Influenza A virus(IAV)shows an extensive host range and rapid genomic variations,leading to continuous emergence of novel viruses with significant antigenic variations and the potential for cross-species transmission....Influenza A virus(IAV)shows an extensive host range and rapid genomic variations,leading to continuous emergence of novel viruses with significant antigenic variations and the potential for cross-species transmission.This causes global pandemics and seasonal flu outbreaks,posing sustained threats worldwide.Thus,studying all IAVs'evolutionary patterns and underlying mechanisms is crucial for effective prevention and control.We developed FluTyping to identify IAV genotypes,to explore overall genetic diversity patterns and their restriction factors.FluTyping groups isolates based on genetic distance and phylogenetic relationships using whole genomes,enabling identification of each isolate's genotype.Three distinct genetic diversity patterns were observed:one genotype domination pattern comprising only H1N1 and H3N2 seasonal influenza subtypes,multi-genotypes cocirculation pattern including majority avian influenza subtypes and swine influenza H1N2,and hybrid-circulation pattern involving H7N9 and three H5 subtypes of influenza viruses.Furthermore,the IAVs in multi-genotypes cocirculation pattern showed region-specific dominant genotypes,implying the restriction of virus transmission is a key factor contributing to distinct genetic diversity patterns,and the genomic evolution underlying different patterns was more influenced by host-specific factors.In summary,a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary patterns of overall IAVs is provided by the FluTyping's identified genotypes,offering important theoretical foundations for future prevention and control of these viruses.展开更多
The use of an electrical probe is forned by whispering gallery modes(WGMs)of light within the coated microring circuits,in which the electrical signal is generated by trapped electron tunneling along the circular path...The use of an electrical probe is forned by whispering gallery modes(WGMs)of light within the coated microring circuits,in which the electrical signal is generated by trapped electron tunneling along the circular path of the coa ted microring circuit.The ollection of electrons is formed within the WGMs,where in this study,a modifed nonlinear microring resonator known as a PANDA ring resonator is coated by gold material and forms the mirroring circuit.The induced current(magnetic field)within the circuit occurs by the coupling ffects between trapped electrons and coated ring,which can penetrate into the brain cells and transform to the required signals via the terahertz carier for peychiatric investigations.The use of WGMs for 3D image construction using a PANDA conjugate mirror is also discussed,which is useful for thermal and imaging sensons.展开更多
In this paper, a microring resonator(MRR) system using double-series ring resonators is proposed to generate and investigate the Rabi oscillations. The system is made up of silicon-on-insulator and attached to bus wav...In this paper, a microring resonator(MRR) system using double-series ring resonators is proposed to generate and investigate the Rabi oscillations. The system is made up of silicon-on-insulator and attached to bus waveguide which is used as propagation and oscillation medium. The scattering matrix method is employed to determine the output signal intensity which acts as the input source between two-level Rabi oscillation states, where the increase of Rabi oscillation frequency with time is obtained at the resonant state. The population probability of the excited state is higher and unstable at the optical resonant state due to the nonlinear spontaneous emission process. The enhanced spontaneous emission can be managed by the atom(photon) excitation, which can be useful for atomic related sensors and single-photon source applications.展开更多
Hybrid materials consisting of M(II)Pc (M = Fe, Co, Ni) particles dispersed in nylon 11 films have been prepared by using a thermal relaxation technique. The obtained films are characterized by AFM, SEM and TEM, and t...Hybrid materials consisting of M(II)Pc (M = Fe, Co, Ni) particles dispersed in nylon 11 films have been prepared by using a thermal relaxation technique. The obtained films are characterized by AFM, SEM and TEM, and their structural composition is determined by IR spectroscopy and EDS. The M(II)Pc particles are homogeneously distributed in the nylon 11 matrix after heat treatment. Optical absorption studies of the hybrid films are performed in the 200 - 1150 nm wavelength range. The band-model theory is applied to determine the optical parameters for MPc/nylon 11 hybrid films. The optical band gap of the thin films is determined from the (αhν)1/2 vs. hν plots for indirectly allowing transitions and comparing with the as-deposited M(II)Pc thin films. The values of the optical band gap calculated from the absorption spectra, range between 1.07 and 2.7 eV. The electrical conductivity is measured in order to evaluate the conductivity behavior of these hybrid films.展开更多
