Poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)are important environmental contaminants globally and in the early 2000s they were shown to be ubiquitous contaminants in Arctic wildlife.Previous reviews by Butt et al.and Let...Poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)are important environmental contaminants globally and in the early 2000s they were shown to be ubiquitous contaminants in Arctic wildlife.Previous reviews by Butt et al.and Letcher et al.have covered studies on levels and trends of PFASs in the Arctic that were available to 2009.The purpose of this review is to focus on more recent work,generally published between 2009 and 2018,with emphasis on PFASs of emerging concern such as perfluoroalkyl carboxylates(PFCAs)and short-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonates(PFSAs)and their precursors.Atmospheric measurements over the period 2006e2014 have shown that fluorotelomer alcohols(FTOHs)as well as perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA)and perfluoroctanoic acid(PFOA)are the most prominent PFASs in the arctic atmosphere,all with increasing concentrations at Alert although PFOA concentrations declined at the Zeppelin Station(Svalbard).Results from ice cores show generally increasing deposition of PFCAs on the Devon Ice cap in the Canadian arctic while declining fluxes were found in a glacier on Svalbard.An extensive dataset exists for long-term trends of long-chain PFCAs that have been reported in Arctic biota with some datasets including archived samples from the 1970s and 1980s.Trends in PFCAs over time vary among the same species across the North American Arctic,East and West Greenland,and Svalbard.Most long term time series show a decline from higher concentrations in the early 2000s.However there have been recent(post 2010)increasing trends of PFCAs in ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic,East Greenland polar bears and in arctic foxes in Svalbard.Annual biological sampling is helping to determine these relatively short term changes.Rising levels of some PFCAs have been explained by continued emissions of long-chain PFCAs and/or their precursors and inflows to the Arctic Ocean,especially from the North Atlantic.While the effectiveness of biological sampling for temporal trends in long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs has been demonstrated,this does not apply to the C4eC8ePFCAs,perfluorobutane sulfonamide(FBSA),or perfluorobutane sulfonate(PFBS)which are generally present at low concentrations in biota.In addition to air sampling,sampling abiotic media such as glacial cores,and annual sampling of lake waters and seawater would appear to be the best approaches for investigating trends in the less bioaccumulative PFASs.展开更多
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are large class of hydrophobic,semi-volatile organic contaminants that may enter the environment from both natural sources and anthropogenic activities.Pyrogenic PAHs arise from t...Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are large class of hydrophobic,semi-volatile organic contaminants that may enter the environment from both natural sources and anthropogenic activities.Pyrogenic PAHs arise from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and organic matter and following dispersal via long-range transport and may subsequently deposit in surface waters,soils and sediments of remote regions,including the Arctic.The current review summarizes and discusses Arctic data that is available for combustion-derived PAHs between 2004 and early 2018,focusing largely on data collected from remote,unexploited Arctic regions and from studies that provide some evidence of a pyrogenic origin.The increasing use of attribution ratios,which aid in discriminating PAHs from petrogenic or pyrogenic sources,suggest PAHs found in Arctic marine waters and sediment predominantly originate from natural underwater seeps,while those measured in air,freshwater,and terrestrial environments are likely to have originated from atmospheric and combustion-derived sources.Modeling efforts indicate that atmospheric PAHs in the Canadian and Norwegian Arctic are likely to have originated in the northern hemisphere e predominantly from Western Russia,northern Europe,and North America.East Asia appears to be a minor source of PAHs to the Arctic,despite contributing more than 50%of global PAH emissions.In comparison to the growing data for atmospheric PAHs,environmental data for these compounds in terrestrial and freshwater environments remain scarce.PAHs have been detected in Arctic biota from terrestrial,freshwater and marine environments,indicating exposure,however,levels are generally low,as most organisms efficiently metabolize parent PAHs.Globally,PAH emissions are expected to decline in the future,however models suggest the Arctic may not experience the same magnitude of decline projected for other world regions.Furthermore,future changes in climate may contribute to a re-volatilization of environmental PAHs,providing a source of secondary emissions to the Arctic atmosphere,emphasizing the importance of future monitoring for understanding the sources,fate and impacts of PAHs in the Arctic.展开更多
