A pot experiment was conducted in a plastic film house to evaluate the translocation and uptake of heavy metals(Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn) into brown rice(Oryza sativa L.) and the heavy metals residues in soils which had previo...A pot experiment was conducted in a plastic film house to evaluate the translocation and uptake of heavy metals(Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn) into brown rice(Oryza sativa L.) and the heavy metals residues in soils which had previously been irrigated with domestic wastewater for a long time(3 years).The range of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn was 5.10 ± 0.01,0.105 ± 0.017,5.76 ± 0.42,and 23.56 ± 1.40 mg kg-1,respectively in the domestic wastewater-irrigated soil,and 0.370 ± 0.006,0.011 ± 0.001,0.340 ± 0.04,and 2.05 ± 0.18 mg kg-1,respectively,in the domestic wastewater-irrigated brown rice.The results indicated that application of domestic wastewater to arable land slightly increased the levels of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn in soil and brown rice(P < 0.01).The concentrations of heavy metals in brown rice were lower than the recommended tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.However,the continuous monitoring and pollution control of hazardous materials from domestic wastewater are needed in order to prevent excessive build-up of heavy metals in the food chain.展开更多
Chimeric plants composed of green and albino tissues have great ornamental value.To unveil the functional genes responsible for albino phenotypes in chimeric plants,we inspected the complete plastid genomes(plastomes)...Chimeric plants composed of green and albino tissues have great ornamental value.To unveil the functional genes responsible for albino phenotypes in chimeric plants,we inspected the complete plastid genomes(plastomes)in green and albino leaf tissues from 23 ornamental chimeric plants belonging to 20 species,including monocots,dicots,and gymnosperms.In nine chimeric plants,plastomes were identical between green and albino tissues.Meanwhile,another 14 chimeric plants were heteroplasmic,showing a mutation between green and albino tissues.We identified 14 different point mutations in eight functional plastid genes related to plastid-encoded RNA polymerase(rpo)or photosystems which caused albinism in the chimeric plants.Among them,12 were deleterious mutations in the target genes,in which early termination appeared due to small deletion-mediated frameshift or single nucleotide substitution.Another was single nucleotide substitution in an intron of the ycf3 and the other was a missense mutation in coding region of the rpoC2 gene.We inspected chlorophyll structure,protein functional model of the rpoC2,and expression levels of the related genes in green and albino tissues of Reynoutria japonica.A single amino acid change,histidine-to-proline substitution,in the rpoC2 protein may destabilize the peripheral helix of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase,impairing the biosynthesis of the photosynthesis system in the albino tissue of R.japonica chimera plant.展开更多
Codonopsis lanceolata,traditionally used in Asian herbal medicine to treat respiratory inflammation,contains various bioactive compounds,including saponins.The influenza A virus(IAV)is notorious for causing pandemics ...Codonopsis lanceolata,traditionally used in Asian herbal medicine to treat respiratory inflammation,contains various bioactive compounds,including saponins.The influenza A virus(IAV)is notorious for causing pandemics due to its ability to undergo antigenic shifts and drifts,complicating vaccine effectiveness and treatment ap-proaches.This study investigates the protective and therapeutic effects of fermented C.lanceolata root extracts(FCLE)against IAV,comparing its efficacy with that of the original C.lanceolata root extracts(CLE)in both in vitro and in vivo models.FCLE demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant activity and an increased content of total polyphenols,saponins,and reducing sugars compared to CLE,although the content of lancemaside A was