In this paper,the erenkov radiation of light pulse in a microring and gratings is simulated and investigated.The system design consists of a two-defect grating incorporating a microring,connected with a uniform gratin...In this paper,the erenkov radiation of light pulse in a microring and gratings is simulated and investigated.The system design consists of a two-defect grating incorporating a microring,connected with a uniform grating.In simulation,the continuous wave(CW) light pulse with wavelength centered at 1.55 μm is input into the microring device via the two-defect grating.The resonant outputs from the two-defect grating propagate through the microring and uniform grating,where the time delays of those two input pulses with different wavelengths through the system are distinguished by the output uniform grating.From the obtained resonant output pulses,we find that the red-shifted and blue-shifted erenkov pulses are observed.In applications,such a proposed system can be used to form two different optical delay pulses,in which the change in erenkov radiation of them,i.e.,time delay within a microring device system,can be useful for erenkov radiation imaging and sensing applications.展开更多
Recent experiments have demonstrated Rabi-oscillations, superradiant pulses and stimulated emission from negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy(NV;) center spins in microwave resonators. These phenomena witness the kind ...Recent experiments have demonstrated Rabi-oscillations, superradiant pulses and stimulated emission from negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy(NV;) center spins in microwave resonators. These phenomena witness the kind of collective and strong coupling which has been the prerequisite for observation of superradiant lasing in the optical frequency regime. In this article, we investigate the possibility to employ coherence, present in both the collective NV-spin ensemble and the microwave field, to achieve a superradiant maser. Our calculations show that a superradiant maser with a linewidth below millihertz can be achieved with moderate kilohertz incoherent pumping of over 10;spins at room temperature. We show that the superradiant masing prevails in the presence of inhomogeneous broadening, and we present numerical and analytical studies of the dependence of the phenomenon on the various physical parameters.展开更多
Background Araucaria araucana is a mast species that presents a high variability in annual cone production.Researchers have recorded synchronization events in cone production in different populations,which allows the ...Background Araucaria araucana is a mast species that presents a high variability in annual cone production.Researchers have recorded synchronization events in cone production in different populations,which allows the seed production to be concentrated,reducing the percentage of seeds consumed by different animal species.Methods We sampled three populations located in the Andes Mountains,Araucanía Region,Chile.In 2004 we began the collection of data on cone production,for which we installed permanent plots(1200 m^(2)each)at each location.We identified and labeled each female tree in each plot to monitor its cone production.In 2012 we selected a total of 30 trees near the plots to evaluate the number of seeds per cone.In each February from 2012 to 2014 we selected two mature cones and covered them with a porous mesh for subsequent collection and storage in March.At the beginning of June,we counted and weighed the seeds,determining the average weight,the number of seeds per cone,the germination capacity(GC),and the germination speed(GS).Results Cone production was synchronous across the three locations.We observed significant differences among the locations and years evaluated.The cones had fewer seeds in 2013(high production)compared to those in 2012(low production),but their weights were similar.In 2014 the cones produced smaller seeds in fewer quantities.The difference between the years 2013 and 2014 resulted from the high-energy expenditure in 2013.Regarding GC and GS,there were significant differences among the three locations(GC:F=45.41,p<0.01;GS:F=96.08,p<0.01),where the highest values were observed in 2013.Conclusions Both GC and GS are related to seed weight but not to the number of cones produced in a given year.These annual fluctuations in seed production are determining factors in the population dynamics of forest species.Our results allow a better understanding of the reproductive phenology of A.araucana and could help define sustainable use and conservation actions for this species.展开更多
