Li-argyrodites are promising solid electrolytes(SEs)for solid-state Li-ion batteries(SSLBs),but their large-scale industrial application remains a challenge.Conventional synthesis methods for SEs suffer from long reac...Li-argyrodites are promising solid electrolytes(SEs)for solid-state Li-ion batteries(SSLBs),but their large-scale industrial application remains a challenge.Conventional synthesis methods for SEs suffer from long reaction times and high energy consumption.In this study,we present a wet process for the synthesis of halogen-rich argyrodite Li_(6-a)PS_(5-a)Cl_(1+a)precursors(LPSCl_(1+a)-P,a=0–0.7)via an energysaving microwave-assisted process.Utilizing vibrational heating,we accelerate the formation of Liargyrodite precursor,even at excessive Cl-ion concentration,which significantly shortens the reaction time compared to traditional methods.After crystallization,we successfully synthesize the Liargyrodite,Li_(5.5)PS_(4.5)Cl_(1.5),which exhibits the superior ionic conductivity(7.8 mS cm^(-1))and low activation energy(0.23 eV)along with extremely low electric conductivity.The Li_(5.5)PS_(4.5)Cl_(1.5)exhibits superior Li compatibility owing to its high reversible striping/plating ability(over 5000 h)and high current density acceptability(1.3 mA cm^(-2)).It also exhibits excellent cycle reversibility and rate capability with NCM622 cathode(148.3 mA h g^(-1)at 1 C for 100 cycles with capacity retention of 85.6%).This finding suggests a potentially simpler and more scalable synthetic route to produce high-performance SEs.展开更多
The lithium(Li)metal anode is regarded as the upcoming generation of battery anodes due to its high theoretical capacity(3860 mAh g^(-1))and low standard reduction potential(-3.04 vs SHE).Addressing challenges related...The lithium(Li)metal anode is regarded as the upcoming generation of battery anodes due to its high theoretical capacity(3860 mAh g^(-1))and low standard reduction potential(-3.04 vs SHE).Addressing challenges related to the formation of Li metal dendrites,such as short circuits and low Coulombic efficiency,is crucial for the practical implementation of Li metal anodes.Previous research on Li metal has primarily focus on the Li plating process for achieving homogeneous growth.However,our study highlights the significance of pit formation variations,which significantly influence Li growth behavior in subsequent cycles.Expanding on this understanding,we formulated electrochemical activation conditions to promote uniform pit formation,thereby doubling the cycle life in a symmetric cell,and increasing the capacity retention of NCM622||Li full-cell from 68.7%to 79.5%after 500 cycles.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)employ P2-type layered transition metal oxides as promising cathode materials,primarily due to their abundant natural reserves and environmentally friendly characteristics.However,structural ...Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)employ P2-type layered transition metal oxides as promising cathode materials,primarily due to their abundant natural reserves and environmentally friendly characteristics.However,structural instability and complex phase transitions during electrochemical cycling pose significant challenges to their practical applications.Employing cation substitution serves as a straightforward yet effective strategy for stabilizing the structure and improving the kinetics of the active material.In this study,we introduce a Ni-rich honeycomb-layered Na_(2+x)Ni_(2)TeO_(6)(NNTO)cathode material with variable sodium content(x=0,0.03,0.05,0.10).Physicochemical characterizations reveal that excess sodium content at the atomic scale modifies the surface and suppresses phase transitions,while preserving the crystal structure.This results in enhanced cyclic performance and improved electrochemical kinetics at room temperature.Furthermore,we investigate the performance of the NNTO cathode material containing 10%excess sodium at a relatively high temperature of 60℃,where it exhibits 71.6%capacity retention compared to 60%for the pristine.Overall,our results confirm that a preconstructed surface layer(induced by excess sodium)effectively safeguards the Ni-based cathode material from surface degradation and phase transitions during the electrochemical processes,thus exhibiting superior capacity retention relative to the pristine NNTO cathode.This study of the correlation between structure and performance can potentially be applied to the commercialization of SIBs.展开更多
The photochemical conversion of plastic waste into valuable resources under ambient conditions is challenging.Achieving efficient photocatalytic conversion necessitates intimate contact between the photocatalyst and p...The photochemical conversion of plastic waste into valuable resources under ambient conditions is challenging.Achieving efficient photocatalytic conversion necessitates intimate contact between the photocatalyst and plastic substrate,as water molecules are readily oxidized by photogenerated holes,potentially bypassing the plastic as the electron donor.This study demonstrated a novel strategy for depositing polystyrene(PS)waste onto a photoanode by leveraging its solubility in specific organic solvents,including acetone and chloroform,thus enhancing the interface contact.We used an anodization technique to fabricate a skeleton-like porous tungsten oxide(WO_(3))structure,which exhibited higher durability against detachment from a conductive substrate than the WO_(3) photoanode fabricated using the doctor blade method.Upon illumination,the photogenerated holes were transferred from WO_(3) to PS,promoting the oxidative degradation of plastic waste under ambient conditions.Consequently,the oxidative degradation of PS on the anode side generated carbon dioxide,while the cathodic process produced hydrogen gas through water reduction.Our findings pave the way for sunlight-driven plastic waste treatment technologies that concurrently generate valuable fuels or chemicals and offer the dual benefits of cost savings and environmental protection.展开更多
Conventionally,Te has primarily been used to improve the machinability of steel and its alloys.In this work,Te was used to refine the grains of an oxide-dispersion-strengthened(ODS)steel produced by additive manufactu...Conventionally,Te has primarily been used to improve the machinability of steel and its alloys.In this work,Te was used to refine the grains of an oxide-dispersion-strengthened(ODS)steel produced by additive manufacturing(AM)with fixed processing parameters.Addition of Te to the raw powder produced an ODS steel with a fine-grained microstructure,in contrast to the ODS steel manufactured without Te.Moreover,the addition of Te resulted in superior yield strength and ultimate tensile strength,which was attributed to the combined effects of grain refinement and the finer nanoparticles(NPs)composed of Terich composite NPs and Cr-rich NPs.For the first time,the AM technique was used to obtain grain and nanoparticle sizes of~3.4μm and 6 nm,respectively,from the Te-added ODS steel.展开更多
Nanoscale ruthenium(Ru)-based materials are promising replacements for existing multilayered Cu interconnects in integrated circuits.However,it is not easy to apply the results of previously reported studies directly ...Nanoscale ruthenium(Ru)-based materials are promising replacements for existing multilayered Cu interconnects in integrated circuits.However,it is not easy to apply the results of previously reported studies directly to the electrochemical damascene process because the previous studies have mainly focused on thin flms by dry deposition.Here,we report the electrical resistivity and microstructure of electrodeposited Ru nanowires.We estimate that the resistivity value of a 10 nm diameter Ru nanowire to be71.6μΩcm after analyzing the resistivity values of individual nanowires with various diameters.Furthermore,we investigate the electrical properties of Ru_(x)Co_(1-x)nanowires where x is 0.04–0.99 at.%as possible replacements of the current Ta N barrier structures.Over the entire composition range,the resistivity values of alloys are much lower than that of the conventional Ta N.Additionally,Ru and Ru-alloy nanowires surrounded by dielectric silica are thermally stable after 450°C heat treatment.Therefore,the nanoscale Ru and Ru-Co alloys possessing low resistivity values can be candidates for the interconnect and barrier materials,respectively.展开更多
