BACKGROUND Standard triple therapy is an effective treatment for eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection,but it is encountered with drug resistance.The stool antigen test is a cost-effective and easy-to-perform test...BACKGROUND Standard triple therapy is an effective treatment for eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection,but it is encountered with drug resistance.The stool antigen test is a cost-effective and easy-to-perform test to confirm the eradication of H.pylori,4-8 weeks post-therapy,with 86%sensitivity and 92%specificity.AIM To assess the H.pylori eradication rate of standard triple therapy and factors affecting the eradication rate.METHODS We conducted a prospective,multicenter follow-up study in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia,at selected healthcare facilities among dyspeptic patients with positive stool H.pylori antigen tests from June 1,2023 to October 30,2023 to assess the H.pylori eradication rate.After completing the standard triple therapy,the eradication was confirmed using a stool antigen test 4 weeks later.The data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression methods.RESULTS The H.pylori eradication rate was 85.4%.Patients with a previous diagnosis of H.pylori infection,smokers,and local alcohol consumption were associated with a lower H.pylori eradication rate,with adjusted odds ratio(AORs)of 0.159[95%confidence interval(CI):0.050-0.511],0.206(95%CI:0.052-0.822),and 0.228(95%CI:0.052-0.997),respectively.Patients with complete symptom resolution were 5.383 times more likely to achieve eradication than patients without symptom improvement,AOR=5.383,95%CI:1.74-21.089.CONCLUSION H.pylori eradication rate was lower than expected.Post-treatment testing is crucial to confirm eradication and guide further management,such as susceptibility testing.展开更多
Depending on the rapid growth in infrastructural developments along with the increasing of human population, quality of cities is being deteriorated globally. Assurance of environmental quality is essential for urban ...Depending on the rapid growth in infrastructural developments along with the increasing of human population, quality of cities is being deteriorated globally. Assurance of environmental quality is essential for urban planning and developments. This paper presents the potential application of urban green areas as an indicator of urban environmental quality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia based on indicators of natural parameters extracted from remotely sensed images, and socio-economic variables derived from census data. Physical environmental variables such as land-use/land-cover data, surface temperature, normalized difference vegetation index, and transformed remote sensing variables derived from three landsat images of 1986, 2000 and 2015 were analyzed for the present study. Socio-economic variables including population density and greenhouse gas emission in 2012 were used. Regression analysis, factor analysis and overlay analysis were performed after the two groups of variables were integrated. Four factors such as greenness, crowd, heat island and greenhouse gas emission were used for interpretation. By assigning different weights to each of these factors and proportion of green areas, land-use/land-cover map, environmental risk map and environmental quality index map were generated. The results show deterioration of environmental quality in the study area. It is recommended that future studies should include more parameters to provide a holistic view of the changes in greenness of the city and to try to mitigate adverse effects of development activities leading to human density and depletion of green area in the city.展开更多
Introduction: Deteriorating oral health is an emerging public health concern in developing countries, yet little attention has been given to oral health in most sub-Saharan countries. The extents of caries, periodonta...Introduction: Deteriorating oral health is an emerging public health concern in developing countries, yet little attention has been given to oral health in most sub-Saharan countries. The extents of caries, periodontal diseases and the associated risk factors have not been widely studied at the community level. Purpose: To assess the type and magnitude of oral health diseases as well as associated risk factors among young adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 658 children aged 10 - 14 years in Addis Ababa. Households for the study were selected through a multistage cluster sampling procedure. Data collection was carried out in December 2011 through interview and oral examination which was carried out by dental health professionals. Prevalence and 95% confidence interval was calculated. Factors associated with oral health conditions were identified using logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 47.4% (95% CI: 43.6% - 51.2%). Age, sweets intake, tooth cleaning, poor oral hygiene and being from a poor household were significantly associated with having dental caries. The prevalence of periodontal disease was 35.4% (95% CI: 31.7% - 39.0%) and it was associated with: having a mother with low education level, and poor oral hygiene. The prevalence of bad mouth odor was 4.4% (95% CI: 2.8% - 5.9%), and oral trauma 2.1% (95% CI: 1% - 3.2%). Conclusion: The prevalence of both periodontal disease and dental caries is alarmingly high. The findings indicate the need for large scale public education program to motivate regular dental check up, and proper oral hygiene practices. The study also indicates the need to strengthen oral health services using affordable and accessible outlets.展开更多
Background:Tuberculosis remains a major public-health problem in the world, despite several efforts to improve case identification and treatment. Particularly multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is becoming a major threa...Background:Tuberculosis remains a major public-health problem in the world, despite several efforts to improve case identification and treatment. Particularly multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is becoming a major threat to tuberculosis control programs in Ethiopia which seriously threatens the control and prevention efforts and is associated with both high death rates and treatment costs. Methods: A case-control study was conducted to assess risk factors and characteristics of MDR-TB cases at ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where cases were 167 MDR-TB patients, while controls were newly diagnosed and bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB cases of similar number, who were matched by sex and age of 5-years interval. Results: The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants indicated that majority (53.3%) were males and 46.7% females;a little over half of cases (55.1%) were in the age group 26 - 45 years, whereas 46.7% of controls were in this age group. According to the multivariable logistic regression analysis, previous history of hospital admission was the only factor that was identified as predictor which increased risk to develop MDR-TB by almost twenty times (AOR = 19.5;95% CI: 9.17 - 41.62) and P-value of <0.05. All other studied factor such as being unemployed, family size, having member of household member with TB, and history of visiting hospital in past 12 months etc., didn’t show any statistically significant association. Conclusion: The study identified previous history of hospital admission as independent predictors for the occurrence of MDR-TB, while other studied variables didn’t show any strong association. The findings added to the pool of knowledge emphasizing the need for instituting strong infection control practice at health care facilities to prevent nosocomial transmission of MDR-TB.展开更多
