The research involves the addition of 5 vol.%TiB_(2)particles into AA8009 alloy powder to synthesize TiB_(2)/AA8009 composite parts produced via laser powder bed fusion(LPBF).The addition of the TiB_(2)particles cause...The research involves the addition of 5 vol.%TiB_(2)particles into AA8009 alloy powder to synthesize TiB_(2)/AA8009 composite parts produced via laser powder bed fusion(LPBF).The addition of the TiB_(2)particles causes the TiB_(2)/AA8009 composites with and without annealing have lower compressive strength than AA8009 alloy due to the change of the strengthening mechanism.The results further indicated that solid solution strengthening was the main strengthening mechanism of the LPBF AA8009 alloy at room temperature whereas Orowan strengthening became the primary strengthening factor after annealing at 673 K.In contrast,Orowan strengthening always remained the main strengthening mechanism for the TiB_(2)/AA8009 composite,irrespective of the annealing temperature.In addition,after annealing of the LPBF parts at 673 K,the compressive yield strength(CYS)of the unblended AA8009 alloy specimens had a~2.5 times greater reduction(from 705±16 to 459±30 MPa)compared to that of the composite TiB_(2)/AA8009 samples(from 466±23 to 368±3 MPa).Therefore,TiB_(2)particles can suppress the drop in yield strength of LPBF AA8009 alloy below 673 K,providing a theoretical and experimental basis for the applications of both LPBF AA8009 and TiB_(2)/AA8009 alloys at low and medium temperatures.展开更多
In our previous issue on“Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Ce-ramics”,focus has been particularly put forward to the studies of the spe-cific manufacturing processes of different ceramic materials and compo-nents.T...In our previous issue on“Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Ce-ramics”,focus has been particularly put forward to the studies of the spe-cific manufacturing processes of different ceramic materials and compo-nents.There is also a need to summarize a range of interesting aspects involved in ceramic additive manufacturing domain,including the re-search progresses,opportunities,challenges and prospects on materials and feedstock,individual manufacturing technique,debinding,sintering and advanced applications.This would then provide a systematic guid-ance for the domain’s development so that promising future of ceramic additive manufacturing might be assured.展开更多
As a revolutionary industrial technology,additive manufacturing creates objects by adding materials layer by layer and hence can fabricate customized components with an unprecedented degree of freedom.For metallic mat...As a revolutionary industrial technology,additive manufacturing creates objects by adding materials layer by layer and hence can fabricate customized components with an unprecedented degree of freedom.For metallic materials,unique hierarchical microstructures are constructed during additive manufacturing,which endow them with numerous excellent properties.To take full advantage of additive manufacturing,an in-depth understanding of the microstructure evolution mechanism is required.To this end,this review explores the fundamental procedures of additive manufacturing,that is,the formation and binding of melt pools.A comprehensive processing map is proposed that integrates melt pool energy-and geometry-related process parameters together.Based on it,additively manufactured microstructures are developed during and after the solidification of constituent melt pool.The solidification structures are composed of primary columnar grains and fine secondary phases that form along the grain boundaries.The post-solidification structures include submicron scale dislocation cells stemming from internal residual stress and nanoscale precipitates induced by intrinsic heat treatment during cyclic heating of adjacent melt pool.Based on solidification and dislocation theories,the formation mechanisms of the multistage microstructures are thoroughly analyzed,and accordingly,multistage control methods are proposed.In addition,the underlying atomic scale structural features are briefly discussed.Furthermore,microstructure design for additive manufacturing through adjustment of process parameters and alloy composition is addressed to fulfill the great potential of the technique.This review not only builds a solid microstructural framework for metallic materials produced by additive manufacturing but also provides a promising guideline to adjust their mechanical properties.展开更多
To enhance the mechanical properties of Mo alloys prepared through laser powder bed fusion(LPBF),a hot isostatic pressing(HIP)treatment was used.Results show that following HIP treatment,the porosity decreases from 0....To enhance the mechanical properties of Mo alloys prepared through laser powder bed fusion(LPBF),a hot isostatic pressing(HIP)treatment was used.Results show that following HIP treatment,the porosity decreases from 0.27%to 0.22%,enabling the elements Mo and Ti to diffuse fully and to distribute more uniformly,and to forming a substantial number of low-angle grain boundaries.The tensile strength soars from 286±32 MPa to 598±22 MPa,while the elongation increases from 0.08%±0.02%to 0.18%±0.02%,without notable alterations in grain morphology during the tensile deformation.HIP treatment eliminates the molten pool boundaries,which are the primary source for premature failure in LPBFed Mo alloys.Consequently,HIP treatment emerges as a novel and effective approach for strengthening the mechanical properties of LPBFed Mo alloys,offering a fresh perspective on producing high-performance Mo-based alloys.展开更多
A precipitation-hardening high-entropy alloy(HEA),(FeCoNi)_(86)Al_(7) Ti_(7),was successfully fabricated using selective laser melting(SLM).Severe segregation of Ti occurred at the boundaries of dislocation cells.Ther...A precipitation-hardening high-entropy alloy(HEA),(FeCoNi)_(86)Al_(7) Ti_(7),was successfully fabricated using selective laser melting(SLM).Severe segregation of Ti occurred at the boundaries of dislocation cells.Therefore,homogenization heat treatment at 1150℃for 0.5 h was performed to alleviate the microsegregation.After homogenization,almost no dislocation cells were left in the grains,and recrystallization occurred as the average grain size increased from 37 to 54μm.Compared with the initial as-built HEA,the ductility of the HEA increases significantly from 29%to 40%,and the strength decreases slightly from 710 to 606 MPa.For further aging,pre-homogenization can decrease the precipitation of ordered L2_(1) phases.Because void has a high propensity to initiate from the matrix/L2_(1) incoherent interface,pre-homogenization reduced the number of weak points,thus considerably improving the plastic deformation ability of the aged HEA by 36%.In addition,the strengthening mechanism has also been analyzed for the aged HEA.It was revealed that the coherent L1_(2)precipitate contributed the most to the increased strength.展开更多