The historical annual loading to,removal from,and cumulative burden in the Arctic Ocean for β-hexachlorocyclohexane(β-HCH),an isomer comprising 5e12%of technical HCH,is investigated using a mass balance box model fr...The historical annual loading to,removal from,and cumulative burden in the Arctic Ocean for β-hexachlorocyclohexane(β-HCH),an isomer comprising 5e12%of technical HCH,is investigated using a mass balance box model from 1945 to 2020.Over the 76 years,loading occurred predominantly through ocean currents and river inflow(83%)and only a small portion via atmospheric transport(16%).β-HCH started to accumulate in the Arctic Ocean in the late 1940s,reached a peak of 810 t in 1986,and decreased to 87 t in 2020,when its concentrations in the Arctic water and air were~30 ng m^(-3)and~0.02 pg m^(-3),respectively.Even though β-HCH and α-HCH(60e70%of technical HCH)are both the isomers of HCHs with almost identical temporal and spatial emission patterns,these two chemicals have shown different major pathways entering the Arctic.Different from α-HCH with the long-range atmospheric transport(LRAT)as its major transport pathway,β-HCH reached the Arctic mainly through long-range oceanic transport(LROT).The much higher tendency of β-HCH to partition into the water,mainly due to its much lower Henry's Law Constant than α-HCH,produced an exceptionally strong pathway divergence with β-HCH favoring slow transport in water and α-HCH favoring rapid transport in air.The concentration and burden of β-HCH in the Arctic Ocean are also predicted for the year 2050 when only 4.4-5.3 t will remain in the Arctic Ocean under the influence of climate change.展开更多
Since the ban of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)and hexabromocyclododecane(HBCDD),other flame retardants may be increasingly used.Thirty-one current-use halogenated(HFRs)and 24 organophosphorous flame retardants...Since the ban of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)and hexabromocyclododecane(HBCDD),other flame retardants may be increasingly used.Thirty-one current-use halogenated(HFRs)and 24 organophosphorous flame retardants(PFRs)have been sought in Arctic ecosystems so far.Air measurements provide evidence of long-range atmospheric transport for the majority of these compounds,with much higher concentrations for PFRs than for HFRs.Some HFRs,i.e.bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate(BEH-TEBP),2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate(EH-TBB)and hexabromobenzene(HBBz),had air concentrations comparable to those of PBDEs in some studies.Complementary data for seawater and ice indicate dry deposition of HFRs,while net volatilization from seawater was observed for some PFRs.Studies in the marine environment indicate a wide presence of HFRs in marine biota,but generally at low levels,i.e.typically lower than those of PBDEs.Exceptions exist,namely 2,4,6-tribromophenyl 2,3-dibromopropyl ether(TBP-DBPE)and decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE),which were found in concentrations comparable to PBDEs in some species.The same was the case for 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allyl ether(TBP-AE)in a study from the terrestrial environment.PFRs generally had low concentrations in biota,probably due to metabolic transformation of PFR triesters,as suggested by in vitro studies.Elevated PFR concentrations occurred in some individuals,generally indicating a larger variability of PFRs in biota than found for HFRs.The commercially important tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)was only detected sporadically,and only in abiotic matrices.展开更多