The current massive use of digital communications demands a secure link by using an embedded system（ES） with data encryption at the protocol level. The serial peripheral interface（SPI） protocol is commonly used by...The current massive use of digital communications demands a secure link by using an embedded system（ES） with data encryption at the protocol level. The serial peripheral interface（SPI） protocol is commonly used by manufacturers of ESs and integrated circuits for applications in areas such as wired and wireless communications. We present the design and experimental implementation of a chaotic encryption and decryption algorithm applied to the SPI communication protocol. The design of the chaotic encryption algorithm along with its counterpart in the decryption is based on the chaotic Hénon map and two methods for blur and permute（in combination with DNA sequences）. The SPI protocol is configured in 16 bits to synchronize a transmitter and a receiver considering a symmetric key. Results are experimentally proved using two low-cost dsPIC microcontrollers as ESs. The SPI digital-to-analog converter is used to process, acquire, and reconstruct confidential messages based on its properties for digital signal processing. Finally, security of the cryptogram is proved by a statistical test. The digital processing capacity of the algorithm is validated by dsPIC microcontrollers.展开更多
Second harmonic generation and sum frequency generation(SHG and SFG)provide effective means to realize coherent light at desired frequencies when lasing is not easily achievable.They have found applications from sensi...Second harmonic generation and sum frequency generation(SHG and SFG)provide effective means to realize coherent light at desired frequencies when lasing is not easily achievable.They have found applications from sensing to quantum optics and are of particular interest for integrated photonics at communication wavelengths.Decreasing the footprints of nonlinear components while maintaining their high up-conversion efficiency remains a challenge in the miniaturization of integrated photonics.Here we explore lithographically defined AlGaInP nano(micro)structures/Al_(2)O_(3)/Ag as a versatile platform to achieve efficient SHG/SFG in both waveguide and resonant cavity configurations in both narrow-and broadband infrared(IR)wavelength regimes(1300-1600 nm).The effective excitation of highly confined hybrid plasmonic modes at fundamental wavelengths allows efficient SHG/SFG to be achieved in a waveguide of a cross-section of 113 nm×250 nm,with a mode area on the deep subwavelength scale(λ2/135)at fundamental wavelengths.Remarkably,we demonstrate direct visualization of SHG/SFG phase-matching evolution in the waveguides.This together with mode analysis highlights the origin of the improved SHG/SFG efficiency.We also demonstrate strongly enhanced SFG with a broadband IR source by exploiting multiple coherent SFG processes on 1μm diameter AlGaInP disks/Al_(2)O_(3)/Ag with a conversion efficiency of 14.8%MW^(−1) which is five times the SHG value using the narrowband IR source.In both configurations,the hybrid plasmonic structures exhibit>1000 enhancement in the nonlinear conversion efficiency compared to their photonic counterparts.Our results manifest the potential of developing such nanoscale hybrid plasmonic devices for state-of-the-art on-chip nonlinear optics applications.展开更多
The drug delivery and targeting method of gold tourmaline composite atoms generated by optical tweezers in a micro-optical device system is proposed.Gold atoms can be trapped and mixed into the tourmaline content,from...The drug delivery and targeting method of gold tourmaline composite atoms generated by optical tweezers in a micro-optical device system is proposed.Gold atoms can be trapped and mixed into the tourmaline content,from which the composite gold tourmaline atoms can be formed using the optical tweezers,which can be delivered close to the desired target cells for cells healing and enhancing applications.In simulation,the optical tweezers are formed by whispering gallery(leaky)modes of light can be generated within a modified add-drop filter,which is known as a Panda ring resonator.It is a nonlinear micro optical device,from which the optical probes called optical tweezers can be generated and used for atom trapping,removing and transportation.In this paper,the optical tweezers are designed for gold tourmaline composite atom trapping,in which the trapped gold tourmaline atoms can be deposited(removed)on(from)the surface for cosmetics and cells enhancing treatment usages.The advantage of the proposed scheme is that the applied(removed)atoms to(from)the surface treatments by the designed trapping and storage device,where the device controlled switching is the key function.In application,the composite trapped gold-tourmaline atoms can be stored with the storage device.In addition,the removal trapped gold-tourmaline atoms can be removed from the treatment surface,from which the used gold atoms can be possible extracted and reused.The cells enhancing and healing applications using the tourmaline properties such as magnetic and far infrared are also plausible.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Plan for Scientific Research and Development of China(2021YFC2301305 and 2021YFC2302001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32370703,92169106,9216910042 and 32070678)+2 种基金the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Science(2022-I2M-1-021,2021-I2M-1-051)the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(2021-PT180-001)the Emergency Key Program of Guangzhou Laboratory(grant EKPG21-12).