After annealed at 1000 ℃, a special basket-weave structure is obtained in laser additive manufactured Ti-6Al-2V-1.5Mo- 0.5Zr-0.3Si alloy. The unit of the special basket-weave structure is a lamellas clusters, which c...After annealed at 1000 ℃, a special basket-weave structure is obtained in laser additive manufactured Ti-6Al-2V-1.5Mo- 0.5Zr-0.3Si alloy. The unit of the special basket-weave structure is a lamellas clusters, which consist of lamellar primary ot (otp), crab-like structures at the edges of otp and lamellar secondary a (as) on both sides of otp. As the units of basket-weave structures, the width of the clusters is much larger than that of a lamellas in as-deposited alloy. The formation temperature and process of the special basket-weave structure are studied, and the room temperature properties are tested and compared with the as-deposited alloy. The results show that the formation of the special basket-weave structure finishes within about 30 s and crab-like structures form earlier than lamellar as. The yield strength of the alloy is decreased by about 75 MPa compared to that of the as-deposited alloy. Besides, the proof-ultimate strength difference of the alloy is two times higher than that of the as-deposited alloy with about 34% improvement for the impact toughness. It is because ot colony size shows a positive correlation to the width of the unit forming basket-weave structure. The enhancement in proof-ultimate strengthdifference could significantly improve the toughness of the alloy, and thus effectively increase the safety of the alloy.展开更多
Conversion of inorganic-organic frameworks (ceramic precursors and ceramic-polymer mixtures) into solid mass ceramic structures based on photopolymerization process is currently receiving plentiful attention in the fi...Conversion of inorganic-organic frameworks (ceramic precursors and ceramic-polymer mixtures) into solid mass ceramic structures based on photopolymerization process is currently receiving plentiful attention in the field of additive manufacturing (3D printing).Various techniques(e.g.,stereolithography,digital light processing,and two-photon polymerization) that are compatible with this strategy have so far been widely investigated.This is due to their cost-viability,flexibility,and ability to design and manufacture complex geometric structures.Different platforms related to these techniques have been developed too,in order to meet up with modem technology demand.Most relevant to this review are the challenges faced by the researchers in using these 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of ceramic structures.These challenges often range from shape shrinkage,mass loss,poor densification,cracking,weak mechanical performance to undesirable surface roughness of the final ceramic structures.This is due to the brittle nature of ceramic materials.Based on the summary and discussion on the current progress of material-technique correlation available,here we show the significance of material composition and printing processes in addressing these challenges.The use of appropriate solid loading,solvent,and preceramic polymers in forming slurries is suggested as steps in the right direction.Techniques are indicated as another factor playing vital roles and their selection and development are suggested as plausible ways to remove these barriers.展开更多
Inkjet printing is a promising alternative for the fabrication of thin film components for solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs) due to its contactless, mask free, and controllable printing process. In order to obtain satisfy...Inkjet printing is a promising alternative for the fabrication of thin film components for solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs) due to its contactless, mask free, and controllable printing process. In order to obtain satisfying electrolyte thin layer structures in anode-supported SOFCs, the preparation of suitable electrolyte ceramic inks is a key. At present, such a kind of 8 mol% Y_(2)O_(3)-stabilized ZrO_(2)(8 YSZ) electrolyte ceramic ink with long-term stability and high solid loading(> 15 wt%) seems rare for precise inkjet printing, and a number of characterization and performance aspects of the inks, such as homogeneity, viscosity, and printability, should be studied. In this study, 8 YSZ ceramic inks of varied compositions were developed for inkjet printing of SOFC ceramic electrolyte layers. The dispersing effect of two types of dispersants, i.e., polyacrylic acid ammonium(PAANH4) and polyacrylic acid(PAA), were compared. The results show that ultrasonic dispersion treatment can help effectively disperse the ceramic particles in the inks. PAANH4 has a better dispersion effect for the inks developed in this study. The inks show excellent printable performance in the actual printing process. The stability of the ink can be maintained for a storage period of over 30 days with the help of initial ultrasonic dispersion. Finally, micron-size thin 8 YSZ electrolyte films were successfully fabricated through inkjet printing and sintering, based on the as-developed high solid loading 8 YSZ inks(20 wt%). The films show fully dense and intact structural morphology and smooth interfacial bonding, offering an improved structural quality of electrolyte for enhanced SOFC performance.展开更多
Selective laser melting(SLM)is an emerging layer-wise additive manufacturing technique that can generate complex components with high performance.Particulate-reinforced aluminum matrix composites(PAMCs)are important m...Selective laser melting(SLM)is an emerging layer-wise additive manufacturing technique that can generate complex components with high performance.Particulate-reinforced aluminum matrix composites(PAMCs)are important materials for various applications due to the combined properties of Al matrix and reinforcements.Considering the advantages of SLM technology and PAMCs,the novel SLM PAMCs have been developed and researched in recent years.Therefore,the current research progress about the SLM PAMCs is reviewed.Firstly,special attention is paid to the solidification behavior of SLM PAMCs.Secondly,the important issues about the design and fabrication of high-performance SLM PAMCs,including the selection of reinforcement,the influence of parameters on the processing and microstructure,the defect evolution and phase control,are highlighted and discussed comprehensively.Thirdly,the performance and strengthening mechanism of SLM PAMCs are systematically figured out.Finally,future directions are pointed out on the advancement of high-performance SLM PAMCs.展开更多
An Al-12 Si/Al-3.5 Cu-1.5 Mg-1 Si bimetal with a good interface was successfully produced by selective laser melting(SLM).The SLM bimetal exhibits four successive zones along the building direction:an Al-12 Si zone,an...An Al-12 Si/Al-3.5 Cu-1.5 Mg-1 Si bimetal with a good interface was successfully produced by selective laser melting(SLM).The SLM bimetal exhibits four successive zones along the building direction:an Al-12 Si zone,an interfacial zone,a texture-strengthening zone and an Al-Cu-Mg-Si zone.The interfacial zone(<0.2 mm thick)displays an increasing size of the cells composed of eutectic Al-Si and a discontinuous cellular microstructure,resulting in the lowest hardness of the four zones.The texturestrengthening zone(around 0.3 mm thick)shows a remarkable variation of the hardness and<001>fiber texture.Electron backscatter diffraction analysis shows that the grains grow gradually from the interfacial zone to the Al-Cu-Mg-Si zone along the building direction.Additionally,a strong<001>fiber texture develops at the Al-Cu-Mg-Si side of the interfacial zone and disappears gradually along the building direction.The bimetal exhibits a room temperature yield strength of 267±10 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 369±15 MPa with elongation of 2.6±0.1%,revealing the potential of selective laser melting in manufacturing dissimilar materials.展开更多