Despite the economy of material cost and excellent toughness of Cu-based amorphous alloys,especially CusoZrso,their poor corrosion resistance to a chloride medium limits their widespread applications.In this study,cor...Despite the economy of material cost and excellent toughness of Cu-based amorphous alloys,especially CusoZrso,their poor corrosion resistance to a chloride medium limits their widespread applications.In this study,corrosion tests were performed on the CusoZrso amorphous alloy with different degrees of short-range order,which were prepared by annealing below the glass transition temperature（Tg）.It was found that the corrosion resistance of amorphous alloys is improved to a significant level when the alloys were heated below Tg.Calorimetric studies showed that thermally activated relaxation process of created disorder,which occurs during sub-Tg annealing,is responsible for the improvement in the corrosion resistance.Molecular dynamics simulations performed on the Cu-Zr amorphous alloys demonstrated that the relaxation process of the alloys is associated with the formation of energetically stable icosahedra and icosahedron-like structures.Our study highlights the effects of sub-Tg annealing on the improvement in the corrosion resistance of the amorphous alloys from the viewpoint the relaxation process of the short-range orders.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries are considered as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries,owing to their low cost and abundant raw materials.Among the several candidate materials for the anode,spinel-type Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(...Sodium-ion batteries are considered as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries,owing to their low cost and abundant raw materials.Among the several candidate materials for the anode,spinel-type Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)has potential owing to its superior safety originating from an appropriate operating voltage and the reversible Na^(+)intercalation properties.However,a low diffusion coefficient for Na^(+)and the insulating nature of LTO remains challenging for practical sodium-ion battery systems.Herein,we present a strategy for integrating physical and chemical approaches to achieve superior electrochemical properties in LTO.We demonstrate that carefully controlling the amount of Cr doping is crucial to enhance the electrochemical properties of nanostructured LTO.Optimized Cr doped LTO shows a superior reversible capacity of 110 m Ah g^(-1) after 400 cycles at 1 C,with a three-fold higher capacity(75 m Ah g^(-1))at 10 C compared with undoped LTO material.This suggests that appropriately Cr doped nanostructured LTO is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries.展开更多
Cu2O nanocubes,octahedra,spheres and truncated rhombic dodecahedral were prepared and their structural,morphological,and electronic properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis.X-ray absorption near edge...Cu2O nanocubes,octahedra,spheres and truncated rhombic dodecahedral were prepared and their structural,morphological,and electronic properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis.X-ray absorption near edge structure,scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope and X-ray absorption near edge structure.Cu2O nanocrystals were successfully employed to catalyze the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted triazoles.Cu2O nanocubes and octahedral showed the superior catalytic performance in the cycloaddition reaction.These results reveal that crystal-plane engineering of oxide catalysts is a useful strategy for developing efficient catalysts for organic reaction.展开更多
The formation and evolution of glacier moraine-dammed lakes are closely related to past glacier expansion and retreat. Geomorphic markers such as lacustrine terraces and beach ridges observed in these lakes provide im...The formation and evolution of glacier moraine-dammed lakes are closely related to past glacier expansion and retreat. Geomorphic markers such as lacustrine terraces and beach ridges observed in these lakes provide important evidence for regional paleoenvironment reconstruction. We document the magnitude of paleo-shoreline fluctuations and timings of highstands of lake water by using cosmogenic 10Be surface exposure dating and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating on samples collected from lacustrine sediment and bedrock strath in Lake Khagiin Khar. The lake was initially impounded by glacier moraine at the Global Last Glacial maximum(gLGM;21–19 ka), and the lake reached its maximum paleo-shoreline level of 1840 m at sea level(a.s.l.). At that time, the stored lake water amount was up to seven times greater and the surface area was three times larger than the present values. The paleolake experienced higher shoreline levels at 1832, 1822, and 1817 m a.s.l. and reached the present lake level after 0.4 ka. We interpret that decrease in the paleolake level was caused by spillover. The increase in melt water after the gLGM and the Late Glacial exceeded the storage threshold of the lake, and the paleolake water overflowed across the lowest drainage divides. The lake spilled over across the lowest bedrock ridge at 15.9 ± 0.6 ka, and the outlet was incised since that time at a rate of 3.72 ± 0.15 mm/yr. The initial stream of the Khiidiin Pass River was disturbed by LGM moraine damming and was rerouted into the present course running through moraine after the spillover at 15.9 ± 0.6 ka.展开更多
FAMn:PbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite films were synthesized and probed mainly through electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. FAMn:PbI<sub>3</sub> with low (~1%) Mn concentration showed a hyperf...FAMn:PbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite films were synthesized and probed mainly through electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. FAMn:PbI<sub>3</sub> with low (~1%) Mn concentration showed a hyperfine sextet line originated from Mn<sup>++</sup> ions. FAMn:PbI<sub>3</sub> with high (10%) Mn concentration showed broad resonance (~500 G peak-to-peak linewidth). However, after bombardment of FAMn:PbI<sub>3</sub> with high Mn concentration by focused ion beams (FIB), a sharp ESR peak appeared. The peak-to-peak linewidth (ΔH<sub>pp</sub>) was ~8 G regardless of the temperature. The FIB-induced defect showed Curie behavior at low temperatures (5 K - 50 K), which indicates the presence of localized electrons at the defect sites at low temperatures. The g-value increased from g = 2.0002 to 2.0016 as the temperature increased from 5 K to 50 K. Together with the ongoing search for electron spin echo (ESE), this could potentially provide a platform for realizing magnetic bits, information storage, and increased manipulation speed.展开更多