文摘Influenza A virus(IAV)shows an extensive host range and rapid genomic variations,leading to continuous emergence of novel viruses with significant antigenic variations and the potential for cross-species transmission.This causes global pandemics and seasonal flu outbreaks,posing sustained threats worldwide.Thus,studying all IAVs'evolutionary patterns and underlying mechanisms is crucial for effective prevention and control.We developed FluTyping to identify IAV genotypes,to explore overall genetic diversity patterns and their restriction factors.FluTyping groups isolates based on genetic distance and phylogenetic relationships using whole genomes,enabling identification of each isolate's genotype.Three distinct genetic diversity patterns were observed:one genotype domination pattern comprising only H1N1 and H3N2 seasonal influenza subtypes,multi-genotypes cocirculation pattern including majority avian influenza subtypes and swine influenza H1N2,and hybrid-circulation pattern involving H7N9 and three H5 subtypes of influenza viruses.Furthermore,the IAVs in multi-genotypes cocirculation pattern showed region-specific dominant genotypes,implying the restriction of virus transmission is a key factor contributing to distinct genetic diversity patterns,and the genomic evolution underlying different patterns was more influenced by host-specific factors.In summary,a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary patterns of overall IAVs is provided by the FluTyping's identified genotypes,offering important theoretical foundations for future prevention and control of these viruses.
文摘The use of an electrical probe is forned by whispering gallery modes(WGMs)of light within the coated microring circuits,in which the electrical signal is generated by trapped electron tunneling along the circular path of the coa ted microring circuit.The ollection of electrons is formed within the WGMs,where in this study,a modifed nonlinear microring resonator known as a PANDA ring resonator is coated by gold material and forms the mirroring circuit.The induced current(magnetic field)within the circuit occurs by the coupling ffects between trapped electrons and coated ring,which can penetrate into the brain cells and transform to the required signals via the terahertz carier for peychiatric investigations.The use of WGMs for 3D image construction using a PANDA conjugate mirror is also discussed,which is useful for thermal and imaging sensons.
基金supported by the UTM’s Flagship Research(Nos.Q.J130000.2426.00G26 and Q.J130000.2509.06H46)
文摘In this paper, a microring resonator(MRR) system using double-series ring resonators is proposed to generate and investigate the Rabi oscillations. The system is made up of silicon-on-insulator and attached to bus waveguide which is used as propagation and oscillation medium. The scattering matrix method is employed to determine the output signal intensity which acts as the input source between two-level Rabi oscillation states, where the increase of Rabi oscillation frequency with time is obtained at the resonant state. The population probability of the excited state is higher and unstable at the optical resonant state due to the nonlinear spontaneous emission process. The enhanced spontaneous emission can be managed by the atom(photon) excitation, which can be useful for atomic related sensors and single-photon source applications.
文摘Hybrid materials consisting of M(II)Pc (M = Fe, Co, Ni) particles dispersed in nylon 11 films have been prepared by using a thermal relaxation technique. The obtained films are characterized by AFM, SEM and TEM, and their structural composition is determined by IR spectroscopy and EDS. The M(II)Pc particles are homogeneously distributed in the nylon 11 matrix after heat treatment. Optical absorption studies of the hybrid films are performed in the 200 - 1150 nm wavelength range. The band-model theory is applied to determine the optical parameters for MPc/nylon 11 hybrid films. The optical band gap of the thin films is determined from the (αhν)1/2 vs. hν plots for indirectly allowing transitions and comparing with the as-deposited M(II)Pc thin films. The values of the optical band gap calculated from the absorption spectra, range between 1.07 and 2.7 eV. The electrical conductivity is measured in order to evaluate the conductivity behavior of these hybrid films.