Ti-6Al-4V specimens were fabricated by selective laser melting(SLM)to study the effect of thermal treatment on the phase transformation,elemental diffusion,microstructure,and mechanical properties.The results show tha...Ti-6Al-4V specimens were fabricated by selective laser melting(SLM)to study the effect of thermal treatment on the phase transformation,elemental diffusion,microstructure,and mechanical properties.The results show that vanadium enriches around the boundary ofαphases with increasing annealing temperature to 973 K,andα′phases transform intoα+βat 973 K.The typicalα′martensite microstructure transforms to fine-scale equiaxed microstructure at 973 K and the equiaxed microstructure significantly coarsens with increasing annealing temperature to 1273 K.The SLM Ti-6Al-4V alloy annealed at 973 K exhibits a well-balanced combination of strength and ductility((1305±25)MPa and(37±3)%,respectively).展开更多
Methanol cross-over effects from the anode to the cathode are important parameters for reducing catalytic performance in direct methanol fuel cells.A promising candidate catalyst for the cathode in direct methanol fue...Methanol cross-over effects from the anode to the cathode are important parameters for reducing catalytic performance in direct methanol fuel cells.A promising candidate catalyst for the cathode in direct methanol fuel cells must have excellent activity toward oxygen reduction reaction and resistance to methanol oxidation reaction.This review focuses on the methanol tolerant noble metal-based electrocatalysts,including platinum and palladium-based alloys,noble metal–carbon based composites,transition metal-based catalysts,carbon-based metal catalysts,and metal-free catalysts.The understanding of the correlation between the activity and the synthesis method,electrolyte environment and stability issues are highlighted.For the transition metal-based catalyst,their activity,stability and methanol tolerance in direct methanol fuel cells and comparisons with those of platinum are particularly discussed.Finally,strategies to enhance the methanol tolerance and hinder the generation of mixed potential in direct methanol fuel cells are also presented.This review provides a perspective for future developments for the scientist in selecting suitable methanol tolerate catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction and designing high-performance practical direct methanol fuel cells.展开更多
Al-7Si-0.5Mg-0.5Cu alloy specimens have been fabricated by selective laser melting(SLM).In this study,the effects of solution treatment,quenching,and artifi cial aging on the microstructural evolution,as well as mecha...Al-7Si-0.5Mg-0.5Cu alloy specimens have been fabricated by selective laser melting(SLM).In this study,the effects of solution treatment,quenching,and artifi cial aging on the microstructural evolution,as well as mechanical and wear properties,have been investigated.The as-prepared samples show a heterogeneous cellular microstructure with two different cell sizes composed ofα-Al and Si phases.After solution-treated and quenched(SQ)heat treatment,the cellular microstructure disappears,and coarse and lumpy Si phase precipitates and a rectangular Cu-rich phase were observed.Subsequent aging after solution-treated and quenched(SQA)heat treatment causes the formation of nanosized Cu-rich precipitates.The asprepared SLMs sample has good mechanical properties and wear resistance(compressive yield strength:215±6 MPa and wear rate 2×10^(-13)m^(3)/m).The SQ samples with lumpy Si particles have the lowest strength of 167±13 MPa and the highest wear rate of 6.18×10^(1-13)m^(3)/m.The formation of nanosized Cu-rich precipitates in the SQA samples leads to the highest compressive yield strength of 233±6 MPa and a good wear rate of 5.06×10^(-13)m^(3)/m.展开更多
Thermal cycling procedure during laser additive manufacturing (LAM) process causes the appearance of bright and dark patterns on the etched surface of TC11 alloy components. The formation mechanisms of these patterns ...Thermal cycling procedure during laser additive manufacturing (LAM) process causes the appearance of bright and dark patterns on the etched surface of TC11 alloy components. The formation mechanisms of these patterns and the solid-state transformation related to LAM process are systematically investigated with the predication of temperature fields using the finite element software ABAQUS. The results indicate that by increasing subsequent thermal cycles, the peak temperatures for every cycle decrease. When peak temperatures are above Tβ(phase transition temperature of β phase), which is 1010℃ in TC11 alloy, no pattern is observed. Meanwhile, a decrease in peak temperature leads to appearance of an ultrafine basket-weave α+β microstructure (dark contrast) with gradually increased amount of α colonies in the alloy. A special bimodal microstructure with ‘fork-like'α lamella appears in the layer when the peak temperatures of thermal cycles firstly fall into α+β dual-phase region. And this special bimodal microstructure gives a bright contrast and only appears at the region where the peak temperatures are below 970℃, leaving the rest region with a dark contrast. With the continuous increase in thermal cycles in α+β dual-phase region,α lamella gradually coarsens. After five thermal cycles in α+β two-phase region, no further changes in microstructure are observed, and the morphologies of α lamella in dark and bright regions are almost the same but with different amounts of α phase.展开更多
Advanced ceramic materials have been widely used in a range of high-end technical fields due to their high mechanical performance,chemical stability,and impressive acoustic,optical,electrical,magnetic,and thermal prop...Advanced ceramic materials have been widely used in a range of high-end technical fields due to their high mechanical performance,chemical stability,and impressive acoustic,optical,electrical,magnetic,and thermal properties.With the continuous improvement of the current level of science and technology,especially in cutting-edge application scenarios,the structural and functional requirements of advanced ce-ramic parts are becoming increasingly higher.展开更多
Unsustainable fossil fuel energy usage and its environmental impacts are the most significant scientific challenges in the scientific community.Two-dimensional(2D)materials have received a lot of attention recently be...Unsustainable fossil fuel energy usage and its environmental impacts are the most significant scientific challenges in the scientific community.Two-dimensional(2D)materials have received a lot of attention recently because of their great potential for application in addressing some of society’s most enduring issues with renewable energy.Transition metal-based nitrides,carbides,or carbonitrides,known as“MXenes”,are a relatively new and large family of 2D materials.Since the discovery of the first MXene,Ti_(3)C_(2) in 2011 has become one of the fastest-expanding families of 2D materials with unique physiochemical features.MXene surface terminations with hydroxyl,oxygen,fluorine,etc.,are invariably present in the so far reported materials,imparting hydrophilicity to their surfaces.The current finding of multi-transition metal-layered MXenes with controlled surface termination capacity opens the door to fabricating unique structures for producing renewable energy.MXene NMs-based flexible chemistry allows them to be tuned for energy-producing/storage,electromagnetic interference shielding,gas/biosensors,water distillation,nanocomposite reinforcement,lubrication,and photo/electro/chemical catalysis.This review will first discuss the advancement of MXenes synthesis methods,their properties/stability,and renewable energy applications.Secondly,we will highlight the constraints and challenges that impede the scientific community from synthesizing functional MXene with controlled composition and properties.We will further reveal the high-tech implementations for renewable energy storage applications along with future challenges and their solutions.