An experiment was carried out at Mkuranga Research Station of National Coconut Development Programme （NCDP） to study the effect of light regimes on three different crops which are sweet potato, cowpea and pineapple ...An experiment was carried out at Mkuranga Research Station of National Coconut Development Programme （NCDP） to study the effect of light regimes on three different crops which are sweet potato, cowpea and pineapple between 1995 and 1996. Four light intensities with nominal values of light transmission namely L0 = 100%, L 1 = 75%, L2 = 50%, L3 = 25% were provided by nylon netting materials which filtered sunlight to varying light percentages. The experiment was a split-plot on randomized complete block design, replicated four times. Growth measurements and yield were recorded at a regular interval in all crops. Leaf morphological characteristics were carried out only on sweet potato. Result on the leaf morphological characteristics showed light intensity strongly influenced growth and development of sweet potato. Specific leaf area values in full light were smaller than those in under heavy shade. The light intensity increased the cowpea seed yield significantly （P 〈 0.01） and the interaction between seasons （year） x light regimes was significant （P 〈 0.01）. In low intensity, pineapple flowered earlier and yielded more than in high intensity. These results have provided useful information in planning intercropping models in coconut based-farming systems in Tanzania.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted at Hudeiba Research Station Farm, located at Ed-Damer, Sudan during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 winter seasons to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and varieties on ch...A field experiment was conducted at Hudeiba Research Station Farm, located at Ed-Damer, Sudan during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 winter seasons to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and varieties on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield, yield components and water productivity. The treatments include three irrigation regimes;irrigation every 10 days (I1 = full irrigation), irrigation every 15 days (I2 = moderate stress) and irrigation every 20 days (I3 = severe stress) and two varieties (Borgieg and Wad Hamid). The treatments were arranged in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Irrigation water being applied, grain yield, yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and the 100 seeds weight) and crop water productivity (CWP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) were recorded. Results showed that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight, grain yield and irrigation water applied were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by irrigation regimes. The highest values of these traits obtained with full irrigation, whereas the lowest values were recorded under severe water stress conditions. Results also indicated that, moderate and severe water stress regimes saved irrigation water by 24% and 32%, respectively compared with full irrigation. This study indicated that treatment I1 which was irrigated every 10-days did not produce the highest IWP, while treatment I2 which irrigated every 15-days gave the highest IWP. The lowest IWP occurred at severe water stress regime (I3). It could be concluded that moderate water stress might be adopted. Contrarily, the adoption of severe water stressed that produce high water savings would lead to yield losses that might be economically not acceptable. The late maturing chickpea variety of Borgieg significantly (p ≤ 0.05) out-yielded the early maturing variety Wad Hamid by 11%. Borgieg displayed the highest values of CWP and IWP.展开更多
Sugarcane has pronounced importance to provide sugar for more than half of the global population. World population is enhancing day-by-day and production land is in the worst situation. The cultivated land is diminish...Sugarcane has pronounced importance to provide sugar for more than half of the global population. World population is enhancing day-by-day and production land is in the worst situation. The cultivated land is diminishing rapidly due to urbanization, road construction, and land deterioration. This crisis demands alternate research to raise crop productivity and maximize the economic returns per unit land for feeding the gigantic population. Sugarcane is a long duration crop and gave late net economic return. Intercropping in sugarcane received much attention and need to properly manage for getting higher net return from same unit area. It is becoming popular among farming community due to resourcefully utilization of land. Intercropping has the potential to inspire the farmers to get maximum economic return per acre per annum. For intercropping, wheat, gram, soybean, and potato were used as an intercrop in September-sown sugarcane. Triple row strip planting geometry of sugarcane with four intercropped (SC + Wheat, SC + Gram, SC + Soybean, and SC + Potato) and check with sole SC was used. Sugarcane was planted during September 2011- 12 and 2012-13 at research area University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan. Randomized complete block design with three replications were used. Results showed that number of millable cane, cane diameter;unstripped and stripped cane yield and crop growth rate was significantly higher in sole sugarcane when compared with different intercrop in 2011-12 while trend was same in 2012-13. Cane diameter and un-stripped cane yield were statistically at par of intercrops SC + Soybean and SC + Potato while stripped cane yield of Sole SC and SC + Potato was statistically at par in 2012-13. In both the year of study, intercrops gave higher land equivalent ratio and net return over sole sugarcane planted while sole sugarcane gave maximum benefit cost ratio compared with other intercrops.展开更多