Achieving historically anticipated improvement in the performance of integrated circuits is challenging,due to the increasing cost and complexity of the required technologies with each new generation.To overcome this ...Achieving historically anticipated improvement in the performance of integrated circuits is challenging,due to the increasing cost and complexity of the required technologies with each new generation.To overcome this limitation,the exploration and development of novel interconnect materials and processes are highly desirable in the microelectronics field.Molybdenum(Mo)is attracting attention as an advanced interconnect material due to its small resistivity size effect and high cohesive energy;however,effective processing methods for such materials have not been widely investigated.Here,we investigate the electrochemical behavior of ions in the confined nanopores that affect the electrical properties and microstructures of nanoscale Mo and Mo-Co alloys prepared via template-assisted electrodeposition.Additives in an electrolyte allow the deposition of extremely pure metal materials,due to their interac-tion with metal ions and nanopores.In this study,boric acid and tetrabutylammonium bisulfate(TBA)were added to an acetate bath to inhibit the hydrogen evolution reaction.TBA accelerated the reduction of Mo at the surface by inducing surface conduction on the nanopores.Metallic Mo nanowires with a 130 nm diameter synthesized through high-aspect-ratio nanopore engineering exhibited a resistivity of(63.0±17.9)μΩcm.We also evaluated the resistivities of Mo-Co alloy nanowires at various compo-sitions toward replacing irreducible conventional barrier/liner layers.An intermetallic compound formed at a Mo composition of 28.6 at%,the resistivity of the Mo-Co nanowire was(58.0±10.6)μΩcm,indicat-ing its superior electrical and adhesive properties in comparison with those of conventional barriers such as TaN and TiN.Furthermore,density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's function calcula-tions confirmed that the vertical resistance of the via structure constructed from Mo-based materials was 21%lower than that of a conventional Cu/Ta/TaN structure.展开更多
Prostate cancer(PC)biomarker-citrate detection is clinically important to diagnose PC in early stages.Methylquinolinium iodide(Q)conjugated indole-phenylboronic acid(IB)was designed as a red-emissive QIB probe for the...Prostate cancer(PC)biomarker-citrate detection is clinically important to diagnose PC in early stages.Methylquinolinium iodide(Q)conjugated indole-phenylboronic acid(IB)was designed as a red-emissive QIB probe for the detection of citrate through Lewis acid-base reaction and intramolecular charge transfer(ICT)sensing mechanisms.Boronic acid acts as Lewis acid as well as citrate(Lewis base)recognition unit.The probe reacted with citrate,showing enhanced red emissions.Since the probe has excellent water solubility and great biocompatibility,practical application in biological systems is possible.Citrate was monitored precisely in the mitochondria organelle(in vitro)of living cells with a positive charge on QIB.Also,endogenous(in situ)citrate was detected quantitatively to discriminate non-cancerous and PC mice,observed strong and lower(negligible)emission intensity on non-cancerous and cancerous prostate tissues,respectively.Because,the concentration of citrate is higher in healthy prostate compared with PC prostate.Furthermore,the analysis of sliced prostate tissues can give PC-related information for clinical diagnosis to prevent and treat PC in the initial stages.Therefore,we believe that the present probe is a promising biochemical reagent in diagnosing PC.展开更多
Pd-capped nanocrystalline Mg films were prepared by electron beam evaporation and hydrogenated under isothermal conditions to inves-tigate the hydrogen absorption process via ion beam techniques and in situ optical me...Pd-capped nanocrystalline Mg films were prepared by electron beam evaporation and hydrogenated under isothermal conditions to inves-tigate the hydrogen absorption process via ion beam techniques and in situ optical methods.Films were characterized by different techniques such as X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Rutherford backscattering spectrometry(RBS)and elastic recoil detection analysis(ERDA)provided a detailed compositional depth profile of the films during hydrogenation.Gas-solid reaction kinetics theory applied to ERDA data revealed a H absorption mechanism controlled by H diffusion.This rate-limiting step was also confirmed by XRD measurements.The diffusion coefficient(D)was also determined via RBS and ERDA,with a value of(1.1±0.1)·10^(−13)cm^(2)/s at 140℃.Results confirm the validity of IBA to monitor the hydrogenation process and to extract the control mechanism of the process.The H kinetic information given by optical methods is strongly influenced by the optical absorption of the magnesium layer,revealing that thinner films are needed to extract further and reliable information from that technique.展开更多
As an alternative to Li-ion batteries,aqueous Zn batteries have gained attention due to the abundance of Zn metal,low reduction potential(-0.76 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode),and high theoretical capacity(820 mAh g...As an alternative to Li-ion batteries,aqueous Zn batteries have gained attention due to the abundance of Zn metal,low reduction potential(-0.76 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode),and high theoretical capacity(820 mAh g^(-1))of multivalent Zn2+ion.However,the growth of Zn dendrites and the formation of irreversible surface reaction byproducts pose challenges for ensuring a long battery lifespan and commercialization.Herein,the Cu foil coated with a single-walled carbon nanotube(SWCNT)layer using a facile doctor blade casting method is utilized.The SWCNT-coated Cu foil demonstrates a significantly longer battery lifespan compared to the bare Cu in the half-cell tests.Through operando optical microscopy imaging,we are able to provide intuitive evidence that Zn deposition occurs between the carbon nanotube(CNT)coating and Cu substrate,in agreement with the computational results.Also,with various imaging techniques,the flat morphology and homogeneous distribution of Zn beneath the SWCNT layer are demonstrated.In addition,the full-cell using CNT-coated Cu exhibits a long cycle life compared to the control group,thereby demonstrating improved electrochemical performance with limited Zn for the cycling process.展开更多
This study investigates the effects of Fe on the oxygen-evolution reaction(OER)in the presence of Au.Two distinct areas of OER were identified:the first associated with Fe sites at low overpotential(~330 mV),and the s...This study investigates the effects of Fe on the oxygen-evolution reaction(OER)in the presence of Au.Two distinct areas of OER were identified:the first associated with Fe sites at low overpotential(~330 mV),and the second with Au sites at high overpotential(~870 mV).Various factors such as surface Fe concentration,electrochemical method,scan rate,potential range,concentration,method of adding K_(2)Fe O_(4),nature of Fe,and temperature were varied to observe diverse behaviors during OER for Fe O_(x)H_(y)/Au.Trace amounts of Fe ions had a significant impact on OER,reaching a saturation point where the activity did not increase further.Strong electronic interaction between Fe and Au ions was indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)analyses.In situ visible spectroscopy confirmed the formation of Fe O_(4)^(2-)during OER.In situ Mossbauer and surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)analyses suggest the involvement of Fe-based species as intermediates during the rate-determining step of OER.A lattice OER mechanism based on Fe O_(x)H_(y)was proposed for operation at low overpotentials.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations revealed that Fe oxide,Fe-oxide clusters,and Fe doping on the Au foil exhibited different activities and stabilities during OER.The study provides insights into the interplay between Fe and Au in OER,advancing the understanding of OER mechanisms and offering implications for the design of efficient electrocatalytic systems.展开更多