Objective:To characterize mycobaclerium isolates from pulmomary tuberculosis suspected cases visiting National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory at Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute,for diagnosis of pu...Objective:To characterize mycobaclerium isolates from pulmomary tuberculosis suspected cases visiting National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory at Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute,for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis from January 4 to February 22.2010 with total samples of 263.Methods:Sputum specimens were collected and processed:the deposits were cultured.Por culturing Lowenstein Jensen medium(LJ) and Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube(BACTEC MGIT 960) were used.Capilia Neo was used for detecting NTM isolates from isolates of BACTEC MGIT960.In Armauer Hansen Research Institute,Addis Ababa Ethiopia,Deletion typing PCR method for species identification(from confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex(MTBC) isolates by Capilia Neo) uas done.Results:Out of 263 enrolled in the study.124 and 117 ol them were positive for mycobaeterium growth by BACTEC MGIT 960 and 1.1 culture method,respectively.From BACTEC MGIT 960 positive media of 124 isolates.117 were randomly taken to perform Capilia TB Neo lest.From these 7(6%) of them were found to be NTM and 110(94%) were MTBC.From these 110 MTBC isolates,81 of them were randomly taken and run by the deletion typing RD9 PCR method of molecular technique.Out of these 78(96.3%) were found to be species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 3(3.7%) were found to be not in the MTBC.Regarding the types of methods of culture media.Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube(BACTEC MGIT 960) method was found to have excellent agreement(with kappa value ol 0.78) with the routine method of LJ.Conclusions:Pulmonary tuberculosis suspected cases visiting the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory at EHNR1 that were confirmed to be pulmonary tuberculosis are caused by the species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.hence treatment regimen including pyrazinamide can be applied to the patients as the first choice in the study area in Addis Ababa.Ethiopia.There is indication of the presence of NTM in patients visiting the tuberculosis reference laboratory and this is important because NTM is known lo cause pulmonary disease similar with sign and symptom ol pulmonary tuberculosis but different in treatment.BACTEC MGIT 960 has excellent agreement with LJ media but it has high tendency of having high contamination rale unless a better decontamination method is designed.展开更多
Urbanization in developing countries often negatively impacts water re-sources by polluting surface waters. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is currently experiencing rapid urbanization accompanied by significant water shortage...Urbanization in developing countries often negatively impacts water re-sources by polluting surface waters. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is currently experiencing rapid urbanization accompanied by significant water shortages, unmanaged stormwater, and increasing river water pollution. To supplement the need for non-potable water and address stormwater runoff pollution, we constructed a low cost stormwater filtration system. The filtration system is comprised of a sedimentation area followed by three gravel grain sizes arranged horizontally from coarse to medium to fine filter media. We compared the quality of pretreatment water with post-treatment water by measuring physicochemical parameters, heavy metals and nutrients. We found that the filtration system reduced turbidity by 87%, TSS by 80%, Cu by 87% and Zn by 90%. Further, it positively increased the concentration of DO by 42%. However, the filtration system did not remove nitrates and nitrites. Implementing this system at outfalls in the rapidly expanding condominium housing areas can increase residents’ supply of non-potable water and reduce the amount of polluted stormwater entering nearby streams and rivers.展开更多
Objective: To determine the association between low birth weight and household food insecurity at government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: A case control study was carried out on 468 mothers with term ne...Objective: To determine the association between low birth weight and household food insecurity at government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: A case control study was carried out on 468 mothers with term neonates from February 1, 2017 to May 15, 2017. The cases were women who gave term babies weighing less than 2500 g and the controls were those having 2500 g or above. In the included hospitals, choices of cases were done as the cases found and the next three eligible newborns in the maternity room were the controls. Data were collected by using pretested and structured questionnaire. Standard beam balance was used to measure the neonatal weight by trained midwifery. The data were entered into a computer using Epi-Data 3.1 and exported to Stata version 14 for data management and analysis. Results: Mothers having food insecurity [adjusted odd ratio (AOR) 3.58;95% confidence interval (CI) (1.79-7.16)], mid-upper arm circumference [AOR 7.70;95% CI (4.39-13.60)], hypertension [AOR 4.81;95% CI (2.33-9.93)], and early age [AOR 3.88;95% CI (1.35-11.15)] showed statistically significant association with low birth weight. Conclusions: Household food insecurity, hypertension, mid-upper arm circumference and early age in women were significant predictors of low birth weight. The provision of adequate nutrient for pregnant mothers having household food insecurity should be assured in order to prevent adverse birth weight outcomes.展开更多
Introduction: Alcohol drinking and risky sexual practices have become serious public health problem among teenagers and young adults globally, including many developing countries. The available reports are sparse, esp...Introduction: Alcohol drinking and risky sexual practices have become serious public health problem among teenagers and young adults globally, including many developing countries. The available reports are sparse, especially there is a lack of recent and representative data for high school students in developing countries including Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, identify determinants, and examine the association of alcohol drinking with sexual practices among high school students in Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia. Methods: School based cross sectional study was conducted from November to December 2010. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between students’ background characteristics and alcohol use, and alcohol use and sexual practices. Results: Among 2551 students surveyed, lifetime and current (past month) alcohol drinking was reported by 1166 (45.7%) and 676 (26.5%) students, respectively. Having sexual intercourse at least once in their lifetime was reported by 412 (16.2%) with151 (5.9%) of them being sexually active during a month prior to the survey. Having multiple sexual partners (52.5%), drinking alcohol before sexual intercourse (26.4%), and having sexual intercourse without the use of condom (47.3%) were also common among sexually active students. In adjusted logistic regression model, age (18 and 19 and older), living with 2 parents, getting pocket money, having alcohol drinking friends and attending general secondary school (grade 9-10) were positive predictors of current alcohol drinking. Nergative predictors of current alcohol drinking were being Protestant Christian and living with relatives or siblings. Conclusion: Alcohol drinking before sexual intercourse was a major problem among high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Male gender, older age and higher school grade, friends influence, religious affiliation, living with parents and getting pocket money were significant predictors of current alcohol drinking. Educating about substance use and risky sexual behaviors, engaging students in extracurricular activities and restrict access to alcohol to high school students may help in solution of these problems on a local scale.展开更多