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)grid porous electrodes introduce vertically aligned pores as a convenient path for the transport of lithium-ions(Li-ions),thereby reducing the total transport distance of Li-ions and improving the...Three-dimensional(3D)grid porous electrodes introduce vertically aligned pores as a convenient path for the transport of lithium-ions(Li-ions),thereby reducing the total transport distance of Li-ions and improving the reaction kinetics.Although there have been other studies focusing on 3D electrodes fabricated by 3D printing,there still exists a gap between electrode design and their electrochemical performance.In this study,we try to bridge this gap through a comprehensive investigation on the effects of various electrode parameters including the electrode porosity,active material particle diameter,electrode electronic conductivity,electrode thickness,line width,and pore size on the electrochemical performance.Both numerical simulations and experimental investigations are conducted to systematically examine these effects.3D grid porous Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)(LTO)thick electrodes are fabricated by low temperature direct writing technology and the electrodes with the thickness of 1085μm and areal mass loading of 39.44 mg·cm^(−2) are obtained.The electrodes display impressive electrochemical performance with the areal capacity of 5.88 mAh·cm^(−2)@1.0 C,areal energy density of 28.95 J·cm^(−2)@1.0 C,and areal power density of 8.04 mW·cm^(−2)@1.0 C.This study can provide design guidelines for obtaining 3D grid porous electrodes with superior electrochemical performance.展开更多
Magnetic materials are of increasing importance for many essential applications due to their unique magnetic properties.However,due to the limited fabrication ability,magnetic materials are restricted by simple geomet...Magnetic materials are of increasing importance for many essential applications due to their unique magnetic properties.However,due to the limited fabrication ability,magnetic materials are restricted by simple geometric shapes.Three-dimensional(3D)printing is a highly versatile technique that can be utilized for constructing magnetic materials.The shape flexibility of magnets unleashes opportunities for magnetic composites with reducing post-manufacturing costs,motivating the review on 3D printing of magnetic materials.This paper focuses on recent achievements of magnetic materials using 3D printing technologies,followed by the characterization of their magnetic properties,which are further enhanced by modification.Interestingly,the corresponding properties depend on the intrinsic nature of starting materials,3D printing processing parameters,and the optimized structural design.More emphasis is placed on the functional applications of 3D-printed magnetic materials in different fields.Lastly,the current challenges and future opportunities are also addressed.展开更多
Lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite(LSCF)is an appreciable cathode material for solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs),and it has been widely investigated,owing to its excellent thermal and chemical stability.However,its poor o...Lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite(LSCF)is an appreciable cathode material for solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs),and it has been widely investigated,owing to its excellent thermal and chemical stability.However,its poor oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)activity,particularly at a temperature of≤800℃,causes setbacks in achieving a peak power density of>1.0 W·cm^(-2),limiting its application in the commercialization of SOFCs.To improve the ORR of LSCF,doping strategies have been found useful.Herein,the porous tantalum-doped LSCF materials(La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.4)Fe_(0.5)7Ta_(0.03)O_(3)(LSCFT-0),La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.4)Fe_(0.5)4Ta0.06O_(3),and La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.4)Fe_(0.5)Ta0.1O_(3))are prepared via camphor-assisted solid-state reaction(CSSR).The LSCFT-0 material exhibits promising ORR with area-specific resistance(ASR)of 1.260,_(0.5)80,0.260,0.100,and 0.06Ω·cm^(2)at 600,650,700,750,and 800℃,respectively.The performance is about 2 times higher than that of undoped La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.4)Fe_(0.6)O_(3)with the ASR of 2.515,1.191,_(0.5)96,0.320,and 0.181Ω·cm^(2)from the lowest to the highest temperature.Through material characterization,it was found that the incorporated Ta occupied the B-site of the material,leading to the enhancement of the ORR activity.With the use of LSCFT-0 as the cathode material for anode-supported single-cell,the power density of>1.0 W·cm^(-2)was obtained at a temperature<800℃.The results indicate that the CSSR-derived LSCFT is a promising cathode material for SOFCs.展开更多
The tradeoff between energy and power densities is a critical challenge for commercial tape-cast lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In this study,three-dimensional(3D)LIBs with interdigitated electrode structures are designe...The tradeoff between energy and power densities is a critical challenge for commercial tape-cast lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In this study,three-dimensional(3D)LIBs with interdigitated electrode structures are designed and fabricated via 3D printing to overcome this tradeoff.The evolution of battery design from tape-cast thin planar electrodes to interdigitated 3D electrodes is discussed.Numerical simulations based on COMSOL Multiphysics are performed to elucidate the advantages of interdigitated battery design.Interdigitated LIBs composed of comb-like 3D high-voltage LiCoO2(HV-LCO)cathodes and comb-like 3D natural graphite anodes are fabricated via 3D printing.Additionally,printable HV-LCO inks with appropriate rheological properties are developed for 3D printing.HV-LCO half-cells with Li foil as the counter electrode and an interdigitated full battery with NG anodes as the counter electrode are assembled to test the electrochemical performance.The results show that interdigitated full batteries fabricated via 3D printing offer high specific capacities and stable cycling performance.Full batteries with an electrode thickness of 882µm can achieve a high areal capacity of 5.88 mAh·cm−2@0.1 C,an areal energy density of 41.4 J·cm−2,and an areal power density of 41.0 mW·cm−2@1.0 C,which are approximately 10 times the values afforded by conventional tape-cast thin batteries.展开更多
基金P.Wang acknowledges the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52105385)the Stable Support Plan Program of Shenzhen Natural Science Fund(No.20220810132537001)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2020A1515110869 and 2022A1515010781).