A nursery experiment was conducted at Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria to evaluate the impact of manure on cashew seedlings. Treatments consisted of biochar, compost, combination of biochar + compost and a control....A nursery experiment was conducted at Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria to evaluate the impact of manure on cashew seedlings. Treatments consisted of biochar, compost, combination of biochar + compost and a control. Treatments were applied at rate of 0 g (control), 5 g compost, 5 g biochar and 2.5 g each of biochar and compost combination into 5 kg soil in pots, laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The experiment was monitored for four months in the greenhouse. Data were collected on number of leaves, plant height, stem girth, soil nutrient composition and nutrient uptake, all analyzed using analysis of variance. The treated soils were also assayed on Potato Dextrose Agar for associated mycoflora. The study showed that the soil PH, N, P, K, Ca and Mg were equally enhanced significantly relative to the control, while Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Beauverie, Penicillium, Lasiodiplodia and Rhizopus cultured treated soils shows that Trichoderma harzianum and Beauverie bassiana were significantly higher in combination of biochar and compost treated soil and posed that their bio-control potential is coupled with soil fertility enhancement characteristics. The results also indicate that stem girth and number of leaves were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different with respect to applied treatment at the first month after treatments application. The leaf area was not enhances with the application of biochar. Combination of biochar + compost significantly enhanced number of leaves and stem girth at the 4th and 12th weeks after planting. Similarly leaf K and P uptake were significantly (<0.05) increased by the application of organic compost and biochar irrespective of whether combined or not compared to the control seedlings. The effect of biochar and compost on cashew leaf Ca and Mg uptake were not significantly different from the control but had a higher value relative to the control. It could therefore be recommended that addition of compost and biochar for sustainable production of cashew seedlings in the nursery be embraced by prospective cashew farmers and seedlings distribution in Nigeria.展开更多
The sediments collected respectively from the Etó, Kacumvi, Kimbi, Lubichako, Makungu, Kuwa, Mandje, Misisi and Kimuti Rivers draining the gold panning sites in the Fizi territory were studied during a 16-month c...The sediments collected respectively from the Etó, Kacumvi, Kimbi, Lubichako, Makungu, Kuwa, Mandje, Misisi and Kimuti Rivers draining the gold panning sites in the Fizi territory were studied during a 16-month cycle (August and December 2016 to August and December 2017) in order to assess their degree of mercury pollution in the dry season as well as in the rainy season. The assessment of the degree of pollution of the said sediments focused on six parameters including the total mercury content (THg) and the indices of mercury pollution such as the mercury enrichment factor (EF), the mercury contamination factor (CF), the mercury geoaccumulation index (Igeo), the mercury potential ecological risk factor (PERF) and the mercury ecological risk index (ERI). Total mercury was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) while the mercury pollution indices were successively calculated using the appropriate formulas. The results thus obtained revealed that all the sediments of the rivers studied are considerably polluted by mercury according to the values relative to their total mercury content and mercury pollution indices, including the mercury enrichment factor (EF), the mercury contamination factor (CF), the mercury geoaccumulation index (Igeo), the mercury potential ecological risk factor (PERF) and the mercury ecological risk index (ERI), which greatly exceed the standards recommended by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. In particular, the sediments of the Kimbi River are highly polluted by mercury compared to those of other rivers studied. This reported pollution is the result of anthropogenic gold panning activities that generate effluents and elemental mercury that pollute the streams.展开更多
文摘An experiment was carried out at Mkuranga Research Station of National Coconut Development Programme （NCDP） to study the effect of light regimes on three different crops which are sweet potato, cowpea and pineapple between 1995 and 1996. Four light intensities with nominal values of light transmission namely L0 = 100%, L 1 = 75%, L2 = 50%, L3 = 25% were provided by nylon netting materials which filtered sunlight to varying light percentages. The experiment was a split-plot on randomized complete block design, replicated four times. Growth measurements and yield were recorded at a regular interval in all crops. Leaf morphological characteristics were carried out only on sweet potato. Result on the leaf morphological characteristics showed light intensity strongly influenced growth and development of sweet potato. Specific leaf area values in full light were smaller than those in under heavy shade. The light intensity increased the cowpea seed yield significantly （P 〈 0.01） and the interaction between seasons （year） x light regimes was significant （P 〈 0.01）. In low intensity, pineapple flowered earlier and yielded more than in high intensity. These results have provided useful information in planning intercropping models in coconut based-farming systems in Tanzania.
文摘A field experiment was conducted at Hudeiba Research Station Farm, located at Ed-Damer, Sudan during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 winter seasons to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and varieties on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield, yield components and water productivity. The treatments include three irrigation regimes;irrigation every 10 days (I1 = full irrigation), irrigation every 15 days (I2 = moderate stress) and irrigation every 20 days (I3 = severe stress) and two varieties (Borgieg and Wad Hamid). The treatments were arranged in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Irrigation water being applied, grain yield, yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and the 100 seeds weight) and crop water productivity (CWP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) were recorded. Results showed that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight, grain yield and irrigation water applied were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by irrigation regimes. The highest values of these traits obtained with full irrigation, whereas the lowest values were recorded under severe water stress conditions. Results also indicated that, moderate and severe water stress regimes saved irrigation water by 24% and 32%, respectively compared with full irrigation. This study indicated that treatment I1 which was irrigated every 10-days did not produce the highest IWP, while treatment I2 which irrigated every 15-days gave the highest IWP. The lowest IWP occurred at severe water stress regime (I3). It could be concluded that moderate water stress might be adopted. Contrarily, the adoption of severe water stressed that produce high water savings would lead to yield losses that might be economically not acceptable. The late maturing chickpea variety of Borgieg significantly (p ≤ 0.05) out-yielded the early maturing variety Wad Hamid by 11%. Borgieg displayed the highest values of CWP and IWP.