Introduction: The key to successful elimination of tuberculosis (TB) is treatment of cases with optimum chemotherapy. Irrational anti-TB drug use over time has led to drug-resistant TB. The treatment of MDR-TB with se...Introduction: The key to successful elimination of tuberculosis (TB) is treatment of cases with optimum chemotherapy. Irrational anti-TB drug use over time has led to drug-resistant TB. The treatment of MDR-TB with second line drugs is long, complex and costly, and has a considerable rate of adverse effects. The level of ADR reporting is low in Ethiopia due to different factors. This Study conducted in a selected treated area in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and helped the health care centers to understand the prevalence of ADR related MDR-TB and be aware of those adverse effects in order to detect them early and be prepared to take proper steps when they occur. Aim of the Study: To determine the prevalence and risk factor of adverse drug reactions associated treatments of Multidrug Resistant tuberculosis. Method: This was a cross sectional study, which was conducted between March 2012 and February 2013 at St. Peter TB specialized hospital and AHRI/ALERT. 73 MDR TB patients, who were on MDR TB treatments, enrolled to the study. Adverse Drug Reactions associated MDR TB treatments were assessed by patient history review and questionnaire. Chemistry laboratory was used to test renal function, thyroid function, liver enzyme and potassium level. Result: In 72 patients, at least two ADRs were found. The mean age of the study population (Mean ± SD) was 28 ± 8.8. In this study the most commonly found adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were: Anorexia 83.3%, Nausea and vomiting 82%, Gastritis 64%, Arteralgia 47%, Skin rash and itching 45%, Headache 29.2%, Depression 22.2% and Blurred vision 19.4%. Using binary logistic regression model older age (COR 8.71, 95% [CI] 1.06 - 71.9), alcoholism (COR 4.05, 95% [CI] 1.05 - 15.6), smoking (COR 0.24, 95% [CI] 0.06 - 0.87) and concomitant drug intake (COR 0.14, 95% [CI] 0.03 - 0.76) were independent predictors for ADRs. Conclusion: The prevalence of ADRs related MDR TB treatments is high. To minimize ADR occurrence, ADR predictors should be integrated into the clinical pathway. Monitoring of liver function, renal function, TSH and level of potassium during MDR TB treatment, helps to avoid complication caused by therapy and increase the adherence to the treatment.展开更多
Background: The lack of cause of death information is the main challenge in monitoring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in countries where the majority of deaths occur a...Background: The lack of cause of death information is the main challenge in monitoring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in countries where the majority of deaths occur at home. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of physician reviewers of verbal autopsies in diagnosing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in the adult population of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Methods: This study was done within the context of a burial surveillance system in Addis Ababa. Trained interviewers completed a standard verbal autopsy questionnaire and an independent panel of physicians reviewed the completed form to assign cause of death. Physicians' review was compared to a reference standard constructed based on prospectively collected HIV-serostatus and patients' hospital record. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to validate the physicians' verbal autopsy diagnoses against reference standards. Results: Physicians accurately identified AIDS-related deaths with sensitivity and specificity of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80 - 0.93) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.64 - 0.87), respectively. Generally, there was high level of agreement (Cohen's Kappa Statistic (K > 0.6) between the first two physicians with some yearly variations. In 2008 and 2009 there was an almost perfect agreement (K > 0.80). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the agreement level between two independent physicians in diagnosing AIDS-related death is very high and thus using a single verbal autopsy coder is practical for programmatic purposes in countries where there is critical shortage of doctors.展开更多
Introduction: Non-enzymatic antioxidants are good scavengers of free radicals preventing their overproduction there by reducing the level of oxidative stress. This work was undertaken at Saint Peter TB specialized hos...Introduction: Non-enzymatic antioxidants are good scavengers of free radicals preventing their overproduction there by reducing the level of oxidative stress. This work was undertaken at Saint Peter TB specialized hospital and TekleHaimanot health center from March 2012 to May 2013.Aim: To determine changes in Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and level of oxidative stress of tuberculosis Patients before and after taking anti tuberculosis treatment.Materials and Methods: In this comparative cross sectional study, a total of 210 individuals including: newly diagnosed TB patients as group-I (n = 70), TB patients who completed treatment as group-II (n = 70), and healthy volunteers as group-III (n = 70) were enrolled. Different methods were used to determine the parameters;vit-C (HPLC method), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbuituric acid method), and bilirubin (Colorimetric assay). Results: Vitamin-C (Vit-C) and of group-I showed a significant reduction (p < 0.001) as compared with both group-II and group-III whereas Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was increased. However, the total and direct bilirubin was not different among the groups. In group-III, there was a positive correlation between BMI and serum Vit-C (r = -0.305, p = 0.010). Vit-C showed a negative correlation with serum MDA in all the groups with values (r = -0.265, p = 0.027), (r = -0.389, p = 0.001) and (r = -0.375, p = 0.001) for group-I, group-II and group-III respectively. In addition to this Vit-C was negatively correlated with serum UA (r = -0.285, p = 0.017) in group-I. Conclusion: The findings of the current study suggest that the amount of Vit-C in the newly diagnosed TB patients and those who finished their treatment is much lower than the healthy volunteers. In contrast to this, the MDA value was significantly higher both in the newly diagnosed TB patients and TB patients who completed treatment than in healthy volunteers suggesting higher degree of oxidative stress.展开更多
Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Although different strategies have been designed and implemented to combat it, it has continuously increased in the past five years, resul...Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Although different strategies have been designed and implemented to combat it, it has continuously increased in the past five years, resulting in 10 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths. This study aims to estimate survival and predictors among tuberculosis patients on treatment in selected health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study employed a retrospective cohort design where data were collected by reviewing medical records of tuberculosis patients who were registered from May 2016 to May 2017 on treatment in 20 selected health centers in Addis Ababa. Independent predictors were identified, and the strength of association between dependent and independent predictors was determined using the Weibull regression model. Before computing Weibull regression analysis, Cox proportional assumption, model diagnosis, and fitness were checked. The hazard ratio was calculated to indicate the strength of association. Of 371 TB patients, about 136 (36.7%) died during the treatment period. Most TB deaths occurred during the intensive phase, and the overall estimated median survival time was 157 days. In the multivariable Weibull model, age (HR = 0.98), baseline weight (HR = 0.96, P = 0.03), tuberculosis treatment phase (continuation phase, HR = 0.48), and tuberculosis type (pulmonary negative TB, HR = 19.92) were found to be independent predictors of time to death of tuberculosis patients. Finally, the study concluded that the survival time to death of the patients is high. The health care providers should give special attention and follow up for pulmonary negative and underweight TB patients.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between married couples’premarital expectations and marital satisfaction in the Bole sub-city of Addis Ababa.A quantitative descriptive survey was employed in...The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between married couples’premarital expectations and marital satisfaction in the Bole sub-city of Addis Ababa.A quantitative descriptive survey was employed in this study.A sample of 100 married couples(200 participants)was used as a primary source of data.The sampling technique employed was a convenience sampling method.A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from primary sources.Pearson’s correlation,standard linear regression,one way ANOVA,and independent T-test were used as data analysis techniques with an acceptable significance level(p<0.05).The result of the study indicated that there was a significantly positive relationship between premarital expectation and marital satisfaction.Marital communication was observed to have a statistically significant predictor effect on marital satisfaction.Socio-demographic factors assumed to have a contribution to variance in premarital expectations and marital satisfaction of couples have been identified;educational level,religious affiliation,and source of marital information were identified to have a contribution to differences in premarital expectation.Age,religious affiliation,income level,and duration of courtship were identified to have a significant contribution to differences in marital satisfaction of married couples.The findings of the study have practical implications in marriage counseling,couples capacity building training,couples conflict resolution,and for researchers in the area of marriage and marital relationship.展开更多