文摘The research involves the addition of 5 vol.%TiB_(2)particles into AA8009 alloy powder to synthesize TiB_(2)/AA8009 composite parts produced via laser powder bed fusion(LPBF).The addition of the TiB_(2)particles causes the TiB_(2)/AA8009 composites with and without annealing have lower compressive strength than AA8009 alloy due to the change of the strengthening mechanism.The results further indicated that solid solution strengthening was the main strengthening mechanism of the LPBF AA8009 alloy at room temperature whereas Orowan strengthening became the primary strengthening factor after annealing at 673 K.In contrast,Orowan strengthening always remained the main strengthening mechanism for the TiB_(2)/AA8009 composite,irrespective of the annealing temperature.In addition,after annealing of the LPBF parts at 673 K,the compressive yield strength(CYS)of the unblended AA8009 alloy specimens had a~2.5 times greater reduction(from 705±16 to 459±30 MPa)compared to that of the composite TiB_(2)/AA8009 samples(from 466±23 to 368±3 MPa).Therefore,TiB_(2)particles can suppress the drop in yield strength of LPBF AA8009 alloy below 673 K,providing a theoretical and experimental basis for the applications of both LPBF AA8009 and TiB_(2)/AA8009 alloys at low and medium temperatures.
文摘In our previous issue on“Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Ce-ramics”,focus has been particularly put forward to the studies of the spe-cific manufacturing processes of different ceramic materials and compo-nents.There is also a need to summarize a range of interesting aspects involved in ceramic additive manufacturing domain,including the re-search progresses,opportunities,challenges and prospects on materials and feedstock,individual manufacturing technique,debinding,sintering and advanced applications.This would then provide a systematic guid-ance for the domain’s development so that promising future of ceramic additive manufacturing might be assured.
基金financial support of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51971149)the funding from Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen(Nos.KQJSCX20180328095612712,GJHZ20190822095418365)+1 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2020A1515110869 and 2019A1515110515)Shenzhen-Hong Kong Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Zone Shenzhen Park Project(No.HZQB-KCZYB-2020030)。
文摘As a revolutionary industrial technology,additive manufacturing creates objects by adding materials layer by layer and hence can fabricate customized components with an unprecedented degree of freedom.For metallic materials,unique hierarchical microstructures are constructed during additive manufacturing,which endow them with numerous excellent properties.To take full advantage of additive manufacturing,an in-depth understanding of the microstructure evolution mechanism is required.To this end,this review explores the fundamental procedures of additive manufacturing,that is,the formation and binding of melt pools.A comprehensive processing map is proposed that integrates melt pool energy-and geometry-related process parameters together.Based on it,additively manufactured microstructures are developed during and after the solidification of constituent melt pool.The solidification structures are composed of primary columnar grains and fine secondary phases that form along the grain boundaries.The post-solidification structures include submicron scale dislocation cells stemming from internal residual stress and nanoscale precipitates induced by intrinsic heat treatment during cyclic heating of adjacent melt pool.Based on solidification and dislocation theories,the formation mechanisms of the multistage microstructures are thoroughly analyzed,and accordingly,multistage control methods are proposed.In addition,the underlying atomic scale structural features are briefly discussed.Furthermore,microstructure design for additive manufacturing through adjustment of process parameters and alloy composition is addressed to fulfill the great potential of the technique.This review not only builds a solid microstructural framework for metallic materials produced by additive manufacturing but also provides a promising guideline to adjust their mechanical properties.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52105385)Stable Support Plan Program of Shenzhen Natural Science Fund(20220810132537001)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515010781)Joint Fund of Henan Province Science and Technology R&D Program(225200810002)Fundamental Research Funds of Henan Academy of Sciences(240621041)。
文摘To enhance the mechanical properties of Mo alloys prepared through laser powder bed fusion(LPBF),a hot isostatic pressing(HIP)treatment was used.Results show that following HIP treatment,the porosity decreases from 0.27%to 0.22%,enabling the elements Mo and Ti to diffuse fully and to distribute more uniformly,and to forming a substantial number of low-angle grain boundaries.The tensile strength soars from 286±32 MPa to 598±22 MPa,while the elongation increases from 0.08%±0.02%to 0.18%±0.02%,without notable alterations in grain morphology during the tensile deformation.HIP treatment eliminates the molten pool boundaries,which are the primary source for premature failure in LPBFed Mo alloys.Consequently,HIP treatment emerges as a novel and effective approach for strengthening the mechanical properties of LPBFed Mo alloys,offering a fresh perspective on producing high-performance Mo-based alloys.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51971149)the Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen (No.KQJSCX20180328095612712)
文摘A precipitation-hardening high-entropy alloy(HEA),(FeCoNi)_(86)Al_(7) Ti_(7),was successfully fabricated using selective laser melting(SLM).Severe segregation of Ti occurred at the boundaries of dislocation cells.Therefore,homogenization heat treatment at 1150℃for 0.5 h was performed to alleviate the microsegregation.After homogenization,almost no dislocation cells were left in the grains,and recrystallization occurred as the average grain size increased from 37 to 54μm.Compared with the initial as-built HEA,the ductility of the HEA increases significantly from 29%to 40%,and the strength decreases slightly from 710 to 606 MPa.For further aging,pre-homogenization can decrease the precipitation of ordered L2_(1) phases.Because void has a high propensity to initiate from the matrix/L2_(1) incoherent interface,pre-homogenization reduced the number of weak points,thus considerably improving the plastic deformation ability of the aged HEA by 36%.In addition,the strengthening mechanism has also been analyzed for the aged HEA.It was revealed that the coherent L1_(2)precipitate contributed the most to the increased strength.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(grant No.Z140002)Beijing Science and Technology Plan of China(grant No.Z17100000817002).