Metal sulfides have attracted significant attention in sodium-ion battery research owing to their high theoretical capacity.However,their practical application is hindered by volume fluctuations and low conductivity c...Metal sulfides have attracted significant attention in sodium-ion battery research owing to their high theoretical capacity.However,their practical application is hindered by volume fluctuations and low conductivity caused by conversion reactions.In this study,hollow cobalt disulfide/nitrogen-doped carbon(CoS_(2)/NC)nanoboxes were synthesized from cobalt-based Prussian blue analogues(PBA)through a sulfidation process.The resulting nanoboxes,approximately 500 nm in size,possess hollow interiors constructed from interconnected primary nanoparticles(~50 nm).The unique hierarchical structure provides abundant void space to accommodate volume changes and shortens transport pathways.Furthermore,the integration of nitrogen-doped carbon matrix significantly enhances the electronic conductivity.When employed as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries,hollow CoS_(2)/NC nanoboxes delivered an outstanding desodiation capacity of 619.4 mAh·g^(-1) at 5 A·g^(-1) over 400 cycles with an average capacity loss of only 0.04%per cycle.This study highlights the potential of PBAs as precursors for synthesizing nanoscale metal sulfides with nitrogen-doped carbon matrices,offering a promising approach to enhance electrochemical performance in energy storage systems.展开更多
Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems,but practical use is limited by polysulfide(PS)shuttling and Li metal anode instability.Lithium nitrate(LiNO_(3))is w...Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems,but practical use is limited by polysulfide(PS)shuttling and Li metal anode instability.Lithium nitrate(LiNO_(3))is widely used to mitigate these issues;however,its interfacial effects across the anode,electrolyte,and cathode during operation are not fully understood.Here,operando optical microscopy with a custom side-by-side cell enables simultaneous monitoring of the Li anode,liquid electrolyte,and sulfur cathode in a single field of view under conditions with and without LiNO_(3).In the absence of LiNO_(3),the Li surface undergoes rough stripping and fragmented,non-coalescent deposition,accompanied by PS-induced corrosion and accumulation of parasitic byproducts at the anode-electrolyte interface.Redness Intensity(RI),introduced to quantify electrolyte-phase PS dynamics,indicates sustained transport toward the anode and delayed conversion to elemental sulfur.By contrast,LiNO_(3)induces uniform Li stripping and the growth of aggregated,interconnected deposits,while mitigating PS crossover and promoting efficient sulfur crystallization at the cathode.Complementary SEM-EDS,UV–vis,XPS,TXM,and CT analyses corroborate these observations.By elucidating the multifunctional role of LiNO_(3),this study clarifies the interfacial dynamics that govern Li–S battery performance.展开更多
Doping and substitution methods are predominantly employed in the synthesis of ceramics to achieve their desired functional properties.We studied the behavior of excessive dopants in addition to an existing stoichiome...Doping and substitution methods are predominantly employed in the synthesis of ceramics to achieve their desired functional properties.We studied the behavior of excessive dopants in addition to an existing stoichiometric composition using a high-throughput continuous compositional spread sputtering method.We paid attention to the possible formation of thermodynamically unstable phases by the addition of an excessive amount of dopants.We showed that even when dopants were added as an additive,they dissolved into the existing lattice due to the benefit of the entropy of mixing.Regardless of excessiveness,all added elements incorporated into the lattice,stabilized by the tolerance factor.We also demonstrated ourfindings exemplarily with lead iron niobate to induce magnetic properties alongside inherent ferroelectricity(M_(S)=10 emu/cm^(3),P_(S)=16μC/cm^(2)).We compare the results from CCS with those from the non-additive solid-state method,leading to a conclusion that the benefit from the entropy of mixing allows foreign elements to substitute for the elements initially residing in the lattice to a degree in compliance with the Goldschmidt tolerance factor.This observation was confirmed by a density functional theory calculation.We anticipate that our study could necessitate intensive research on achieving desired composition through industry-friendly processing.展开更多
Diverse connective tissues exhibit hierarchical anisotropic structures that intricately regulate homeostasis and tissue functions for dynamic immune response modulation.In this study,remotely manipulable hierarchical ...Diverse connective tissues exhibit hierarchical anisotropic structures that intricately regulate homeostasis and tissue functions for dynamic immune response modulation.In this study,remotely manipulable hierarchical nanostructures are tailored to exhibit multi-scale ligand anisotropy.Hierarchical nanostructure construction involves coupling liganded nanoscale isotropic/anisotropic Au(comparable to few integrin molecules-scale)to the surface of microscale isotropic/anisotropic magnetic Fe3O4(comparable to integrin cluster-scale)and then elastically tethering them to a substrate.Systematic independent tailoring of nanoscale or microscale ligand isotropy versus anisotropy in four different hierarchical nanostructures with constant liganded surface area demonstrates similar levels of integrin molecule bridging and macrophage adhesion on the nanoscale ligand isotropy versus anisotropy.Conversely,the levels of integrin cluster bridging across hierarchical nanostructures and macrophage adhesion are significantly promoted by microscale ligand anisotropy compared with microscale ligand isotropy.Furthermore,microscale ligand anisotropy dominantly activates the host macrophage adhesion and pro-regenerative M2 polarization in vivo over the nanoscale ligand anisotropy,which can be cyclically reversed by substrate-proximate versus substrate-distant magnetic manipulation.This unprecedented scale-specific regulation of cells can be diversified by unlimited tuning of the scale,anisotropy,dimension,shape,and magnetism of hierarchical structures to decipher scale-specific dynamic cell-material interactions to advance immunoengineering strategies.展开更多
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(RS-2022-NR070534)supported by the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIT)(2710024139)。
文摘Li-argyrodites are promising solid electrolytes(SEs)for solid-state Li-ion batteries(SSLBs),but their large-scale industrial application remains a challenge.Conventional synthesis methods for SEs suffer from long reaction times and high energy consumption.In this study,we present a wet process for the synthesis of halogen-rich argyrodite Li_(6-a)PS_(5-a)Cl_(1+a)precursors(LPSCl_(1+a)-P,a=0–0.7)via an energysaving microwave-assisted process.Utilizing vibrational heating,we accelerate the formation of Liargyrodite precursor,even at excessive Cl-ion concentration,which significantly shortens the reaction time compared to traditional methods.After crystallization,we successfully synthesize the Liargyrodite,Li_(5.5)PS_(4.5)Cl_(1.5),which exhibits the superior ionic conductivity(7.8 mS cm^(-1))and low activation energy(0.23 eV)along with extremely low electric conductivity.The Li_(5.5)PS_(4.5)Cl_(1.5)exhibits superior Li compatibility owing to its high reversible striping/plating ability(over 5000 h)and high current density acceptability(1.3 mA cm^(-2)).It also exhibits excellent cycle reversibility and rate capability with NCM622 cathode(148.3 mA h g^(-1)at 1 C for 100 cycles with capacity retention of 85.6%).This finding suggests a potentially simpler and more scalable synthetic route to produce high-performance SEs.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea Government(MSIT)(RS-202400422387)the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea Government(MSIT)(RS-2024-00404414)support by The Ministry of Science and ICT in Korea via KBSI(Grant No.C524100).