Background: Understanding ecological factors that influence risky sexual behavior of adolescents is vital in designing and implementing sexual risk reduction interventions in specific contexts. Interventions undertake...Background: Understanding ecological factors that influence risky sexual behavior of adolescents is vital in designing and implementing sexual risk reduction interventions in specific contexts. Interventions undertaken without understanding the critical factors may not produce the desired results. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with adolescent risky sexual behavior among school adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among randomly selected school adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data were collected by an anonymous self administered questionnaire. Risky sexual behavior was assessed by asking question about sexual activity, consistent condom use and faithfulness to a single partner. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors related to sexual behavior using the ecological framework. Result: Overall 377(10.6%) of the 723 sexually active students were involved in risky sexual practices. Risky sexual behavior was significantly and very strongly associated with perception of peers' involvement in sexual intercourse [AOR = 11.68 (95% CI: 8.76 - 15.58)]. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that peer pressure is the most important factor associated with risky sexual behavior among school adolescents in Addis Ababa. Interventions aimed at reducing sexual behavior among school adolescents should target adolescents as a group rather than individually.展开更多
In film festivals Purpose of digitalized works especially screening works are at the basic of changes resulting from the development of digital technology and information society.Film screening mediums radically chang...In film festivals Purpose of digitalized works especially screening works are at the basic of changes resulting from the development of digital technology and information society.Film screening mediums radically changed the way of traditional film making processes such as producing,distributing,and archiving.Digitization is the second most relevant change in cinema history.It replaces conventional 35 mm film and projectors with computer workstations and high resolution electronic video projectors.It has introduced the Computer Generated Imaginary(CGI).Digital media affects all stages of communication,including acquisition,manipulating,storage,and distribution,but the computer media revolution also affects all types of media text,still images,moving images,sound,and spatial constructions(Manovich,2002,p.43).Ethiopian film producers slowly started to digitalize DVD formats of production.Who does this Digitalization of Hirut(2020)do?And what is the fat of AAIFF 2020?This paper seeks to address these issues.Hirut was released on DVD in March 1964 and digitalized in 2021 in the screening of the first Addis Ababa film festival.The pioneer film and theatre directors,Addis Ababa city cinema hall administers,prominent film producers,and young film scholars participate in the Digitalization of Hirut(2020).It is there most recent contribution in digitalizing process in the history of the first Ethiopian film in Addis film festival.The author of this article used primary and secondary data.In addition to this,he directly participated in the digitalization process and presented his ongoing Ph.D.desertion project which is directly related to film digitalization.For film festivals in the AAIFF film festivals so he used participation method to investigate the data.Finally,he found that digitalization of films and government owned film festivals in Ethiopia give green light in the archiving and development of film industry in Ethiopia.展开更多
Back Ground: Risky sexual behavior among orphans and vulnerable children and its associated physical, psychological and social consequences is becoming a major public health concern globally. Objectives: To assess the...Back Ground: Risky sexual behavior among orphans and vulnerable children and its associated physical, psychological and social consequences is becoming a major public health concern globally. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of risky sexual behavior and its determinants among orphan and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa. Methodology: A community based cross sectional study was conducted on three support and care giving organizations for orphans and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March to June 2014. A total of 422 orphan and vulnerable children were selected using systematic sampling. Data were collected using pre tested self-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Result: A total of 407 (96.4%) respondents participated in this study. Among them 112 (27.5%) had sexual intercourse in their life time, of these 50 (44.6%) started sex before the age of 15, 94 (83.9%) had forced sex, 84 (75.0%) had multiple sexual partners, only 16 (14.3%) used condom the first time they had sex and 96 (85.7%) participated in transactional sex. Females were about 3.25 (2.67 - 7.3) times more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior than male respondents, double orphans had 4.32 (2.45 - 9.54) odds of risky sexual behavior compared to their counterparts. Those respondents who had knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention were less likely to be involved in risky sexual behavior 0.58 (0.41 - 0.93). Conclusion: Orphan and vulnerable children are at a higher likelihood of risky sexual behavior. Intervention targeted at multilevel such as orphan survival training, assertive communication skills, sexuality education and education about HIV risk perception, physical, psychological and human right protection, social support, and economic access for basic needs need to be given consideration.展开更多
Banking sector in Ethiopia is dominant and it is a dense competent area.Due to this the bank managements tend to continually found the strategies that enables them to be competent in this dense competition.These strat...Banking sector in Ethiopia is dominant and it is a dense competent area.Due to this the bank managements tend to continually found the strategies that enables them to be competent in this dense competition.These strategies often focus on handling of customers satisfaction to be strongly compete and pooling more customers.Because,service quality is relevant to keep up their competitive advantage and improve customer satisfaction.So,this study examine the handling of customers satisfaction and assessment of service qualities on Commercial Bank of Ethiopia(CBE)in Addis Ababa at East District by applying SERVQUAL model.This study used convenient and random sampling technique to select the sample respondents and 400 respondents were selected branches of CBE in Addis Ababa at east district.The data sources for this study are primary and secondary data sources.The questionnaires are used as primary data source,which are contained SERVQUAL model and the agreements were measured by applying the five Likert point scales.The correlation result revealed that all dimensions of service quality have a strong and significant statistical relationship with customer satisfaction.The quality of service offered by CBE no meets with the expectation of customer(customers satisfied in somewhat quality service).So,the bank needs to reform service quality for satisfy and attract unsatisfied customers.展开更多