Hexachlorobutadiene(HCBD)is a halogenated hydrocarbon that is primarily produced as an unintentional byproduct in the manufacture of chlorinated solvents.Similarities between HCBD and other persistent organic pollutan...Hexachlorobutadiene(HCBD)is a halogenated hydrocarbon that is primarily produced as an unintentional byproduct in the manufacture of chlorinated solvents.Similarities between HCBD and other persistent organic pollutants(POPs)led to its listing in 2015 for global regulation under the Stockholm Convention on POPs.HCBD's toxicity and propensity for long-range transport means there is special concern for its potential impacts on Arctic ecosystems.The present review comprehensively summarizes all available information of the occurrence of HCBD in the Arctic environment,including its atmospheric,terrestrial,freshwater and marine ecosystems and biota.Overall,reports of HCBD in Arctic environmental media are scarce.HCBD has been measured in Arctic air collected from monitoring stations in Finland and Canada,yet there is a dearth of data for other abiotic matrices(i.e.soils,sediments,glacier ice,freshwaters and seawater).Low HCBD concentrations have been measured in Arctic terrestrial and marine biota,which is consistent with laboratory studies that indicate that HCBD has the potential to bioaccumulate,but not to biomagnify.Available data for Arctic biota suggest that terrestrial birds and mammals and seabirds,have comparatively higher HCBD concentrations than fish and marine mammals,warranting additional research.Although spatial and temporal trends in HCBD concentrations in the Arctic are currently limited,future monitoring of HCBD in the Arctic will be important for assessing the impact of global regulations newly-imposed by the Stockholm Convention on POPs.展开更多
Chlorinated paraffins(CPs)present a complex mixture of congeners which are often analysed and assessed as short-,medium-and long-chain CPs,i.e.SSCCP(C10eC13),SMCCP(C14eC17)and SLCCP(C18).Their complexity makes the che...Chlorinated paraffins(CPs)present a complex mixture of congeners which are often analysed and assessed as short-,medium-and long-chain CPs,i.e.SSCCP(C10eC13),SMCCP(C14eC17)and SLCCP(C18).Their complexity makes the chemical analysis challenging,in particular in terms of accurate quantification,but promising developments involving ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry have been presented lately.Most Arctic data exist for SCCPs,while LCCPs have not yet been studied in the Arctic.SSCCP concentrations in Arctic air often exceeded those of SMCCP,usually with a predominance of the most volatile C10 congeners,and of banned persistent organic pollutants(POPs),such as polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs).The presence of SCCPs and MCCPs in Arctic air,as well as in the Antarctic and in the remote regions of the Tibetan plateau,provides evidence of their long-range transport including sufficient environmental persistence to reach the Arctic.Arctic vegetation accumulated SCCPs partly from air and partly through root uptake from soil,with consequences for the SCCP profile found in Arctic plants.No results have yet been reported for CPs in terrestrial Arctic animals.Results for freshwater sediment and fish confirmed the long-range transport of SCCPs and MCCPs and documented their bioaccumulation.Where additional PCB data were available,SPCB was usually higher than SSCCP in freshwater fish.Both SCCPs and MCCPs were widely present in marine Arctic biota(e.g.mussels,fish,seabirds,seals,whales,polar bears).In mussels and Atlantic cod,SMCCP concentrations exceeded those of SSCCP,while this was less clear for other marine species.Marine mammals and the long-lived Greenland shark roughly had SSCCP concentrations of 100e500 ng/g lipid weight,often dominated by C11 congeners.Biomagnification appeared to be more pronounced for SSCCP than for SMCCP,but more studies will be needed.Increasing SSCCP concentrations were observed in Arctic air and sediment over time,but not in beluga monitored since the 1980s.For both SCCPs and MCCPs,increasing concentrations over time have been shown in blue mussels and Atlantic cod at some,but not all stations.Indications exist of local sources of SCCPs in the Arctic,including Arctic settlements and research stations.In studies involving multiple locations,a general decrease of SCCP concentrations with increasing latitude or distance from point sources was observed as well as relatively more MCCPs at locations closer to potential CP sources.Monitoring of SCCPs and MCCPs has been initiated in some Arctic regions and will be important to assess the effect of recent regulations of SCCPs and the use of potential replacement chemicals.展开更多
