CPR (Common Property Resources). It specifically looks at the process and factors that characterize the dynamics of the above interactions, with particular reference to the changing status and governance of CPRs at community levels. The paper puts together the synthesis of observations and inferences of different studies by ICIMOD and others in mountain regions, particularly in different parts of Nepal, India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China and Pakistan. Rural CPRs (providing sustenance supplies and services) as an important component of a community’s natural resource base, manifest the institutional arrangements evolved by the communities to facilitate their adaptations to nature. The above process can be more clearly illustrated with reference to specific characteristics of mountain areas, called mountain specificities. However, over time, the situation of CPRs in terms of their extent and status, governance and management as well as contributions to community sustenance, has changed. The paper attempts toindicate potential lead lines for searching options for rehabilitation of CPRs, based on a closer under- standing of the factors contributing to their decline.