文摘In this paper,the erenkov radiation of light pulse in a microring and gratings is simulated and investigated.The system design consists of a two-defect grating incorporating a microring,connected with a uniform grating.In simulation,the continuous wave(CW) light pulse with wavelength centered at 1.55 μm is input into the microring device via the two-defect grating.The resonant outputs from the two-defect grating propagate through the microring and uniform grating,where the time delays of those two input pulses with different wavelengths through the system are distinguished by the output uniform grating.From the obtained resonant output pulses,we find that the red-shifted and blue-shifted erenkov pulses are observed.In applications,such a proposed system can be used to form two different optical delay pulses,in which the change in erenkov radiation of them,i.e.,time delay within a microring device system,can be useful for erenkov radiation imaging and sensing applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12004344, and 62027816)the Danish National Research Foundation through the Center of Excellence for Complex Quantum Systems (Grant No. DNRF156)。
文摘Recent experiments have demonstrated Rabi-oscillations, superradiant pulses and stimulated emission from negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy(NV;) center spins in microwave resonators. These phenomena witness the kind of collective and strong coupling which has been the prerequisite for observation of superradiant lasing in the optical frequency regime. In this article, we investigate the possibility to employ coherence, present in both the collective NV-spin ensemble and the microwave field, to achieve a superradiant maser. Our calculations show that a superradiant maser with a linewidth below millihertz can be achieved with moderate kilohertz incoherent pumping of over 10;spins at room temperature. We show that the superradiant masing prevails in the presence of inhomogeneous broadening, and we present numerical and analytical studies of the dependence of the phenomenon on the various physical parameters.
基金Uso sustentable de hojas de boldo y pinones de araucaria 052-2010 del Fondo de Investigación del Bosque Nativo(Chile)
文摘Background Araucaria araucana is a mast species that presents a high variability in annual cone production.Researchers have recorded synchronization events in cone production in different populations,which allows the seed production to be concentrated,reducing the percentage of seeds consumed by different animal species.Methods We sampled three populations located in the Andes Mountains,Araucanía Region,Chile.In 2004 we began the collection of data on cone production,for which we installed permanent plots(1200 m^(2)each)at each location.We identified and labeled each female tree in each plot to monitor its cone production.In 2012 we selected a total of 30 trees near the plots to evaluate the number of seeds per cone.In each February from 2012 to 2014 we selected two mature cones and covered them with a porous mesh for subsequent collection and storage in March.At the beginning of June,we counted and weighed the seeds,determining the average weight,the number of seeds per cone,the germination capacity(GC),and the germination speed(GS).Results Cone production was synchronous across the three locations.We observed significant differences among the locations and years evaluated.The cones had fewer seeds in 2013(high production)compared to those in 2012(low production),but their weights were similar.In 2014 the cones produced smaller seeds in fewer quantities.The difference between the years 2013 and 2014 resulted from the high-energy expenditure in 2013.Regarding GC and GS,there were significant differences among the three locations(GC:F=45.41,p<0.01;GS:F=96.08,p<0.01),where the highest values were observed in 2013.Conclusions Both GC and GS are related to seed weight but not to the number of cones produced in a given year.These annual fluctuations in seed production are determining factors in the population dynamics of forest species.Our results allow a better understanding of the reproductive phenology of A.araucana and could help define sustainable use and conservation actions for this species.