Global regulations and many regional and national controls restrict the use of substances that exhibit the potential for environmental persistence and long-range transport.Nevertheless,many current-use pesticides(CUPs...Global regulations and many regional and national controls restrict the use of substances that exhibit the potential for environmental persistence and long-range transport.Nevertheless,many current-use pesticides(CUPs)continue to be newly discovered in remote regions,including the Arctic.The present review serves as an update,summarizing newly available information for CUPs in the Arctic environment and biota published from 2010 to 2018.Since 2010,at least seven new CUPs have been measured in Arctic media:2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid(MCPA),metribuzin,pendimethalin,phosalone,quizalofop-ethyl,tefluthrin and triallate.Considering the large number of pesticides in current use,the number measured in the Arctic is very limited,however,modelling studies have identified additional CUPs as potential Arctic contaminants that have yet to be investigated in the Arctic.Owing to their recent detection,reports of CUPs in the Arctic are limited,but growing.CUPs have been reported in a wide range of abiotic Arctic matrices,including air,snow,ice,freshwater and seawater,indicating their capacity for long-range atmospheric transport,however,concentrations are generally low in comparison to legacy pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants(POPs).Recent food-web studies indicate CUPs can enter Arctic terrestrial and marine food chains,however,in contrast to POPs,the highest concentrations of many CUPs were found in lower trophic-level organisms,and the lowest concentrations detected in animals at the highest trophic levels(i.e,ringed seals,polar bear,caribou,and wolves)indicating significant trophic dilution.The detection of CUPs in the remote Arctic ecosystem reinforces the need for continued monitoring of both known and potential Arctic pollutants to prevent impacts on human and environmental health as the global arsenal of pesticides used in agriculture continuously changes.展开更多
Halogenated natural products(HNPs)are organic compounds containing bromine,chlorine,iodine,and rarely fluorine.HNPs comprise many classes of compounds,ranging in complexity from halocarbons to higher molecular weight ...Halogenated natural products(HNPs)are organic compounds containing bromine,chlorine,iodine,and rarely fluorine.HNPs comprise many classes of compounds,ranging in complexity from halocarbons to higher molecular weight compounds,which often contain oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms in addition to halogens.Many HNPs are biosynthesized by marine bacteria,macroalgae,phytoplankton,tunicates,corals,worms,sponges and other invertebrates.This paper reviews HNPs in Arctic,Subarctic and Nordic ecosystems and is based on sections of Chapter 2.16 in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program(AMAP)assessment Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern(AMAP,2017)which deal with the higher molecular weight HNPs.Material is updated and expanded to include more Nordic examples.Much of the chapter is devoted to“bromophenolic”HNPs,viz bromophenols(BPs)and transformation products bromoanisoles(BAs),hydroxylated and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers(OH-BDEs,MeO-BDEs)and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PBDDs),since these HNPs are most frequently reported.Others discussed are 2,20-dimethoxy-3,30,5,50-tetrabromobiphenyl(2,20-dimethoxy-BB80),polyhalogenated 10-methyl-1,20-bipyrroles(PMBPs),polyhalogenated 1,10-dimethyl-2,20-bipyrroles(PDBPs),polyhalogenated N-methylpyrroles(PMPs),polyhalogenated N-methylindoles(PMIs),bromoheptyl-and bromooctyl pyrroles,(1R,2S,4R,5R,10E)-2-bromo-1-bromomethyl-1,4-dichloro-5-(20-chloroethenyl)-5-methylcyclohexane(mixed halogenated compound MHC-1),polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives(PBHDs)and polyhalogenated carbazoles(PHCs).Aspects of HNPs covered are physicochemical properties,sources and production,transformation processes,concentrations and trends in the physical environment and biota(marine and freshwater).Toxic properties of some HNPs and a discussion of how climate change might affect HNPs production and distribution are also included.The review concludes with a summary of research needs to better understand the role of HNPs as“chemicals of emerging Arctic concern”.展开更多
基金We thank the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP)and the national programs in the circumpolar countries for their funding and support of this work.We are especially grateful to Simon Wilson,Cynthia de Wit,and the reviewers that read the chapter on PFASs in the original AMAP assessment.We are thankful to the northern communities in circumpolar regions for their cooperation and collection of biological samples that yielded the data reviewed here.DCGM was supported by the King Carl XVI Gustaf Professorship in Environmental Science at the Dept of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry,Stockholm University during 2018-19.