A study of the population status of and threats to the Black-winged Lovebird(Agapornis taranta) was carried out from September 2008 to February 2009 in Entoto Natural Park(ENP) and in Bole SubCity,Addis Ababa,Ethiopia...A study of the population status of and threats to the Black-winged Lovebird(Agapornis taranta) was carried out from September 2008 to February 2009 in Entoto Natural Park(ENP) and in Bole SubCity,Addis Ababa,Ethiopia.A point transect count technique was employed to examine the status of the lovebirds.An average total of 58 birds was recorded of which 46 were counted in Bole Sub-City and 12 in Entoto Natural Park areas.The maximum number recorded during our census was 57 in the dry season and 15 in the wet season in Bole Sub-City and Entoto Natural Park,respectively.The ratio of adult males to adult females in Entoto Natural Park was 1:0.71 and 1:0.60,and 1:0.76 and 1:0.78 in Bole Sub-City during both wet and dry seasons,respectively.The seasonal variation and difference in sex ratios between males and females was not significant(p > 0.05) at either of the study sites.The threat for the Blackwinged Lovebird or other birds in Entoto Natural Park is due to the fragmentation of natural habitats,thus decreasing food sources,owing to the domination of eucalyptus(Eucalyptus globulus) trees in the area.Grazing by livestock,intensive farming practices and deforestation by the local community have contributed greatly to the degradation of the land resulting in erosion,thus devastating the habitat of the Natural Park.The vegetation cover of Entoto Natural Park and urban gardens should be managed effectively for the survival of the avian fauna of the area.展开更多
Objective:To assess the magnitude and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeisolates from various clinical specimens.Methods:A record based on retrospectivestudy was conducted at Gondar Unive...Objective:To assess the magnitude and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeisolates from various clinical specimens.Methods:A record based on retrospectivestudy was conducted at Gondar University Teaching Hospital from September 2007 to January 2012.All patients who visited Gondar University Hospital and provided clinical specimens(body fluids,discharge,swab and blood)for routine bacteriological culturing and antimicrobial susceptibilitytesting were taken for analysis.Clinical specimens were processed for bacterial culture accordingto the standard procedures.Antimicrobial susceptibility test for isolated organisms was doneusing agar disk diffusion method.The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software version16 package.Results:One hundred and fifty threeStreptococcus pneumoniaewere isolated frompatients who visited Gondar University Teaching Hospital bacteriology laboratory for culture.Majority of the pneumococcal isolates were from inpatients[111(72.5%)],and 74(48.4%)were frombody fluids.Out of the total isolates,93(61%)were found to be resistant to at least one antibioticused for susceptibility testing.Forty eight(43.2%)of the isolates were multi-drug resistant(resistantto two or more drugs).The resistance rate noted for both ciprofloxacin 17(11.1%)and ceftriaxone15(9.8%)were alarming.Conclusions:High proportions of the isolates tend to be increasinglyresistant to the commonly prescribed drugs.The recommended drug of choice like ciprofloxacinand ceftriaxone were found to be less susceptible in the study area.Based on the findings,wetherefore recommend that antimicrobial agents should be inspected for acceptable activity beforethey are prescribed and administered empirically.Further study with a better design and surveyof antimicrobial susceptibility at large scale shoule be performed to draw advanced information.展开更多
AIM： To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori （H pylori） among dyspeptic patients and to assess the relationship between Hpylori infection, blood group, HIV infection and life style of the patients. METH...AIM： To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori （H pylori） among dyspeptic patients and to assess the relationship between Hpylori infection, blood group, HIV infection and life style of the patients. METHODS： In a hospital-based cross-sectional study, patients attending Outpatient Department of University of Gondar Hospital were enrolled. Socio-demographic information was collected using questionnaires. Serum was analyzed for anti-H pylori IgG antibodies using a commercial kit. HIV serostatus was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Blood grouping was performed by slide agglutination tests. RESULTS： A total of 215 dyspeptic patients were included in the study. One hundred and sixteen patients （54%） were females and 99 （46%） were males. Anti-H pylori IgG antibodies were detected in sera of 184 （85.6%） patients. The prevalence was significantly higher in patients aged 50 years and above. Twenty point five percent of the patients were found to be seropositive for HIV. No significant association was found between sex, ABO blood groups, consumption of spicy diets, socioeconomic status and seropositivity for Hpylori. However,alcohol consumption was significantly associated with H pylori serology. CONCLUSION： The prevalence of H pylori infection is associated with a history of alcohol intake and older age. The effect of different diet, alcohol and socioeconomic status as risk factors for H pylori infection needs further study.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Standard triple therapy is an effective treatment for eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection,but it is encountered with drug resistance.The stool antigen test is a cost-effective and easy-to-perform test to confirm the eradication of H.pylori,4-8 weeks post-therapy,with 86%sensitivity and 92%specificity.AIM To assess the H.pylori eradication rate of standard triple therapy and factors affecting the eradication rate.METHODS We conducted a prospective,multicenter follow-up study in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia,at selected healthcare facilities among dyspeptic patients with positive stool H.pylori antigen tests from June 1,2023 to October 30,2023 to assess the H.pylori eradication rate.After completing the standard triple therapy,the eradication was confirmed using a stool antigen test 4 weeks later.The data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression methods.RESULTS The H.pylori eradication rate was 85.4%.Patients with a previous diagnosis of H.pylori infection,smokers,and local alcohol consumption were associated with a lower H.pylori eradication rate,with adjusted odds ratio(AORs)of 0.159[95%confidence interval(CI):0.050-0.511],0.206(95%CI:0.052-0.822),and 0.228(95%CI:0.052-0.997),respectively.Patients with complete symptom resolution were 5.383 times more likely to achieve eradication than patients without symptom improvement,AOR=5.383,95%CI:1.74-21.089.CONCLUSION H.pylori eradication rate was lower than expected.Post-treatment testing is crucial to confirm eradication and guide further management,such as susceptibility testing.
文摘Depending on the rapid growth in infrastructural developments along with the increasing of human population, quality of cities is being deteriorated globally. Assurance of environmental quality is essential for urban planning and developments. This paper presents the potential application of urban green areas as an indicator of urban environmental quality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia based on indicators of natural parameters extracted from remotely sensed images, and socio-economic variables derived from census data. Physical environmental variables such as land-use/land-cover data, surface temperature, normalized difference vegetation index, and transformed remote sensing variables derived from three landsat images of 1986, 2000 and 2015 were analyzed for the present study. Socio-economic variables including population density and greenhouse gas emission in 2012 were used. Regression analysis, factor analysis and overlay analysis were performed after the two groups of variables were integrated. Four factors such as greenness, crowd, heat island and greenhouse gas emission were used for interpretation. By assigning different weights to each of these factors and proportion of green areas, land-use/land-cover map, environmental risk map and environmental quality index map were generated. The results show deterioration of environmental quality in the study area. It is recommended that future studies should include more parameters to provide a holistic view of the changes in greenness of the city and to try to mitigate adverse effects of development activities leading to human density and depletion of green area in the city.