文摘After annealed at 1000 ℃, a special basket-weave structure is obtained in laser additive manufactured Ti-6Al-2V-1.5Mo- 0.5Zr-0.3Si alloy. The unit of the special basket-weave structure is a lamellas clusters, which consist of lamellar primary ot (otp), crab-like structures at the edges of otp and lamellar secondary a (as) on both sides of otp. As the units of basket-weave structures, the width of the clusters is much larger than that of a lamellas in as-deposited alloy. The formation temperature and process of the special basket-weave structure are studied, and the room temperature properties are tested and compared with the as-deposited alloy. The results show that the formation of the special basket-weave structure finishes within about 30 s and crab-like structures form earlier than lamellar as. The yield strength of the alloy is decreased by about 75 MPa compared to that of the as-deposited alloy. Besides, the proof-ultimate strength difference of the alloy is two times higher than that of the as-deposited alloy with about 34% improvement for the impact toughness. It is because ot colony size shows a positive correlation to the width of the unit forming basket-weave structure. The enhancement in proof-ultimate strengthdifference could significantly improve the toughness of the alloy, and thus effectively increase the safety of the alloy.
基金This work is supported by Key Project Fund for Science and Technology Development of Guangdong Province(2020B090924003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51975384)+1 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020A1515011547)Shenzhen Fundamental Research Project(JCYJ-20190808144009478,WDZC2021023519389248).
文摘Conversion of inorganic-organic frameworks (ceramic precursors and ceramic-polymer mixtures) into solid mass ceramic structures based on photopolymerization process is currently receiving plentiful attention in the field of additive manufacturing (3D printing).Various techniques(e.g.,stereolithography,digital light processing,and two-photon polymerization) that are compatible with this strategy have so far been widely investigated.This is due to their cost-viability,flexibility,and ability to design and manufacture complex geometric structures.Different platforms related to these techniques have been developed too,in order to meet up with modem technology demand.Most relevant to this review are the challenges faced by the researchers in using these 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of ceramic structures.These challenges often range from shape shrinkage,mass loss,poor densification,cracking,weak mechanical performance to undesirable surface roughness of the final ceramic structures.This is due to the brittle nature of ceramic materials.Based on the summary and discussion on the current progress of material-technique correlation available,here we show the significance of material composition and printing processes in addressing these challenges.The use of appropriate solid loading,solvent,and preceramic polymers in forming slurries is suggested as steps in the right direction.Techniques are indicated as another factor playing vital roles and their selection and development are suggested as plausible ways to remove these barriers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51975384)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2020A1515011547)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen (JCYJ20190808144009478)Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2020B090924003)。
文摘Inkjet printing is a promising alternative for the fabrication of thin film components for solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs) due to its contactless, mask free, and controllable printing process. In order to obtain satisfying electrolyte thin layer structures in anode-supported SOFCs, the preparation of suitable electrolyte ceramic inks is a key. At present, such a kind of 8 mol% Y_(2)O_(3)-stabilized ZrO_(2)(8 YSZ) electrolyte ceramic ink with long-term stability and high solid loading(> 15 wt%) seems rare for precise inkjet printing, and a number of characterization and performance aspects of the inks, such as homogeneity, viscosity, and printability, should be studied. In this study, 8 YSZ ceramic inks of varied compositions were developed for inkjet printing of SOFC ceramic electrolyte layers. The dispersing effect of two types of dispersants, i.e., polyacrylic acid ammonium(PAANH4) and polyacrylic acid(PAA), were compared. The results show that ultrasonic dispersion treatment can help effectively disperse the ceramic particles in the inks. PAANH4 has a better dispersion effect for the inks developed in this study. The inks show excellent printable performance in the actual printing process. The stability of the ink can be maintained for a storage period of over 30 days with the help of initial ultrasonic dispersion. Finally, micron-size thin 8 YSZ electrolyte films were successfully fabricated through inkjet printing and sintering, based on the as-developed high solid loading 8 YSZ inks(20 wt%). The films show fully dense and intact structural morphology and smooth interfacial bonding, offering an improved structural quality of electrolyte for enhanced SOFC performance.
基金Project(GJHZ20190822095418365)supported by Shenzhen International Cooperation Research,ChinaProject(2019011)supported by NTUT-SZU Joint Research Program,China+2 种基金Project(2019040)supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen University,ChinaProject(JCYJ20190808144009478)supported by Shenzhen Fundamental Research Fund,ChinaProject(ZDYBH201900000008)supported by Shenzhen Bureau of Industry and Information Technology,China。
文摘Selective laser melting(SLM)is an emerging layer-wise additive manufacturing technique that can generate complex components with high performance.Particulate-reinforced aluminum matrix composites(PAMCs)are important materials for various applications due to the combined properties of Al matrix and reinforcements.Considering the advantages of SLM technology and PAMCs,the novel SLM PAMCs have been developed and researched in recent years.Therefore,the current research progress about the SLM PAMCs is reviewed.Firstly,special attention is paid to the solidification behavior of SLM PAMCs.Secondly,the important issues about the design and fabrication of high-performance SLM PAMCs,including the selection of reinforcement,the influence of parameters on the processing and microstructure,the defect evolution and phase control,are highlighted and discussed comprehensively.Thirdly,the performance and strengthening mechanism of SLM PAMCs are systematically figured out.Finally,future directions are pointed out on the advancement of high-performance SLM PAMCs.
基金supported by the Shenzhen Peacock Innovation Project(KQJSCX20170327150948772,KQJSCX20170727101223535,and KQJSCX20170327151307811)the Key Project Fund for Science and Technology Development of Guangdong Province(2017B090911014)+1 种基金support was provided by the European Research Council(ERC)under the ERC Advanced Grant INTELHYB(ERC-2013-ADG-340025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51771123)。
文摘An Al-12 Si/Al-3.5 Cu-1.5 Mg-1 Si bimetal with a good interface was successfully produced by selective laser melting(SLM).The SLM bimetal exhibits four successive zones along the building direction:an Al-12 Si zone,an interfacial zone,a texture-strengthening zone and an Al-Cu-Mg-Si zone.The interfacial zone(<0.2 mm thick)displays an increasing size of the cells composed of eutectic Al-Si and a discontinuous cellular microstructure,resulting in the lowest hardness of the four zones.The texturestrengthening zone(around 0.3 mm thick)shows a remarkable variation of the hardness and<001>fiber texture.Electron backscatter diffraction analysis shows that the grains grow gradually from the interfacial zone to the Al-Cu-Mg-Si zone along the building direction.Additionally,a strong<001>fiber texture develops at the Al-Cu-Mg-Si side of the interfacial zone and disappears gradually along the building direction.The bimetal exhibits a room temperature yield strength of 267±10 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 369±15 MPa with elongation of 2.6±0.1%,revealing the potential of selective laser melting in manufacturing dissimilar materials.