文摘Poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)are important environmental contaminants globally and in the early 2000s they were shown to be ubiquitous contaminants in Arctic wildlife.Previous reviews by Butt et al.and Letcher et al.have covered studies on levels and trends of PFASs in the Arctic that were available to 2009.The purpose of this review is to focus on more recent work,generally published between 2009 and 2018,with emphasis on PFASs of emerging concern such as perfluoroalkyl carboxylates(PFCAs)and short-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonates(PFSAs)and their precursors.Atmospheric measurements over the period 2006e2014 have shown that fluorotelomer alcohols(FTOHs)as well as perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA)and perfluoroctanoic acid(PFOA)are the most prominent PFASs in the arctic atmosphere,all with increasing concentrations at Alert although PFOA concentrations declined at the Zeppelin Station(Svalbard).Results from ice cores show generally increasing deposition of PFCAs on the Devon Ice cap in the Canadian arctic while declining fluxes were found in a glacier on Svalbard.An extensive dataset exists for long-term trends of long-chain PFCAs that have been reported in Arctic biota with some datasets including archived samples from the 1970s and 1980s.Trends in PFCAs over time vary among the same species across the North American Arctic,East and West Greenland,and Svalbard.Most long term time series show a decline from higher concentrations in the early 2000s.However there have been recent(post 2010)increasing trends of PFCAs in ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic,East Greenland polar bears and in arctic foxes in Svalbard.Annual biological sampling is helping to determine these relatively short term changes.Rising levels of some PFCAs have been explained by continued emissions of long-chain PFCAs and/or their precursors and inflows to the Arctic Ocean,especially from the North Atlantic.While the effectiveness of biological sampling for temporal trends in long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs has been demonstrated,this does not apply to the C4eC8ePFCAs,perfluorobutane sulfonamide(FBSA),or perfluorobutane sulfonate(PFBS)which are generally present at low concentrations in biota.In addition to air sampling,sampling abiotic media such as glacial cores,and annual sampling of lake waters and seawater would appear to be the best approaches for investigating trends in the less bioaccumulative PFASs.
基金We thank the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP)and the national programs in the circumpolar countries for their funding and support of this work.We are especially grateful to Simon Wilson,Cynthia de Wit,and the numerous reviewers that were a part of this process.We are thankful to the northern communities in circumpolar regions for their cooperation and collection of biological samples that yielded much of the data reviewed here.We also thank Canada's Northern Contaminants Program(NCP)for providing air data from the station of Alert and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and Finnish Meteorological Institute(FMI)for providing the air data for Pallas.
文摘Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are large class of hydrophobic,semi-volatile organic contaminants that may enter the environment from both natural sources and anthropogenic activities.Pyrogenic PAHs arise from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and organic matter and following dispersal via long-range transport and may subsequently deposit in surface waters,soils and sediments of remote regions,including the Arctic.The current review summarizes and discusses Arctic data that is available for combustion-derived PAHs between 2004 and early 2018,focusing largely on data collected from remote,unexploited Arctic regions and from studies that provide some evidence of a pyrogenic origin.The increasing use of attribution ratios,which aid in discriminating PAHs from petrogenic or pyrogenic sources,suggest PAHs found in Arctic marine waters and sediment predominantly originate from natural underwater seeps,while those measured in air,freshwater,and terrestrial environments are likely to have originated from atmospheric and combustion-derived sources.Modeling efforts indicate that atmospheric PAHs in the Canadian and Norwegian Arctic are likely to have originated in the northern hemisphere e predominantly from Western Russia,northern Europe,and North America.East Asia appears to be a minor source of PAHs to the Arctic,despite contributing more than 50%of global PAH emissions.In comparison to the growing data for atmospheric PAHs,environmental data for these compounds in terrestrial and freshwater environments remain scarce.PAHs have been detected in Arctic biota from terrestrial,freshwater and marine environments,indicating exposure,however,levels are generally low,as most organisms efficiently metabolize parent PAHs.Globally,PAH emissions are expected to decline in the future,however models suggest the Arctic may not experience the same magnitude of decline projected for other world regions.Furthermore,future changes in climate may contribute to a re-volatilization of environmental PAHs,providing a source of secondary emissions to the Arctic atmosphere,emphasizing the importance of future monitoring for understanding the sources,fate and impacts of PAHs in the Arctic.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42077341)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(No.LH2021E096)+3 种基金State Key Laboratory of UrbanWater Resource and Environment(Harbin Institute of Technology)(No.2022TS05)the Polar Academy,Harbin Institute of Technology(No.PA-HIT-201901)the support from Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem(HPKLPEE),Harbin Institute of Technologyfunding from Canada's Northern Contaminants Program(Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada).