文摘Introduction: Deteriorating oral health is an emerging public health concern in developing countries, yet little attention has been given to oral health in most sub-Saharan countries. The extents of caries, periodontal diseases and the associated risk factors have not been widely studied at the community level. Purpose: To assess the type and magnitude of oral health diseases as well as associated risk factors among young adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 658 children aged 10 - 14 years in Addis Ababa. Households for the study were selected through a multistage cluster sampling procedure. Data collection was carried out in December 2011 through interview and oral examination which was carried out by dental health professionals. Prevalence and 95% confidence interval was calculated. Factors associated with oral health conditions were identified using logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 47.4% (95% CI: 43.6% - 51.2%). Age, sweets intake, tooth cleaning, poor oral hygiene and being from a poor household were significantly associated with having dental caries. The prevalence of periodontal disease was 35.4% (95% CI: 31.7% - 39.0%) and it was associated with: having a mother with low education level, and poor oral hygiene. The prevalence of bad mouth odor was 4.4% (95% CI: 2.8% - 5.9%), and oral trauma 2.1% (95% CI: 1% - 3.2%). Conclusion: The prevalence of both periodontal disease and dental caries is alarmingly high. The findings indicate the need for large scale public education program to motivate regular dental check up, and proper oral hygiene practices. The study also indicates the need to strengthen oral health services using affordable and accessible outlets.
文摘Background:Tuberculosis remains a major public-health problem in the world, despite several efforts to improve case identification and treatment. Particularly multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is becoming a major threat to tuberculosis control programs in Ethiopia which seriously threatens the control and prevention efforts and is associated with both high death rates and treatment costs. Methods: A case-control study was conducted to assess risk factors and characteristics of MDR-TB cases at ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where cases were 167 MDR-TB patients, while controls were newly diagnosed and bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB cases of similar number, who were matched by sex and age of 5-years interval. Results: The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants indicated that majority (53.3%) were males and 46.7% females;a little over half of cases (55.1%) were in the age group 26 - 45 years, whereas 46.7% of controls were in this age group. According to the multivariable logistic regression analysis, previous history of hospital admission was the only factor that was identified as predictor which increased risk to develop MDR-TB by almost twenty times (AOR = 19.5;95% CI: 9.17 - 41.62) and P-value of <0.05. All other studied factor such as being unemployed, family size, having member of household member with TB, and history of visiting hospital in past 12 months etc., didn’t show any statistically significant association. Conclusion: The study identified previous history of hospital admission as independent predictors for the occurrence of MDR-TB, while other studied variables didn’t show any strong association. The findings added to the pool of knowledge emphasizing the need for instituting strong infection control practice at health care facilities to prevent nosocomial transmission of MDR-TB.
文摘Objective:To characterize mycobaclerium isolates from pulmomary tuberculosis suspected cases visiting National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory at Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute,for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis from January 4 to February 22.2010 with total samples of 263.Methods:Sputum specimens were collected and processed:the deposits were cultured.Por culturing Lowenstein Jensen medium(LJ) and Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube(BACTEC MGIT 960) were used.Capilia Neo was used for detecting NTM isolates from isolates of BACTEC MGIT960.In Armauer Hansen Research Institute,Addis Ababa Ethiopia,Deletion typing PCR method for species identification(from confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex(MTBC) isolates by Capilia Neo) uas done.Results:Out of 263 enrolled in the study.124 and 117 ol them were positive for mycobaeterium growth by BACTEC MGIT 960 and 1.1 culture method,respectively.From BACTEC MGIT 960 positive media of 124 isolates.117 were randomly taken to perform Capilia TB Neo lest.From these 7(6%) of them were found to be NTM and 110(94%) were MTBC.From these 110 MTBC isolates,81 of them were randomly taken and run by the deletion typing RD9 PCR method of molecular technique.Out of these 78(96.3%) were found to be species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 3(3.7%) were found to be not in the MTBC.Regarding the types of methods of culture media.Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube(BACTEC MGIT 960) method was found to have excellent agreement(with kappa value ol 0.78) with the routine method of LJ.Conclusions:Pulmonary tuberculosis suspected cases visiting the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory at EHNR1 that were confirmed to be pulmonary tuberculosis are caused by the species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.hence treatment regimen including pyrazinamide can be applied to the patients as the first choice in the study area in Addis Ababa.Ethiopia.There is indication of the presence of NTM in patients visiting the tuberculosis reference laboratory and this is important because NTM is known lo cause pulmonary disease similar with sign and symptom ol pulmonary tuberculosis but different in treatment.BACTEC MGIT 960 has excellent agreement with LJ media but it has high tendency of having high contamination rale unless a better decontamination method is designed.
文摘Urbanization in developing countries often negatively impacts water re-sources by polluting surface waters. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is currently experiencing rapid urbanization accompanied by significant water shortages, unmanaged stormwater, and increasing river water pollution. To supplement the need for non-potable water and address stormwater runoff pollution, we constructed a low cost stormwater filtration system. The filtration system is comprised of a sedimentation area followed by three gravel grain sizes arranged horizontally from coarse to medium to fine filter media. We compared the quality of pretreatment water with post-treatment water by measuring physicochemical parameters, heavy metals and nutrients. We found that the filtration system reduced turbidity by 87%, TSS by 80%, Cu by 87% and Zn by 90%. Further, it positively increased the concentration of DO by 42%. However, the filtration system did not remove nitrates and nitrites. Implementing this system at outfalls in the rapidly expanding condominium housing areas can increase residents’ supply of non-potable water and reduce the amount of polluted stormwater entering nearby streams and rivers.
文摘Objective: To determine the association between low birth weight and household food insecurity at government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: A case control study was carried out on 468 mothers with term neonates from February 1, 2017 to May 15, 2017. The cases were women who gave term babies weighing less than 2500 g and the controls were those having 2500 g or above. In the included hospitals, choices of cases were done as the cases found and the next three eligible newborns in the maternity room were the controls. Data were collected by using pretested and structured questionnaire. Standard beam balance was used to measure the neonatal weight by trained midwifery. The data were entered into a computer using Epi-Data 3.1 and exported to Stata version 14 for data management and analysis. Results: Mothers having food insecurity [adjusted odd ratio (AOR) 3.58;95% confidence interval (CI) (1.79-7.16)], mid-upper arm circumference [AOR 7.70;95% CI (4.39-13.60)], hypertension [AOR 4.81;95% CI (2.33-9.93)], and early age [AOR 3.88;95% CI (1.35-11.15)] showed statistically significant association with low birth weight. Conclusions: Household food insecurity, hypertension, mid-upper arm circumference and early age in women were significant predictors of low birth weight. The provision of adequate nutrient for pregnant mothers having household food insecurity should be assured in order to prevent adverse birth weight outcomes.