文摘Sugarcane has pronounced importance to provide sugar for more than half of the global population. World population is enhancing day-by-day and production land is in the worst situation. The cultivated land is diminishing rapidly due to urbanization, road construction, and land deterioration. This crisis demands alternate research to raise crop productivity and maximize the economic returns per unit land for feeding the gigantic population. Sugarcane is a long duration crop and gave late net economic return. Intercropping in sugarcane received much attention and need to properly manage for getting higher net return from same unit area. It is becoming popular among farming community due to resourcefully utilization of land. Intercropping has the potential to inspire the farmers to get maximum economic return per acre per annum. For intercropping, wheat, gram, soybean, and potato were used as an intercrop in September-sown sugarcane. Triple row strip planting geometry of sugarcane with four intercropped (SC + Wheat, SC + Gram, SC + Soybean, and SC + Potato) and check with sole SC was used. Sugarcane was planted during September 2011- 12 and 2012-13 at research area University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan. Randomized complete block design with three replications were used. Results showed that number of millable cane, cane diameter;unstripped and stripped cane yield and crop growth rate was significantly higher in sole sugarcane when compared with different intercrop in 2011-12 while trend was same in 2012-13. Cane diameter and un-stripped cane yield were statistically at par of intercrops SC + Soybean and SC + Potato while stripped cane yield of Sole SC and SC + Potato was statistically at par in 2012-13. In both the year of study, intercrops gave higher land equivalent ratio and net return over sole sugarcane planted while sole sugarcane gave maximum benefit cost ratio compared with other intercrops.
文摘A nursery experiment was conducted at Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria to evaluate the impact of manure on cashew seedlings. Treatments consisted of biochar, compost, combination of biochar + compost and a control. Treatments were applied at rate of 0 g (control), 5 g compost, 5 g biochar and 2.5 g each of biochar and compost combination into 5 kg soil in pots, laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The experiment was monitored for four months in the greenhouse. Data were collected on number of leaves, plant height, stem girth, soil nutrient composition and nutrient uptake, all analyzed using analysis of variance. The treated soils were also assayed on Potato Dextrose Agar for associated mycoflora. The study showed that the soil PH, N, P, K, Ca and Mg were equally enhanced significantly relative to the control, while Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Beauverie, Penicillium, Lasiodiplodia and Rhizopus cultured treated soils shows that Trichoderma harzianum and Beauverie bassiana were significantly higher in combination of biochar and compost treated soil and posed that their bio-control potential is coupled with soil fertility enhancement characteristics. The results also indicate that stem girth and number of leaves were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different with respect to applied treatment at the first month after treatments application. The leaf area was not enhances with the application of biochar. Combination of biochar + compost significantly enhanced number of leaves and stem girth at the 4th and 12th weeks after planting. Similarly leaf K and P uptake were significantly (<0.05) increased by the application of organic compost and biochar irrespective of whether combined or not compared to the control seedlings. The effect of biochar and compost on cashew leaf Ca and Mg uptake were not significantly different from the control but had a higher value relative to the control. It could therefore be recommended that addition of compost and biochar for sustainable production of cashew seedlings in the nursery be embraced by prospective cashew farmers and seedlings distribution in Nigeria.
文摘The sediments collected respectively from the Etó, Kacumvi, Kimbi, Lubichako, Makungu, Kuwa, Mandje, Misisi and Kimuti Rivers draining the gold panning sites in the Fizi territory were studied during a 16-month cycle (August and December 2016 to August and December 2017) in order to assess their degree of mercury pollution in the dry season as well as in the rainy season. The assessment of the degree of pollution of the said sediments focused on six parameters including the total mercury content (THg) and the indices of mercury pollution such as the mercury enrichment factor (EF), the mercury contamination factor (CF), the mercury geoaccumulation index (Igeo), the mercury potential ecological risk factor (PERF) and the mercury ecological risk index (ERI). Total mercury was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) while the mercury pollution indices were successively calculated using the appropriate formulas. The results thus obtained revealed that all the sediments of the rivers studied are considerably polluted by mercury according to the values relative to their total mercury content and mercury pollution indices, including the mercury enrichment factor (EF), the mercury contamination factor (CF), the mercury geoaccumulation index (Igeo), the mercury potential ecological risk factor (PERF) and the mercury ecological risk index (ERI), which greatly exceed the standards recommended by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. In particular, the sediments of the Kimbi River are highly polluted by mercury compared to those of other rivers studied. This reported pollution is the result of anthropogenic gold panning activities that generate effluents and elemental mercury that pollute the streams.