文摘The historical annual loading to,removal from,and cumulative burden in the Arctic Ocean for β-hexachlorocyclohexane(β-HCH),an isomer comprising 5e12%of technical HCH,is investigated using a mass balance box model from 1945 to 2020.Over the 76 years,loading occurred predominantly through ocean currents and river inflow(83%)and only a small portion via atmospheric transport(16%).β-HCH started to accumulate in the Arctic Ocean in the late 1940s,reached a peak of 810 t in 1986,and decreased to 87 t in 2020,when its concentrations in the Arctic water and air were~30 ng m^(-3)and~0.02 pg m^(-3),respectively.Even though β-HCH and α-HCH(60e70%of technical HCH)are both the isomers of HCHs with almost identical temporal and spatial emission patterns,these two chemicals have shown different major pathways entering the Arctic.Different from α-HCH with the long-range atmospheric transport(LRAT)as its major transport pathway,β-HCH reached the Arctic mainly through long-range oceanic transport(LROT).The much higher tendency of β-HCH to partition into the water,mainly due to its much lower Henry's Law Constant than α-HCH,produced an exceptionally strong pathway divergence with β-HCH favoring slow transport in water and α-HCH favoring rapid transport in air.The concentration and burden of β-HCH in the Arctic Ocean are also predicted for the year 2050 when only 4.4-5.3 t will remain in the Arctic Ocean under the influence of climate change.
基金We acknowledge the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP)and the national programmes in the circumpolar countries for their funding and support of this work.The northern communities in circumpolar regions are acknowledged for their cooperation and collection of biological samples that yielded the data reviewed here.The Danish contribution to this work was supported by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency,under the Cooperation for Environment in the Arctic(DANCEA),grants no.MST-112-191 and MST-113-00082.
文摘Since the ban of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)and hexabromocyclododecane(HBCDD),other flame retardants may be increasingly used.Thirty-one current-use halogenated(HFRs)and 24 organophosphorous flame retardants(PFRs)have been sought in Arctic ecosystems so far.Air measurements provide evidence of long-range atmospheric transport for the majority of these compounds,with much higher concentrations for PFRs than for HFRs.Some HFRs,i.e.bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate(BEH-TEBP),2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate(EH-TBB)and hexabromobenzene(HBBz),had air concentrations comparable to those of PBDEs in some studies.Complementary data for seawater and ice indicate dry deposition of HFRs,while net volatilization from seawater was observed for some PFRs.Studies in the marine environment indicate a wide presence of HFRs in marine biota,but generally at low levels,i.e.typically lower than those of PBDEs.Exceptions exist,namely 2,4,6-tribromophenyl 2,3-dibromopropyl ether(TBP-DBPE)and decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE),which were found in concentrations comparable to PBDEs in some species.The same was the case for 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allyl ether(TBP-AE)in a study from the terrestrial environment.PFRs generally had low concentrations in biota,probably due to metabolic transformation of PFR triesters,as suggested by in vitro studies.Elevated PFR concentrations occurred in some individuals,generally indicating a larger variability of PFRs in biota than found for HFRs.The commercially important tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)was only detected sporadically,and only in abiotic matrices.
基金We thank the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP)and the national programs in the circumpolar countries for their funding and support of this work.We are especially grateful to Simon Wilson,Cynthia de Wit,and the numerous reviewers that were a part of this process.We are thankful to the northern communities in circumpolar regions for their cooperation and collection of biological samples that yielded much of the data reviewed here.Katrin Vorkamp's contribution to the AMAP assessment report was supported by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency,under the Cooperation for Environment in the Arctic(DANCEA),grants no.MST-112-191 and MST-113-00082.We also thank Canada's Northern Contaminants Program(NCP)for providing air data from the station of Alert.Unpublished results were provided by D.C.G.Muir,M.Evans,and H.Hung(Environment and Climate Change Canada),and K.Vorkamp and F.Riget(Aarhus University,Denmark).