基金Project supported by the CONACYT,México(No.166654)
文摘The current massive use of digital communications demands a secure link by using an embedded system（ES） with data encryption at the protocol level. The serial peripheral interface（SPI） protocol is commonly used by manufacturers of ESs and integrated circuits for applications in areas such as wired and wireless communications. We present the design and experimental implementation of a chaotic encryption and decryption algorithm applied to the SPI communication protocol. The design of the chaotic encryption algorithm along with its counterpart in the decryption is based on the chaotic Hénon map and two methods for blur and permute（in combination with DNA sequences）. The SPI protocol is configured in 16 bits to synchronize a transmitter and a receiver considering a symmetric key. Results are experimentally proved using two low-cost dsPIC microcontrollers as ESs. The SPI digital-to-analog converter is used to process, acquire, and reconstruct confidential messages based on its properties for digital signal processing. Finally, security of the cryptogram is proved by a statistical test. The digital processing capacity of the algorithm is validated by dsPIC microcontrollers.
基金the support from the Science Foundation Ireland(SFI)National Access Programme(number 444)SFI 17/CDA/4733+6 种基金the support from the special fund of Wuhan University Graduate Students overseas exchange programthe support from SFI 16/IA/4629,12/RC/2278_P2,12/RC/2302_P2the Irish Research Council under IRCLA/2017/285the funding provided by SFI under grants 12/RC/2276_P2 and 15/IA/2864the support from SFI 13/CDA/2221the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants numbers 91850207 and 11674256)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant number 2017YFA0205800).
文摘Second harmonic generation and sum frequency generation(SHG and SFG)provide effective means to realize coherent light at desired frequencies when lasing is not easily achievable.They have found applications from sensing to quantum optics and are of particular interest for integrated photonics at communication wavelengths.Decreasing the footprints of nonlinear components while maintaining their high up-conversion efficiency remains a challenge in the miniaturization of integrated photonics.Here we explore lithographically defined AlGaInP nano(micro)structures/Al_(2)O_(3)/Ag as a versatile platform to achieve efficient SHG/SFG in both waveguide and resonant cavity configurations in both narrow-and broadband infrared(IR)wavelength regimes(1300-1600 nm).The effective excitation of highly confined hybrid plasmonic modes at fundamental wavelengths allows efficient SHG/SFG to be achieved in a waveguide of a cross-section of 113 nm×250 nm,with a mode area on the deep subwavelength scale(λ2/135)at fundamental wavelengths.Remarkably,we demonstrate direct visualization of SHG/SFG phase-matching evolution in the waveguides.This together with mode analysis highlights the origin of the improved SHG/SFG efficiency.We also demonstrate strongly enhanced SFG with a broadband IR source by exploiting multiple coherent SFG processes on 1μm diameter AlGaInP disks/Al_(2)O_(3)/Ag with a conversion efficiency of 14.8%MW^(−1) which is five times the SHG value using the narrowband IR source.In both configurations,the hybrid plasmonic structures exhibit>1000 enhancement in the nonlinear conversion efficiency compared to their photonic counterparts.Our results manifest the potential of developing such nanoscale hybrid plasmonic devices for state-of-the-art on-chip nonlinear optics applications.
文摘The drug delivery and targeting method of gold tourmaline composite atoms generated by optical tweezers in a micro-optical device system is proposed.Gold atoms can be trapped and mixed into the tourmaline content,from which the composite gold tourmaline atoms can be formed using the optical tweezers,which can be delivered close to the desired target cells for cells healing and enhancing applications.In simulation,the optical tweezers are formed by whispering gallery(leaky)modes of light can be generated within a modified add-drop filter,which is known as a Panda ring resonator.It is a nonlinear micro optical device,from which the optical probes called optical tweezers can be generated and used for atom trapping,removing and transportation.In this paper,the optical tweezers are designed for gold tourmaline composite atom trapping,in which the trapped gold tourmaline atoms can be deposited(removed)on(from)the surface for cosmetics and cells enhancing treatment usages.The advantage of the proposed scheme is that the applied(removed)atoms to(from)the surface treatments by the designed trapping and storage device,where the device controlled switching is the key function.In application,the composite trapped gold-tourmaline atoms can be stored with the storage device.In addition,the removal trapped gold-tourmaline atoms can be removed from the treatment surface,from which the used gold atoms can be possible extracted and reused.The cells enhancing and healing applications using the tourmaline properties such as magnetic and far infrared are also plausible.