文摘Introduction: Alcohol drinking and risky sexual practices have become serious public health problem among teenagers and young adults globally, including many developing countries. The available reports are sparse, especially there is a lack of recent and representative data for high school students in developing countries including Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, identify determinants, and examine the association of alcohol drinking with sexual practices among high school students in Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia. Methods: School based cross sectional study was conducted from November to December 2010. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between students’ background characteristics and alcohol use, and alcohol use and sexual practices. Results: Among 2551 students surveyed, lifetime and current (past month) alcohol drinking was reported by 1166 (45.7%) and 676 (26.5%) students, respectively. Having sexual intercourse at least once in their lifetime was reported by 412 (16.2%) with151 (5.9%) of them being sexually active during a month prior to the survey. Having multiple sexual partners (52.5%), drinking alcohol before sexual intercourse (26.4%), and having sexual intercourse without the use of condom (47.3%) were also common among sexually active students. In adjusted logistic regression model, age (18 and 19 and older), living with 2 parents, getting pocket money, having alcohol drinking friends and attending general secondary school (grade 9-10) were positive predictors of current alcohol drinking. Nergative predictors of current alcohol drinking were being Protestant Christian and living with relatives or siblings. Conclusion: Alcohol drinking before sexual intercourse was a major problem among high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Male gender, older age and higher school grade, friends influence, religious affiliation, living with parents and getting pocket money were significant predictors of current alcohol drinking. Educating about substance use and risky sexual behaviors, engaging students in extracurricular activities and restrict access to alcohol to high school students may help in solution of these problems on a local scale.
文摘Introduction: The key to successful elimination of tuberculosis (TB) is treatment of cases with optimum chemotherapy. Irrational anti-TB drug use over time has led to drug-resistant TB. The treatment of MDR-TB with second line drugs is long, complex and costly, and has a considerable rate of adverse effects. The level of ADR reporting is low in Ethiopia due to different factors. This Study conducted in a selected treated area in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and helped the health care centers to understand the prevalence of ADR related MDR-TB and be aware of those adverse effects in order to detect them early and be prepared to take proper steps when they occur. Aim of the Study: To determine the prevalence and risk factor of adverse drug reactions associated treatments of Multidrug Resistant tuberculosis. Method: This was a cross sectional study, which was conducted between March 2012 and February 2013 at St. Peter TB specialized hospital and AHRI/ALERT. 73 MDR TB patients, who were on MDR TB treatments, enrolled to the study. Adverse Drug Reactions associated MDR TB treatments were assessed by patient history review and questionnaire. Chemistry laboratory was used to test renal function, thyroid function, liver enzyme and potassium level. Result: In 72 patients, at least two ADRs were found. The mean age of the study population (Mean ± SD) was 28 ± 8.8. In this study the most commonly found adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were: Anorexia 83.3%, Nausea and vomiting 82%, Gastritis 64%, Arteralgia 47%, Skin rash and itching 45%, Headache 29.2%, Depression 22.2% and Blurred vision 19.4%. Using binary logistic regression model older age (COR 8.71, 95% [CI] 1.06 - 71.9), alcoholism (COR 4.05, 95% [CI] 1.05 - 15.6), smoking (COR 0.24, 95% [CI] 0.06 - 0.87) and concomitant drug intake (COR 0.14, 95% [CI] 0.03 - 0.76) were independent predictors for ADRs. Conclusion: The prevalence of ADRs related MDR TB treatments is high. To minimize ADR occurrence, ADR predictors should be integrated into the clinical pathway. Monitoring of liver function, renal function, TSH and level of potassium during MDR TB treatment, helps to avoid complication caused by therapy and increase the adherence to the treatment.
文摘Background: The lack of cause of death information is the main challenge in monitoring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in countries where the majority of deaths occur at home. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of physician reviewers of verbal autopsies in diagnosing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in the adult population of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Methods: This study was done within the context of a burial surveillance system in Addis Ababa. Trained interviewers completed a standard verbal autopsy questionnaire and an independent panel of physicians reviewed the completed form to assign cause of death. Physicians' review was compared to a reference standard constructed based on prospectively collected HIV-serostatus and patients' hospital record. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to validate the physicians' verbal autopsy diagnoses against reference standards. Results: Physicians accurately identified AIDS-related deaths with sensitivity and specificity of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80 - 0.93) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.64 - 0.87), respectively. Generally, there was high level of agreement (Cohen's Kappa Statistic (K > 0.6) between the first two physicians with some yearly variations. In 2008 and 2009 there was an almost perfect agreement (K > 0.80). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the agreement level between two independent physicians in diagnosing AIDS-related death is very high and thus using a single verbal autopsy coder is practical for programmatic purposes in countries where there is critical shortage of doctors.
文摘Introduction: Non-enzymatic antioxidants are good scavengers of free radicals preventing their overproduction there by reducing the level of oxidative stress. This work was undertaken at Saint Peter TB specialized hospital and TekleHaimanot health center from March 2012 to May 2013.Aim: To determine changes in Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and level of oxidative stress of tuberculosis Patients before and after taking anti tuberculosis treatment.Materials and Methods: In this comparative cross sectional study, a total of 210 individuals including: newly diagnosed TB patients as group-I (n = 70), TB patients who completed treatment as group-II (n = 70), and healthy volunteers as group-III (n = 70) were enrolled. Different methods were used to determine the parameters;vit-C (HPLC method), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbuituric acid method), and bilirubin (Colorimetric assay). Results: Vitamin-C (Vit-C) and of group-I showed a significant reduction (p < 0.001) as compared with both group-II and group-III whereas Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was increased. However, the total and direct bilirubin was not different among the groups. In group-III, there was a positive correlation between BMI and serum Vit-C (r = -0.305, p = 0.010). Vit-C showed a negative correlation with serum MDA in all the groups with values (r = -0.265, p = 0.027), (r = -0.389, p = 0.001) and (r = -0.375, p = 0.001) for group-I, group-II and group-III respectively. In addition to this Vit-C was negatively correlated with serum UA (r = -0.285, p = 0.017) in group-I. Conclusion: The findings of the current study suggest that the amount of Vit-C in the newly diagnosed TB patients and those who finished their treatment is much lower than the healthy volunteers. In contrast to this, the MDA value was significantly higher both in the newly diagnosed TB patients and TB patients who completed treatment than in healthy volunteers suggesting higher degree of oxidative stress.