文摘Hexachlorobutadiene(HCBD)is a halogenated hydrocarbon that is primarily produced as an unintentional byproduct in the manufacture of chlorinated solvents.Similarities between HCBD and other persistent organic pollutants(POPs)led to its listing in 2015 for global regulation under the Stockholm Convention on POPs.HCBD's toxicity and propensity for long-range transport means there is special concern for its potential impacts on Arctic ecosystems.The present review comprehensively summarizes all available information of the occurrence of HCBD in the Arctic environment,including its atmospheric,terrestrial,freshwater and marine ecosystems and biota.Overall,reports of HCBD in Arctic environmental media are scarce.HCBD has been measured in Arctic air collected from monitoring stations in Finland and Canada,yet there is a dearth of data for other abiotic matrices(i.e.soils,sediments,glacier ice,freshwaters and seawater).Low HCBD concentrations have been measured in Arctic terrestrial and marine biota,which is consistent with laboratory studies that indicate that HCBD has the potential to bioaccumulate,but not to biomagnify.Available data for Arctic biota suggest that terrestrial birds and mammals and seabirds,have comparatively higher HCBD concentrations than fish and marine mammals,warranting additional research.Although spatial and temporal trends in HCBD concentrations in the Arctic are currently limited,future monitoring of HCBD in the Arctic will be important for assessing the impact of global regulations newly-imposed by the Stockholm Convention on POPs.
基金We acknowledge the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP)and the national programmes in the circumpolar countries for their funding and support of this work.We are grateful to Derek Muir,Cynthia de Wit and Simon Wilson for insightful discussions of the topic and to Tom Harner for providing SCCP data from the GAPS program.The northern communities in circumpolar regions are acknowledged for their cooperation and collection of biological samples that yielded the data reviewed here.The Danish contribution to this work was supported by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency,under the Cooperation for Environment in the Arctic(DANCEA),grants no.MST-112-191 and MST-113-00082.The National Laboratory for Environmental Testing(NLET)at Environment and Climate Change Canada is acknowledged for the analysis of air samples from Alert.
文摘Chlorinated paraffins(CPs)present a complex mixture of congeners which are often analysed and assessed as short-,medium-and long-chain CPs,i.e.SSCCP(C10eC13),SMCCP(C14eC17)and SLCCP(C18).Their complexity makes the chemical analysis challenging,in particular in terms of accurate quantification,but promising developments involving ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry have been presented lately.Most Arctic data exist for SCCPs,while LCCPs have not yet been studied in the Arctic.SSCCP concentrations in Arctic air often exceeded those of SMCCP,usually with a predominance of the most volatile C10 congeners,and of banned persistent organic pollutants(POPs),such as polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs).The presence of SCCPs and MCCPs in Arctic air,as well as in the Antarctic and in the remote regions of the Tibetan plateau,provides evidence of their long-range transport including sufficient environmental persistence to reach the Arctic.Arctic vegetation accumulated SCCPs partly from air and partly through root uptake from soil,with consequences for the SCCP profile found in Arctic plants.No results have yet been reported for CPs in terrestrial Arctic animals.Results for freshwater sediment and fish confirmed the long-range transport of SCCPs and MCCPs and documented their bioaccumulation.Where additional PCB data were available,SPCB was usually higher than SSCCP in freshwater fish.Both SCCPs and MCCPs were widely present in marine Arctic biota(e.g.mussels,fish,seabirds,seals,whales,polar bears).In mussels and Atlantic cod,SMCCP concentrations exceeded those of SSCCP,while this was less clear for other marine species.Marine mammals and the long-lived Greenland shark roughly had SSCCP concentrations of 100e500 ng/g lipid weight,often dominated by C11 congeners.Biomagnification appeared to be more pronounced for SSCCP than for SMCCP,but more studies will be needed.Increasing SSCCP concentrations were observed in Arctic air and sediment over time,but not in beluga monitored since the 1980s.For both SCCPs and MCCPs,increasing concentrations over time have been shown in blue mussels and Atlantic cod at some,but not all stations.Indications exist of local sources of SCCPs in the Arctic,including Arctic settlements and research stations.In studies involving multiple locations,a general decrease of SCCP concentrations with increasing latitude or distance from point sources was observed as well as relatively more MCCPs at locations closer to potential CP sources.Monitoring of SCCPs and MCCPs has been initiated in some Arctic regions and will be important to assess the effect of recent regulations of SCCPs and the use of potential replacement chemicals.
基金We thank the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP)and the national programs in circumpolar countries for their funding and support of this work.We are especially grateful to Simon Wilson,Cynthia de Wit,and the numerous reviewers that were a part of this process.We are thankful to the northern communities in circumpolar regions for their cooperation and collection of biological samples that yielded much of the data reviewed here.We also thank Canada's Northern Contaminants Program(NCP)for providing air data from the station of Alert.The Danish contribution to the AMAP assessment report(Katrin Vorkamp and Frank Riget)was supported by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency,under the Cooperation for Environment in the Arctic(DANCEA),grants no.MST-112-191 and MST-113-00082.