文摘The lithium(Li)metal anode is regarded as the upcoming generation of battery anodes due to its high theoretical capacity(3860 mAh g^(-1))and low standard reduction potential(-3.04 vs SHE).Addressing challenges related to the formation of Li metal dendrites,such as short circuits and low Coulombic efficiency,is crucial for the practical implementation of Li metal anodes.Previous research on Li metal has primarily focus on the Li plating process for achieving homogeneous growth.However,our study highlights the significance of pit formation variations,which significantly influence Li growth behavior in subsequent cycles.Expanding on this understanding,we formulated electrochemical activation conditions to promote uniform pit formation,thereby doubling the cycle life in a symmetric cell,and increasing the capacity retention of NCM622||Li full-cell from 68.7%to 79.5%after 500 cycles.
基金Korea Institute of Science and Technology,Grant/Award Number:2E33270National Research Foundation of Korea,Grant/Award Number:2020M3H4A3081889。
文摘Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)employ P2-type layered transition metal oxides as promising cathode materials,primarily due to their abundant natural reserves and environmentally friendly characteristics.However,structural instability and complex phase transitions during electrochemical cycling pose significant challenges to their practical applications.Employing cation substitution serves as a straightforward yet effective strategy for stabilizing the structure and improving the kinetics of the active material.In this study,we introduce a Ni-rich honeycomb-layered Na_(2+x)Ni_(2)TeO_(6)(NNTO)cathode material with variable sodium content(x=0,0.03,0.05,0.10).Physicochemical characterizations reveal that excess sodium content at the atomic scale modifies the surface and suppresses phase transitions,while preserving the crystal structure.This results in enhanced cyclic performance and improved electrochemical kinetics at room temperature.Furthermore,we investigate the performance of the NNTO cathode material containing 10%excess sodium at a relatively high temperature of 60℃,where it exhibits 71.6%capacity retention compared to 60%for the pristine.Overall,our results confirm that a preconstructed surface layer(induced by excess sodium)effectively safeguards the Ni-based cathode material from surface degradation and phase transitions during the electrochemical processes,thus exhibiting superior capacity retention relative to the pristine NNTO cathode.This study of the correlation between structure and performance can potentially be applied to the commercialization of SIBs.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and Information and Communication Technology(ICT)(NRF-2020M3H4A3106354)Korea Government(MSIT,RS-2023-00213022)the Korea Institution of Science and Technology(KIST)internal projects.
文摘The photochemical conversion of plastic waste into valuable resources under ambient conditions is challenging.Achieving efficient photocatalytic conversion necessitates intimate contact between the photocatalyst and plastic substrate,as water molecules are readily oxidized by photogenerated holes,potentially bypassing the plastic as the electron donor.This study demonstrated a novel strategy for depositing polystyrene(PS)waste onto a photoanode by leveraging its solubility in specific organic solvents,including acetone and chloroform,thus enhancing the interface contact.We used an anodization technique to fabricate a skeleton-like porous tungsten oxide(WO_(3))structure,which exhibited higher durability against detachment from a conductive substrate than the WO_(3) photoanode fabricated using the doctor blade method.Upon illumination,the photogenerated holes were transferred from WO_(3) to PS,promoting the oxidative degradation of plastic waste under ambient conditions.Consequently,the oxidative degradation of PS on the anode side generated carbon dioxide,while the cathodic process produced hydrogen gas through water reduction.Our findings pave the way for sunlight-driven plastic waste treatment technologies that concurrently generate valuable fuels or chemicals and offer the dual benefits of cost savings and environmental protection.
基金supported by a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(NRF-2021R1A2B5B01002063)。
文摘Conventionally,Te has primarily been used to improve the machinability of steel and its alloys.In this work,Te was used to refine the grains of an oxide-dispersion-strengthened(ODS)steel produced by additive manufacturing(AM)with fixed processing parameters.Addition of Te to the raw powder produced an ODS steel with a fine-grained microstructure,in contrast to the ODS steel manufactured without Te.Moreover,the addition of Te resulted in superior yield strength and ultimate tensile strength,which was attributed to the combined effects of grain refinement and the finer nanoparticles(NPs)composed of Terich composite NPs and Cr-rich NPs.For the first time,the AM technique was used to obtain grain and nanoparticle sizes of~3.4μm and 6 nm,respectively,from the Te-added ODS steel.
基金fnancially supported by the Samsung Research Funding&Incubation Center of Samsung Electronics(No.SRFCTA1703–06)Samsung Electronics Co.,Ltd.(No.IO210317–08500–01)。
文摘Nanoscale ruthenium(Ru)-based materials are promising replacements for existing multilayered Cu interconnects in integrated circuits.However,it is not easy to apply the results of previously reported studies directly to the electrochemical damascene process because the previous studies have mainly focused on thin flms by dry deposition.Here,we report the electrical resistivity and microstructure of electrodeposited Ru nanowires.We estimate that the resistivity value of a 10 nm diameter Ru nanowire to be71.6μΩcm after analyzing the resistivity values of individual nanowires with various diameters.Furthermore,we investigate the electrical properties of Ru_(x)Co_(1-x)nanowires where x is 0.04–0.99 at.%as possible replacements of the current Ta N barrier structures.Over the entire composition range,the resistivity values of alloys are much lower than that of the conventional Ta N.Additionally,Ru and Ru-alloy nanowires surrounded by dielectric silica are thermally stable after 450°C heat treatment.Therefore,the nanoscale Ru and Ru-Co alloys possessing low resistivity values can be candidates for the interconnect and barrier materials,respectively.