基金Project(2020A1515110869)supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,ChinaProject(GJHZ20190822095418365)supported by Shenzhen International Cooperation Research,China+3 种基金Project(51775351)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2019011)supported by the NTUT-SZU Joint Research Program,ChinaProject(2019040)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of SZU,ChinaProject(ASTRA6-6)supported by the European Regional Development Fund,European Union。
文摘Ti-6Al-4V specimens were fabricated by selective laser melting(SLM)to study the effect of thermal treatment on the phase transformation,elemental diffusion,microstructure,and mechanical properties.The results show that vanadium enriches around the boundary ofαphases with increasing annealing temperature to 973 K,andα′phases transform intoα+βat 973 K.The typicalα′martensite microstructure transforms to fine-scale equiaxed microstructure at 973 K and the equiaxed microstructure significantly coarsens with increasing annealing temperature to 1273 K.The SLM Ti-6Al-4V alloy annealed at 973 K exhibits a well-balanced combination of strength and ductility((1305±25)MPa and(37±3)%,respectively).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(22150410340)the Chongqing Science&Technology Commission(catc2018jcyjax0582)。
文摘Methanol cross-over effects from the anode to the cathode are important parameters for reducing catalytic performance in direct methanol fuel cells.A promising candidate catalyst for the cathode in direct methanol fuel cells must have excellent activity toward oxygen reduction reaction and resistance to methanol oxidation reaction.This review focuses on the methanol tolerant noble metal-based electrocatalysts,including platinum and palladium-based alloys,noble metal–carbon based composites,transition metal-based catalysts,carbon-based metal catalysts,and metal-free catalysts.The understanding of the correlation between the activity and the synthesis method,electrolyte environment and stability issues are highlighted.For the transition metal-based catalyst,their activity,stability and methanol tolerance in direct methanol fuel cells and comparisons with those of platinum are particularly discussed.Finally,strategies to enhance the methanol tolerance and hinder the generation of mixed potential in direct methanol fuel cells are also presented.This review provides a perspective for future developments for the scientist in selecting suitable methanol tolerate catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction and designing high-performance practical direct methanol fuel cells.
基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020A1515110869)Shenzhen International Cooperation Research(GJHZ20190822095418365)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of SZU(Grant No.2019040)Additional support was provided by the European Regional Development Fund(ASTRA6-6)Jürgen Eckert is grateful for the support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation in the framework of the Increase Competitiveness Program of MISiS(Support project for young research engineers,Project No.K2-2020-046)。
文摘Al-7Si-0.5Mg-0.5Cu alloy specimens have been fabricated by selective laser melting(SLM).In this study,the effects of solution treatment,quenching,and artifi cial aging on the microstructural evolution,as well as mechanical and wear properties,have been investigated.The as-prepared samples show a heterogeneous cellular microstructure with two different cell sizes composed ofα-Al and Si phases.After solution-treated and quenched(SQ)heat treatment,the cellular microstructure disappears,and coarse and lumpy Si phase precipitates and a rectangular Cu-rich phase were observed.Subsequent aging after solution-treated and quenched(SQA)heat treatment causes the formation of nanosized Cu-rich precipitates.The asprepared SLMs sample has good mechanical properties and wear resistance(compressive yield strength:215±6 MPa and wear rate 2×10^(-13)m^(3)/m).The SQ samples with lumpy Si particles have the lowest strength of 167±13 MPa and the highest wear rate of 6.18×10^(1-13)m^(3)/m.The formation of nanosized Cu-rich precipitates in the SQA samples leads to the highest compressive yield strength of 233±6 MPa and a good wear rate of 5.06×10^(-13)m^(3)/m.
文摘Thermal cycling procedure during laser additive manufacturing (LAM) process causes the appearance of bright and dark patterns on the etched surface of TC11 alloy components. The formation mechanisms of these patterns and the solid-state transformation related to LAM process are systematically investigated with the predication of temperature fields using the finite element software ABAQUS. The results indicate that by increasing subsequent thermal cycles, the peak temperatures for every cycle decrease. When peak temperatures are above Tβ(phase transition temperature of β phase), which is 1010℃ in TC11 alloy, no pattern is observed. Meanwhile, a decrease in peak temperature leads to appearance of an ultrafine basket-weave α+β microstructure (dark contrast) with gradually increased amount of α colonies in the alloy. A special bimodal microstructure with ‘fork-like'α lamella appears in the layer when the peak temperatures of thermal cycles firstly fall into α+β dual-phase region. And this special bimodal microstructure gives a bright contrast and only appears at the region where the peak temperatures are below 970℃, leaving the rest region with a dark contrast. With the continuous increase in thermal cycles in α+β dual-phase region,α lamella gradually coarsens. After five thermal cycles in α+β two-phase region, no further changes in microstructure are observed, and the morphologies of α lamella in dark and bright regions are almost the same but with different amounts of α phase.
文摘Advanced ceramic materials have been widely used in a range of high-end technical fields due to their high mechanical performance,chemical stability,and impressive acoustic,optical,electrical,magnetic,and thermal properties.With the continuous improvement of the current level of science and technology,especially in cutting-edge application scenarios,the structural and functional requirements of advanced ce-ramic parts are becoming increasingly higher.