decreased in FCLE.FCLE also showed superior efficacy in reducing IAV-induced cytopathic effects and nucleo-capsid protein expression in A549 cells,and virus titer in MDCK cells,particularly in post-treatment mode.However,CLE did not exhibit any protective effects against IAV infection.FCLE effectively inhibited neur-aminidase(NA)activity and also tended to inhibit hemagglutinin.Furthermore,oral administration of FCLE at 100 mg/kg dramatically protected against lethal IAV infection,achieving a 100%survival rate,reducing virus titer,and ameliorating lung histopathological changes,with specific reductions in KC and IL-1βlevels in bron-choalveolar lavage fluid(BALF).These results suggest that FCLE has considerable antiviral efficacy against IAV by both directly inhibiting viral replication via NA activity and orchestrating an antiviral immune response.Collectively,our findings indicate that FCLE could be a promising nutraceutical ingredient for respiratory health.展开更多
Chlorophyll （Chl） degradation causes leaf yellowing during senescence or under stress conditions. For Chl breakdown, STAY-GREEN1 （SGR1） interacts with Chl catabolic enzymes （CCEs） and light-harvesting complex II...Chlorophyll （Chl） degradation causes leaf yellowing during senescence or under stress conditions. For Chl breakdown, STAY-GREEN1 （SGR1） interacts with Chl catabolic enzymes （CCEs） and light-harvesting complex II （LHCII） at the thylakoid membrane, possibly to allow metabolic channeling of potentially phototoxic Chl breakdown intermediates. Among these Chl catabolic components, SGR1 acts as a key regulator of leaf yellowing. In addition to SGR1 （At4g22920）, the Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains an additional homolog, SGR2 （At4g11910）, whose biological function remains elusive. Under senescence-inducing conditions, SGR2 expression is highly up-regulated, similarly to SGR1 expression. Here we show that SGR2 function counteracts SGR1 activity in leaf Chl degradation; SGR2-overexpressing plants stayed green and the sgr2-1 knockout mutant exhibited early leaf yellowing under age-, dark-, and stress-induced senescence conditions. Like SGR1, SGR2 interacted with LHCII but, in contrast to SGR1, SGR2 interactions with CCEs were very limited. Furthermore, SGR1 and SGR2 formed homo- or heterodimers, strongly suggesting a role for SGR2 in negatively regulat- ing Chl degradation by possibly interfering with the proposed CCE-recruiting function of SGR1. Our data indicate an antagonistic evolution of the functions of SGR1 and SGR2 in Arabidopsis to balance Chl catabolism in chloroplasts with the dismantling and remobilizing of other cellular components in senescing leaf cells.展开更多
文摘A pot experiment was conducted in a plastic film house to evaluate the translocation and uptake of heavy metals(Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn) into brown rice(Oryza sativa L.) and the heavy metals residues in soils which had previously been irrigated with domestic wastewater for a long time(3 years).The range of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn was 5.10 ± 0.01,0.105 ± 0.017,5.76 ± 0.42,and 23.56 ± 1.40 mg kg-1,respectively in the domestic wastewater-irrigated soil,and 0.370 ± 0.006,0.011 ± 0.001,0.340 ± 0.04,and 2.05 ± 0.18 mg kg-1,respectively,in the domestic wastewater-irrigated brown rice.The results indicated that application of domestic wastewater to arable land slightly increased the levels of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn in soil and brown rice(P < 0.01).The concentrations of heavy metals in brown rice were lower than the recommended tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.However,the continuous monitoring and pollution control of hazardous materials from domestic wastewater are needed in order to prevent excessive build-up of heavy metals in the food chain.
基金This work was supported by the Bio&Medical Technology Development Program of the NRF,MSIP,Republic of Korea(grant no.NRF-2015M3A9A5030733)grants from the Nuclear R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT)and the research program of KAERI,Republic of Korea.