基金supported financially by the Industrial Core Technology Development Project (No. 10033222)
文摘Despite the economy of material cost and excellent toughness of Cu-based amorphous alloys,especially CusoZrso,their poor corrosion resistance to a chloride medium limits their widespread applications.In this study,corrosion tests were performed on the CusoZrso amorphous alloy with different degrees of short-range order,which were prepared by annealing below the glass transition temperature（Tg）.It was found that the corrosion resistance of amorphous alloys is improved to a significant level when the alloys were heated below Tg.Calorimetric studies showed that thermally activated relaxation process of created disorder,which occurs during sub-Tg annealing,is responsible for the improvement in the corrosion resistance.Molecular dynamics simulations performed on the Cu-Zr amorphous alloys demonstrated that the relaxation process of the alloys is associated with the formation of energetically stable icosahedra and icosahedron-like structures.Our study highlights the effects of sub-Tg annealing on the improvement in the corrosion resistance of the amorphous alloys from the viewpoint the relaxation process of the short-range orders.
基金supported by the Korea Institute of Science and Technology(KIST)Institutional Program(Project No.2E30212)the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)(NRF-2020M3H4A1A0308297811)。
文摘Sodium-ion batteries are considered as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries,owing to their low cost and abundant raw materials.Among the several candidate materials for the anode,spinel-type Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)has potential owing to its superior safety originating from an appropriate operating voltage and the reversible Na^(+)intercalation properties.However,a low diffusion coefficient for Na^(+)and the insulating nature of LTO remains challenging for practical sodium-ion battery systems.Herein,we present a strategy for integrating physical and chemical approaches to achieve superior electrochemical properties in LTO.We demonstrate that carefully controlling the amount of Cr doping is crucial to enhance the electrochemical properties of nanostructured LTO.Optimized Cr doped LTO shows a superior reversible capacity of 110 m Ah g^(-1) after 400 cycles at 1 C,with a three-fold higher capacity(75 m Ah g^(-1))at 10 C compared with undoped LTO material.This suggests that appropriately Cr doped nanostructured LTO is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries.
基金the Iranian National Science Foundation(INSF)Sharif University of Technology and University of Maragheh for financial supports of this work
文摘Cu2O nanocubes,octahedra,spheres and truncated rhombic dodecahedral were prepared and their structural,morphological,and electronic properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis.X-ray absorption near edge structure,scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope and X-ray absorption near edge structure.Cu2O nanocrystals were successfully employed to catalyze the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted triazoles.Cu2O nanocubes and octahedral showed the superior catalytic performance in the cycloaddition reaction.These results reveal that crystal-plane engineering of oxide catalysts is a useful strategy for developing efficient catalysts for organic reaction.
基金supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Koreathe National Research Foundation of Korea (grant NRF-2018S1A5A2A01031348 awarded to Y.B. Seong)
文摘The formation and evolution of glacier moraine-dammed lakes are closely related to past glacier expansion and retreat. Geomorphic markers such as lacustrine terraces and beach ridges observed in these lakes provide important evidence for regional paleoenvironment reconstruction. We document the magnitude of paleo-shoreline fluctuations and timings of highstands of lake water by using cosmogenic 10Be surface exposure dating and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating on samples collected from lacustrine sediment and bedrock strath in Lake Khagiin Khar. The lake was initially impounded by glacier moraine at the Global Last Glacial maximum(gLGM;21–19 ka), and the lake reached its maximum paleo-shoreline level of 1840 m at sea level(a.s.l.). At that time, the stored lake water amount was up to seven times greater and the surface area was three times larger than the present values. The paleolake experienced higher shoreline levels at 1832, 1822, and 1817 m a.s.l. and reached the present lake level after 0.4 ka. We interpret that decrease in the paleolake level was caused by spillover. The increase in melt water after the gLGM and the Late Glacial exceeded the storage threshold of the lake, and the paleolake water overflowed across the lowest drainage divides. The lake spilled over across the lowest bedrock ridge at 15.9 ± 0.6 ka, and the outlet was incised since that time at a rate of 3.72 ± 0.15 mm/yr. The initial stream of the Khiidiin Pass River was disturbed by LGM moraine damming and was rerouted into the present course running through moraine after the spillover at 15.9 ± 0.6 ka.
文摘FAMn:PbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite films were synthesized and probed mainly through electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. FAMn:PbI<sub>3</sub> with low (~1%) Mn concentration showed a hyperfine sextet line originated from Mn<sup>++</sup> ions. FAMn:PbI<sub>3</sub> with high (10%) Mn concentration showed broad resonance (~500 G peak-to-peak linewidth). However, after bombardment of FAMn:PbI<sub>3</sub> with high Mn concentration by focused ion beams (FIB), a sharp ESR peak appeared. The peak-to-peak linewidth (ΔH<sub>pp</sub>) was ~8 G regardless of the temperature. The FIB-induced defect showed Curie behavior at low temperatures (5 K - 50 K), which indicates the presence of localized electrons at the defect sites at low temperatures. The g-value increased from g = 2.0002 to 2.0016 as the temperature increased from 5 K to 50 K. Together with the ongoing search for electron spin echo (ESE), this could potentially provide a platform for realizing magnetic bits, information storage, and increased manipulation speed.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Koreafunded by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea(2021R1A6A3A13046504)+1 种基金the Ministry of Science and ICT of the Republic of Korea(2022M3H4A1A04096339 and 2020M3F3A2A01081585)the Samsung Electronics Co.,Ltd.(IO210317-08500-01).