文摘Unsustainable fossil fuel energy usage and its environmental impacts are the most significant scientific challenges in the scientific community.Two-dimensional(2D)materials have received a lot of attention recently because of their great potential for application in addressing some of society’s most enduring issues with renewable energy.Transition metal-based nitrides,carbides,or carbonitrides,known as“MXenes”,are a relatively new and large family of 2D materials.Since the discovery of the first MXene,Ti_(3)C_(2) in 2011 has become one of the fastest-expanding families of 2D materials with unique physiochemical features.MXene surface terminations with hydroxyl,oxygen,fluorine,etc.,are invariably present in the so far reported materials,imparting hydrophilicity to their surfaces.The current finding of multi-transition metal-layered MXenes with controlled surface termination capacity opens the door to fabricating unique structures for producing renewable energy.MXene NMs-based flexible chemistry allows them to be tuned for energy-producing/storage,electromagnetic interference shielding,gas/biosensors,water distillation,nanocomposite reinforcement,lubrication,and photo/electro/chemical catalysis.This review will first discuss the advancement of MXenes synthesis methods,their properties/stability,and renewable energy applications.Secondly,we will highlight the constraints and challenges that impede the scientific community from synthesizing functional MXene with controlled composition and properties.We will further reveal the high-tech implementations for renewable energy storage applications along with future challenges and their solutions.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51705334 and 51975384)the Shenzhen Science&Technology Projects(Nos.JCYJ20180305125025855 and JCYJ20200109105618137).
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)grid porous electrodes introduce vertically aligned pores as a convenient path for the transport of lithium-ions(Li-ions),thereby reducing the total transport distance of Li-ions and improving the reaction kinetics.Although there have been other studies focusing on 3D electrodes fabricated by 3D printing,there still exists a gap between electrode design and their electrochemical performance.In this study,we try to bridge this gap through a comprehensive investigation on the effects of various electrode parameters including the electrode porosity,active material particle diameter,electrode electronic conductivity,electrode thickness,line width,and pore size on the electrochemical performance.Both numerical simulations and experimental investigations are conducted to systematically examine these effects.3D grid porous Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)(LTO)thick electrodes are fabricated by low temperature direct writing technology and the electrodes with the thickness of 1085μm and areal mass loading of 39.44 mg·cm^(−2) are obtained.The electrodes display impressive electrochemical performance with the areal capacity of 5.88 mAh·cm^(−2)@1.0 C,areal energy density of 28.95 J·cm^(−2)@1.0 C,and areal power density of 8.04 mW·cm^(−2)@1.0 C.This study can provide design guidelines for obtaining 3D grid porous electrodes with superior electrochemical performance.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2020QE040)the financial support by the Young Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(No.201909099)。
文摘Magnetic materials are of increasing importance for many essential applications due to their unique magnetic properties.However,due to the limited fabrication ability,magnetic materials are restricted by simple geometric shapes.Three-dimensional(3D)printing is a highly versatile technique that can be utilized for constructing magnetic materials.The shape flexibility of magnets unleashes opportunities for magnetic composites with reducing post-manufacturing costs,motivating the review on 3D printing of magnetic materials.This paper focuses on recent achievements of magnetic materials using 3D printing technologies,followed by the characterization of their magnetic properties,which are further enhanced by modification.Interestingly,the corresponding properties depend on the intrinsic nature of starting materials,3D printing processing parameters,and the optimized structural design.More emphasis is placed on the functional applications of 3D-printed magnetic materials in different fields.Lastly,the current challenges and future opportunities are also addressed.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51975384)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020A1515011547)Shenzhen Fundamental Research Project(Nos.JCYJ20190808144009478,20200731211324001).
文摘Lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite(LSCF)is an appreciable cathode material for solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs),and it has been widely investigated,owing to its excellent thermal and chemical stability.However,its poor oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)activity,particularly at a temperature of≤800℃,causes setbacks in achieving a peak power density of>1.0 W·cm^(-2),limiting its application in the commercialization of SOFCs.To improve the ORR of LSCF,doping strategies have been found useful.Herein,the porous tantalum-doped LSCF materials(La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.4)Fe_(0.5)7Ta_(0.03)O_(3)(LSCFT-0),La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.4)Fe_(0.5)4Ta0.06O_(3),and La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.4)Fe_(0.5)Ta0.1O_(3))are prepared via camphor-assisted solid-state reaction(CSSR).The LSCFT-0 material exhibits promising ORR with area-specific resistance(ASR)of 1.260,_(0.5)80,0.260,0.100,and 0.06Ω·cm^(2)at 600,650,700,750,and 800℃,respectively.The performance is about 2 times higher than that of undoped La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.4)Fe_(0.6)O_(3)with the ASR of 2.515,1.191,_(0.5)96,0.320,and 0.181Ω·cm^(2)from the lowest to the highest temperature.Through material characterization,it was found that the incorporated Ta occupied the B-site of the material,leading to the enhancement of the ORR activity.With the use of LSCFT-0 as the cathode material for anode-supported single-cell,the power density of>1.0 W·cm^(-2)was obtained at a temperature<800℃.The results indicate that the CSSR-derived LSCFT is a promising cathode material for SOFCs.
基金Shenzhen Municipal Science&Technology Projects of China(Grant Nos.JCYJ20200109105618137,GJHZ20200731095805016).
文摘The tradeoff between energy and power densities is a critical challenge for commercial tape-cast lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In this study,three-dimensional(3D)LIBs with interdigitated electrode structures are designed and fabricated via 3D printing to overcome this tradeoff.The evolution of battery design from tape-cast thin planar electrodes to interdigitated 3D electrodes is discussed.Numerical simulations based on COMSOL Multiphysics are performed to elucidate the advantages of interdigitated battery design.Interdigitated LIBs composed of comb-like 3D high-voltage LiCoO2(HV-LCO)cathodes and comb-like 3D natural graphite anodes are fabricated via 3D printing.Additionally,printable HV-LCO inks with appropriate rheological properties are developed for 3D printing.HV-LCO half-cells with Li foil as the counter electrode and an interdigitated full battery with NG anodes as the counter electrode are assembled to test the electrochemical performance.The results show that interdigitated full batteries fabricated via 3D printing offer high specific capacities and stable cycling performance.Full batteries with an electrode thickness of 882µm can achieve a high areal capacity of 5.88 mAh·cm−2@0.1 C,an areal energy density of 41.4 J·cm−2,and an areal power density of 41.0 mW·cm−2@1.0 C,which are approximately 10 times the values afforded by conventional tape-cast thin batteries.