文摘Chimeric plants composed of green and albino tissues have great ornamental value.To unveil the functional genes responsible for albino phenotypes in chimeric plants,we inspected the complete plastid genomes(plastomes)in green and albino leaf tissues from 23 ornamental chimeric plants belonging to 20 species,including monocots,dicots,and gymnosperms.In nine chimeric plants,plastomes were identical between green and albino tissues.Meanwhile,another 14 chimeric plants were heteroplasmic,showing a mutation between green and albino tissues.We identified 14 different point mutations in eight functional plastid genes related to plastid-encoded RNA polymerase(rpo)or photosystems which caused albinism in the chimeric plants.Among them,12 were deleterious mutations in the target genes,in which early termination appeared due to small deletion-mediated frameshift or single nucleotide substitution.Another was single nucleotide substitution in an intron of the ycf3 and the other was a missense mutation in coding region of the rpoC2 gene.We inspected chlorophyll structure,protein functional model of the rpoC2,and expression levels of the related genes in green and albino tissues of Reynoutria japonica.A single amino acid change,histidine-to-proline substitution,in the rpoC2 protein may destabilize the peripheral helix of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase,impairing the biosynthesis of the photosynthesis system in the albino tissue of R.japonica chimera plant.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(RS-2022-00164733)to E.-B.B,Ministry of SMEsStartups(MSS)grant funded by Korea government(RS-2023-00223479)to H.-Y.S.
文摘Codonopsis lanceolata,traditionally used in Asian herbal medicine to treat respiratory inflammation,contains various bioactive compounds,including saponins.The influenza A virus(IAV)is notorious for causing pandemics due to its ability to undergo antigenic shifts and drifts,complicating vaccine effectiveness and treatment ap-proaches.This study investigates the protective and therapeutic effects of fermented C.lanceolata root extracts(FCLE)against IAV,comparing its efficacy with that of the original C.lanceolata root extracts(CLE)in both in vitro and in vivo models.FCLE demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant activity and an increased content of total polyphenols,saponins,and reducing sugars compared to CLE,although the content of lancemaside A was decreased in FCLE.FCLE also showed superior efficacy in reducing IAV-induced cytopathic effects and nucleo-capsid protein expression in A549 cells,and virus titer in MDCK cells,particularly in post-treatment mode.However,CLE did not exhibit any protective effects against IAV infection.FCLE effectively inhibited neur-aminidase(NA)activity and also tended to inhibit hemagglutinin.Furthermore,oral administration of FCLE at 100 mg/kg dramatically protected against lethal IAV infection,achieving a 100%survival rate,reducing virus titer,and ameliorating lung histopathological changes,with specific reductions in KC and IL-1βlevels in bron-choalveolar lavage fluid(BALF).These results suggest that FCLE has considerable antiviral efficacy against IAV by both directly inhibiting viral replication via NA activity and orchestrating an antiviral immune response.Collectively,our findings indicate that FCLE could be a promising nutraceutical ingredient for respiratory health.
文摘Chlorophyll （Chl） degradation causes leaf yellowing during senescence or under stress conditions. For Chl breakdown, STAY-GREEN1 （SGR1） interacts with Chl catabolic enzymes （CCEs） and light-harvesting complex II （LHCII） at the thylakoid membrane, possibly to allow metabolic channeling of potentially phototoxic Chl breakdown intermediates. Among these Chl catabolic components, SGR1 acts as a key regulator of leaf yellowing. In addition to SGR1 （At4g22920）, the Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains an additional homolog, SGR2 （At4g11910）, whose biological function remains elusive. Under senescence-inducing conditions, SGR2 expression is highly up-regulated, similarly to SGR1 expression. Here we show that SGR2 function counteracts SGR1 activity in leaf Chl degradation; SGR2-overexpressing plants stayed green and the sgr2-1 knockout mutant exhibited early leaf yellowing under age-, dark-, and stress-induced senescence conditions. Like SGR1, SGR2 interacted with LHCII but, in contrast to SGR1, SGR2 interactions with CCEs were very limited. Furthermore, SGR1 and SGR2 formed homo- or heterodimers, strongly suggesting a role for SGR2 in negatively regulat- ing Chl degradation by possibly interfering with the proposed CCE-recruiting function of SGR1. Our data indicate an antagonistic evolution of the functions of SGR1 and SGR2 in Arabidopsis to balance Chl catabolism in chloroplasts with the dismantling and remobilizing of other cellular components in senescing leaf cells.