文摘Achieving historically anticipated improvement in the performance of integrated circuits is challenging,due to the increasing cost and complexity of the required technologies with each new generation.To overcome this limitation,the exploration and development of novel interconnect materials and processes are highly desirable in the microelectronics field.Molybdenum(Mo)is attracting attention as an advanced interconnect material due to its small resistivity size effect and high cohesive energy;however,effective processing methods for such materials have not been widely investigated.Here,we investigate the electrochemical behavior of ions in the confined nanopores that affect the electrical properties and microstructures of nanoscale Mo and Mo-Co alloys prepared via template-assisted electrodeposition.Additives in an electrolyte allow the deposition of extremely pure metal materials,due to their interac-tion with metal ions and nanopores.In this study,boric acid and tetrabutylammonium bisulfate(TBA)were added to an acetate bath to inhibit the hydrogen evolution reaction.TBA accelerated the reduction of Mo at the surface by inducing surface conduction on the nanopores.Metallic Mo nanowires with a 130 nm diameter synthesized through high-aspect-ratio nanopore engineering exhibited a resistivity of(63.0±17.9)μΩcm.We also evaluated the resistivities of Mo-Co alloy nanowires at various compo-sitions toward replacing irreducible conventional barrier/liner layers.An intermetallic compound formed at a Mo composition of 28.6 at%,the resistivity of the Mo-Co nanowire was(58.0±10.6)μΩcm,indicat-ing its superior electrical and adhesive properties in comparison with those of conventional barriers such as TaN and TiN.Furthermore,density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's function calcula-tions confirmed that the vertical resistance of the via structure constructed from Mo-based materials was 21%lower than that of a conventional Cu/Ta/TaN structure.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22150410327)the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT&Future Planning(No.2020R1A2C1102741).
文摘Prostate cancer(PC)biomarker-citrate detection is clinically important to diagnose PC in early stages.Methylquinolinium iodide(Q)conjugated indole-phenylboronic acid(IB)was designed as a red-emissive QIB probe for the detection of citrate through Lewis acid-base reaction and intramolecular charge transfer(ICT)sensing mechanisms.Boronic acid acts as Lewis acid as well as citrate(Lewis base)recognition unit.The probe reacted with citrate,showing enhanced red emissions.Since the probe has excellent water solubility and great biocompatibility,practical application in biological systems is possible.Citrate was monitored precisely in the mitochondria organelle(in vitro)of living cells with a positive charge on QIB.Also,endogenous(in situ)citrate was detected quantitatively to discriminate non-cancerous and PC mice,observed strong and lower(negligible)emission intensity on non-cancerous and cancerous prostate tissues,respectively.Because,the concentration of citrate is higher in healthy prostate compared with PC prostate.Furthermore,the analysis of sliced prostate tissues can give PC-related information for clinical diagnosis to prevent and treat PC in the initial stages.Therefore,we believe that the present probe is a promising biochemical reagent in diagnosing PC.
基金support by Spanish MICINN through the project PID2021-126098OB-I00/AEI/FEDER10.13039/501100011033 are gratefully ac-knowledgedthe MiNa Laboratory at IMN,and funding from CAM(project S2018/NMT-4291 TEC2SPACE),MINECO(project CSIC13-4E-1794)and EU(FEDER,FSE)+2 种基金fund-ing from TechnoFusion Project(P2018/EMT-4437)of the CAM(Comunidad Autónoma Madrid)support from the Center for Micro-Analysis of Materials(CMAM)-Univer-sidad Autónoma de Madrid,for the beam time proposals,with codes STD005/23,STD020/23 and STD037/23,and its technical staff for their contribution to the operation of the acceleratorsupport from the research project“Captación de Talento UAM”Ref:#541D300 supervised by the Vice-Chancellor of Research of Universidad Autonoma de Madrid(UAM).
文摘Pd-capped nanocrystalline Mg films were prepared by electron beam evaporation and hydrogenated under isothermal conditions to inves-tigate the hydrogen absorption process via ion beam techniques and in situ optical methods.Films were characterized by different techniques such as X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Rutherford backscattering spectrometry(RBS)and elastic recoil detection analysis(ERDA)provided a detailed compositional depth profile of the films during hydrogenation.Gas-solid reaction kinetics theory applied to ERDA data revealed a H absorption mechanism controlled by H diffusion.This rate-limiting step was also confirmed by XRD measurements.The diffusion coefficient(D)was also determined via RBS and ERDA,with a value of(1.1±0.1)·10^(−13)cm^(2)/s at 140℃.Results confirm the validity of IBA to monitor the hydrogenation process and to extract the control mechanism of the process.The H kinetic information given by optical methods is strongly influenced by the optical absorption of the magnesium layer,revealing that thinner films are needed to extract further and reliable information from that technique.
基金Ministry of Science and ICT,South Korea,Grant/Award Number:C310200National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),Grant/Award Number:2020R1C1C1012308。
文摘As an alternative to Li-ion batteries,aqueous Zn batteries have gained attention due to the abundance of Zn metal,low reduction potential(-0.76 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode),and high theoretical capacity(820 mAh g^(-1))of multivalent Zn2+ion.However,the growth of Zn dendrites and the formation of irreversible surface reaction byproducts pose challenges for ensuring a long battery lifespan and commercialization.Herein,the Cu foil coated with a single-walled carbon nanotube(SWCNT)layer using a facile doctor blade casting method is utilized.The SWCNT-coated Cu foil demonstrates a significantly longer battery lifespan compared to the bare Cu in the half-cell tests.Through operando optical microscopy imaging,we are able to provide intuitive evidence that Zn deposition occurs between the carbon nanotube(CNT)coating and Cu substrate,in agreement with the computational results.Also,with various imaging techniques,the flat morphology and homogeneous distribution of Zn beneath the SWCNT layer are demonstrated.In addition,the full-cell using CNT-coated Cu exhibits a long cycle life compared to the control group,thereby demonstrating improved electrochemical performance with limited Zn for the cycling process.
基金the National Elite Foundationthe Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences for their financial supportfinancially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22173026,22350410386,22375200,U22A202175,21961142006)。
文摘This study investigates the effects of Fe on the oxygen-evolution reaction(OER)in the presence of Au.Two distinct areas of OER were identified:the first associated with Fe sites at low overpotential(~330 mV),and the second with Au sites at high overpotential(~870 mV).Various factors such as surface Fe concentration,electrochemical method,scan rate,potential range,concentration,method of adding K_(2)Fe O_(4),nature of Fe,and temperature were varied to observe diverse behaviors during OER for Fe O_(x)H_(y)/Au.Trace amounts of Fe ions had a significant impact on OER,reaching a saturation point where the activity did not increase further.Strong electronic interaction between Fe and Au ions was indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)analyses.In situ visible spectroscopy confirmed the formation of Fe O_(4)^(2-)during OER.In situ Mossbauer and surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)analyses suggest the involvement of Fe-based species as intermediates during the rate-determining step of OER.A lattice OER mechanism based on Fe O_(x)H_(y)was proposed for operation at low overpotentials.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations revealed that Fe oxide,Fe-oxide clusters,and Fe doping on the Au foil exhibited different activities and stabilities during OER.The study provides insights into the interplay between Fe and Au in OER,advancing the understanding of OER mechanisms and offering implications for the design of efficient electrocatalytic systems.