文摘Global regulations and many regional and national controls restrict the use of substances that exhibit the potential for environmental persistence and long-range transport.Nevertheless,many current-use pesticides(CUPs)continue to be newly discovered in remote regions,including the Arctic.The present review serves as an update,summarizing newly available information for CUPs in the Arctic environment and biota published from 2010 to 2018.Since 2010,at least seven new CUPs have been measured in Arctic media:2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid(MCPA),metribuzin,pendimethalin,phosalone,quizalofop-ethyl,tefluthrin and triallate.Considering the large number of pesticides in current use,the number measured in the Arctic is very limited,however,modelling studies have identified additional CUPs as potential Arctic contaminants that have yet to be investigated in the Arctic.Owing to their recent detection,reports of CUPs in the Arctic are limited,but growing.CUPs have been reported in a wide range of abiotic Arctic matrices,including air,snow,ice,freshwater and seawater,indicating their capacity for long-range atmospheric transport,however,concentrations are generally low in comparison to legacy pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants(POPs).Recent food-web studies indicate CUPs can enter Arctic terrestrial and marine food chains,however,in contrast to POPs,the highest concentrations of many CUPs were found in lower trophic-level organisms,and the lowest concentrations detected in animals at the highest trophic levels(i.e,ringed seals,polar bear,caribou,and wolves)indicating significant trophic dilution.The detection of CUPs in the remote Arctic ecosystem reinforces the need for continued monitoring of both known and potential Arctic pollutants to prevent impacts on human and environmental health as the global arsenal of pesticides used in agriculture continuously changes.
基金Support to TFB was provided by the Swedish Research Environment EcoChange.LMJ acknowledges support for an exchange visit to UmeåUniversity from ARCUM,the Arctic Research Institute at UmeåUniversity.Disclaimer:Certain commercial equipment or instruments are identified in the paper to specify adequately the experimental procedures.Such identification does not imply recommendations or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technologynor does it imply that the equipment or instruments are the best available for the purpose.Any use of trade,firm,or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S.Government.
文摘Halogenated natural products(HNPs)are organic compounds containing bromine,chlorine,iodine,and rarely fluorine.HNPs comprise many classes of compounds,ranging in complexity from halocarbons to higher molecular weight compounds,which often contain oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms in addition to halogens.Many HNPs are biosynthesized by marine bacteria,macroalgae,phytoplankton,tunicates,corals,worms,sponges and other invertebrates.This paper reviews HNPs in Arctic,Subarctic and Nordic ecosystems and is based on sections of Chapter 2.16 in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program(AMAP)assessment Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern(AMAP,2017)which deal with the higher molecular weight HNPs.Material is updated and expanded to include more Nordic examples.Much of the chapter is devoted to“bromophenolic”HNPs,viz bromophenols(BPs)and transformation products bromoanisoles(BAs),hydroxylated and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers(OH-BDEs,MeO-BDEs)and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PBDDs),since these HNPs are most frequently reported.Others discussed are 2,20-dimethoxy-3,30,5,50-tetrabromobiphenyl(2,20-dimethoxy-BB80),polyhalogenated 10-methyl-1,20-bipyrroles(PMBPs),polyhalogenated 1,10-dimethyl-2,20-bipyrroles(PDBPs),polyhalogenated N-methylpyrroles(PMPs),polyhalogenated N-methylindoles(PMIs),bromoheptyl-and bromooctyl pyrroles,(1R,2S,4R,5R,10E)-2-bromo-1-bromomethyl-1,4-dichloro-5-(20-chloroethenyl)-5-methylcyclohexane(mixed halogenated compound MHC-1),polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives(PBHDs)and polyhalogenated carbazoles(PHCs).Aspects of HNPs covered are physicochemical properties,sources and production,transformation processes,concentrations and trends in the physical environment and biota(marine and freshwater).Toxic properties of some HNPs and a discussion of how climate change might affect HNPs production and distribution are also included.The review concludes with a summary of research needs to better understand the role of HNPs as“chemicals of emerging Arctic concern”.