基金supported by the Jilin Provincial Education Department(No.JJKH20230615KJ)National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea Government(MSIT,No.NRF-RS-2024-00446785)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province,China(No.YDZJ202401373ZYTS)the Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project(No.D18012).
文摘Metal sulfides have attracted significant attention in sodium-ion battery research owing to their high theoretical capacity.However,their practical application is hindered by volume fluctuations and low conductivity caused by conversion reactions.In this study,hollow cobalt disulfide/nitrogen-doped carbon(CoS_(2)/NC)nanoboxes were synthesized from cobalt-based Prussian blue analogues(PBA)through a sulfidation process.The resulting nanoboxes,approximately 500 nm in size,possess hollow interiors constructed from interconnected primary nanoparticles(~50 nm).The unique hierarchical structure provides abundant void space to accommodate volume changes and shortens transport pathways.Furthermore,the integration of nitrogen-doped carbon matrix significantly enhances the electronic conductivity.When employed as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries,hollow CoS_(2)/NC nanoboxes delivered an outstanding desodiation capacity of 619.4 mAh·g^(-1) at 5 A·g^(-1) over 400 cycles with an average capacity loss of only 0.04%per cycle.This study highlights the potential of PBAs as precursors for synthesizing nanoscale metal sulfides with nitrogen-doped carbon matrices,offering a promising approach to enhance electrochemical performance in energy storage systems.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(RS-2024-00455177)the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(RS-2025-00518953)+1 种基金the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.GTL24012-000)This study was also supported by LG Energy Solution.Jong-Seong Bae acknowledges the support by the Ministry of Science and ICT in Korea via KBSI(Grant No.C524100).
文摘Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems,but practical use is limited by polysulfide(PS)shuttling and Li metal anode instability.Lithium nitrate(LiNO_(3))is widely used to mitigate these issues;however,its interfacial effects across the anode,electrolyte,and cathode during operation are not fully understood.Here,operando optical microscopy with a custom side-by-side cell enables simultaneous monitoring of the Li anode,liquid electrolyte,and sulfur cathode in a single field of view under conditions with and without LiNO_(3).In the absence of LiNO_(3),the Li surface undergoes rough stripping and fragmented,non-coalescent deposition,accompanied by PS-induced corrosion and accumulation of parasitic byproducts at the anode-electrolyte interface.Redness Intensity(RI),introduced to quantify electrolyte-phase PS dynamics,indicates sustained transport toward the anode and delayed conversion to elemental sulfur.By contrast,LiNO_(3)induces uniform Li stripping and the growth of aggregated,interconnected deposits,while mitigating PS crossover and promoting efficient sulfur crystallization at the cathode.Complementary SEM-EDS,UV–vis,XPS,TXM,and CT analyses corroborate these observations.By elucidating the multifunctional role of LiNO_(3),this study clarifies the interfacial dynamics that govern Li–S battery performance.
基金the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(2021-M1A3B2A01078712)This research was supported by the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Future Resource Program(2E33181)the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant by the Korea government(No.2021R1A2C2010695,RS-2023-00222719).
文摘Doping and substitution methods are predominantly employed in the synthesis of ceramics to achieve their desired functional properties.We studied the behavior of excessive dopants in addition to an existing stoichiometric composition using a high-throughput continuous compositional spread sputtering method.We paid attention to the possible formation of thermodynamically unstable phases by the addition of an excessive amount of dopants.We showed that even when dopants were added as an additive,they dissolved into the existing lattice due to the benefit of the entropy of mixing.Regardless of excessiveness,all added elements incorporated into the lattice,stabilized by the tolerance factor.We also demonstrated ourfindings exemplarily with lead iron niobate to induce magnetic properties alongside inherent ferroelectricity(M_(S)=10 emu/cm^(3),P_(S)=16μC/cm^(2)).We compare the results from CCS with those from the non-additive solid-state method,leading to a conclusion that the benefit from the entropy of mixing allows foreign elements to substitute for the elements initially residing in the lattice to a degree in compliance with the Goldschmidt tolerance factor.This observation was confirmed by a density functional theory calculation.We anticipate that our study could necessitate intensive research on achieving desired composition through industry-friendly processing.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.RS-2023-00208427)supported by the Korea Basic Science Institute(National research Facilities and Equipment Center)grant fun-ded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.RS-2024-00402412)+1 种基金supported by the Nano&Material Technology Develop-ment Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by Ministry of Science and ICT(RS-2024-00407093)supported by a Korea University Grant.
文摘Diverse connective tissues exhibit hierarchical anisotropic structures that intricately regulate homeostasis and tissue functions for dynamic immune response modulation.In this study,remotely manipulable hierarchical nanostructures are tailored to exhibit multi-scale ligand anisotropy.Hierarchical nanostructure construction involves coupling liganded nanoscale isotropic/anisotropic Au(comparable to few integrin molecules-scale)to the surface of microscale isotropic/anisotropic magnetic Fe3O4(comparable to integrin cluster-scale)and then elastically tethering them to a substrate.Systematic independent tailoring of nanoscale or microscale ligand isotropy versus anisotropy in four different hierarchical nanostructures with constant liganded surface area demonstrates similar levels of integrin molecule bridging and macrophage adhesion on the nanoscale ligand isotropy versus anisotropy.Conversely,the levels of integrin cluster bridging across hierarchical nanostructures and macrophage adhesion are significantly promoted by microscale ligand anisotropy compared with microscale ligand isotropy.Furthermore,microscale ligand anisotropy dominantly activates the host macrophage adhesion and pro-regenerative M2 polarization in vivo over the nanoscale ligand anisotropy,which can be cyclically reversed by substrate-proximate versus substrate-distant magnetic manipulation.This unprecedented scale-specific regulation of cells can be diversified by unlimited tuning of the scale,anisotropy,dimension,shape,and magnetism of hierarchical structures to decipher scale-specific dynamic cell-material interactions to advance immunoengineering strategies.