文摘Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Although different strategies have been designed and implemented to combat it, it has continuously increased in the past five years, resulting in 10 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths. This study aims to estimate survival and predictors among tuberculosis patients on treatment in selected health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study employed a retrospective cohort design where data were collected by reviewing medical records of tuberculosis patients who were registered from May 2016 to May 2017 on treatment in 20 selected health centers in Addis Ababa. Independent predictors were identified, and the strength of association between dependent and independent predictors was determined using the Weibull regression model. Before computing Weibull regression analysis, Cox proportional assumption, model diagnosis, and fitness were checked. The hazard ratio was calculated to indicate the strength of association. Of 371 TB patients, about 136 (36.7%) died during the treatment period. Most TB deaths occurred during the intensive phase, and the overall estimated median survival time was 157 days. In the multivariable Weibull model, age (HR = 0.98), baseline weight (HR = 0.96, P = 0.03), tuberculosis treatment phase (continuation phase, HR = 0.48), and tuberculosis type (pulmonary negative TB, HR = 19.92) were found to be independent predictors of time to death of tuberculosis patients. Finally, the study concluded that the survival time to death of the patients is high. The health care providers should give special attention and follow up for pulmonary negative and underweight TB patients.
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between married couples’premarital expectations and marital satisfaction in the Bole sub-city of Addis Ababa.A quantitative descriptive survey was employed in this study.A sample of 100 married couples(200 participants)was used as a primary source of data.The sampling technique employed was a convenience sampling method.A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from primary sources.Pearson’s correlation,standard linear regression,one way ANOVA,and independent T-test were used as data analysis techniques with an acceptable significance level(p<0.05).The result of the study indicated that there was a significantly positive relationship between premarital expectation and marital satisfaction.Marital communication was observed to have a statistically significant predictor effect on marital satisfaction.Socio-demographic factors assumed to have a contribution to variance in premarital expectations and marital satisfaction of couples have been identified;educational level,religious affiliation,and source of marital information were identified to have a contribution to differences in premarital expectation.Age,religious affiliation,income level,and duration of courtship were identified to have a significant contribution to differences in marital satisfaction of married couples.The findings of the study have practical implications in marriage counseling,couples capacity building training,couples conflict resolution,and for researchers in the area of marriage and marital relationship.
文摘Background: Understanding ecological factors that influence risky sexual behavior of adolescents is vital in designing and implementing sexual risk reduction interventions in specific contexts. Interventions undertaken without understanding the critical factors may not produce the desired results. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with adolescent risky sexual behavior among school adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among randomly selected school adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data were collected by an anonymous self administered questionnaire. Risky sexual behavior was assessed by asking question about sexual activity, consistent condom use and faithfulness to a single partner. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors related to sexual behavior using the ecological framework. Result: Overall 377(10.6%) of the 723 sexually active students were involved in risky sexual practices. Risky sexual behavior was significantly and very strongly associated with perception of peers' involvement in sexual intercourse [AOR = 11.68 (95% CI: 8.76 - 15.58)]. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that peer pressure is the most important factor associated with risky sexual behavior among school adolescents in Addis Ababa. Interventions aimed at reducing sexual behavior among school adolescents should target adolescents as a group rather than individually.
文摘In film festivals Purpose of digitalized works especially screening works are at the basic of changes resulting from the development of digital technology and information society.Film screening mediums radically changed the way of traditional film making processes such as producing,distributing,and archiving.Digitization is the second most relevant change in cinema history.It replaces conventional 35 mm film and projectors with computer workstations and high resolution electronic video projectors.It has introduced the Computer Generated Imaginary(CGI).Digital media affects all stages of communication,including acquisition,manipulating,storage,and distribution,but the computer media revolution also affects all types of media text,still images,moving images,sound,and spatial constructions(Manovich,2002,p.43).Ethiopian film producers slowly started to digitalize DVD formats of production.Who does this Digitalization of Hirut(2020)do?And what is the fat of AAIFF 2020?This paper seeks to address these issues.Hirut was released on DVD in March 1964 and digitalized in 2021 in the screening of the first Addis Ababa film festival.The pioneer film and theatre directors,Addis Ababa city cinema hall administers,prominent film producers,and young film scholars participate in the Digitalization of Hirut(2020).It is there most recent contribution in digitalizing process in the history of the first Ethiopian film in Addis film festival.The author of this article used primary and secondary data.In addition to this,he directly participated in the digitalization process and presented his ongoing Ph.D.desertion project which is directly related to film digitalization.For film festivals in the AAIFF film festivals so he used participation method to investigate the data.Finally,he found that digitalization of films and government owned film festivals in Ethiopia give green light in the archiving and development of film industry in Ethiopia.
文摘Back Ground: Risky sexual behavior among orphans and vulnerable children and its associated physical, psychological and social consequences is becoming a major public health concern globally. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of risky sexual behavior and its determinants among orphan and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa. Methodology: A community based cross sectional study was conducted on three support and care giving organizations for orphans and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March to June 2014. A total of 422 orphan and vulnerable children were selected using systematic sampling. Data were collected using pre tested self-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Result: A total of 407 (96.4%) respondents participated in this study. Among them 112 (27.5%) had sexual intercourse in their life time, of these 50 (44.6%) started sex before the age of 15, 94 (83.9%) had forced sex, 84 (75.0%) had multiple sexual partners, only 16 (14.3%) used condom the first time they had sex and 96 (85.7%) participated in transactional sex. Females were about 3.25 (2.67 - 7.3) times more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior than male respondents, double orphans had 4.32 (2.45 - 9.54) odds of risky sexual behavior compared to their counterparts. Those respondents who had knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention were less likely to be involved in risky sexual behavior 0.58 (0.41 - 0.93). Conclusion: Orphan and vulnerable children are at a higher likelihood of risky sexual behavior. Intervention targeted at multilevel such as orphan survival training, assertive communication skills, sexuality education and education about HIV risk perception, physical, psychological and human right protection, social support, and economic access for basic needs need to be given consideration.
文摘Banking sector in Ethiopia is dominant and it is a dense competent area.Due to this the bank managements tend to continually found the strategies that enables them to be competent in this dense competition.These strategies often focus on handling of customers satisfaction to be strongly compete and pooling more customers.Because,service quality is relevant to keep up their competitive advantage and improve customer satisfaction.So,this study examine the handling of customers satisfaction and assessment of service qualities on Commercial Bank of Ethiopia(CBE)in Addis Ababa at East District by applying SERVQUAL model.This study used convenient and random sampling technique to select the sample respondents and 400 respondents were selected branches of CBE in Addis Ababa at east district.The data sources for this study are primary and secondary data sources.The questionnaires are used as primary data source,which are contained SERVQUAL model and the agreements were measured by applying the five Likert point scales.The correlation result revealed that all dimensions of service quality have a strong and significant statistical relationship with customer satisfaction.The quality of service offered by CBE no meets with the expectation of customer(customers satisfied in somewhat quality service).So,the bank needs to reform service quality for satisfy and attract unsatisfied customers.
文摘A study of the population status of and threats to the Black-winged Lovebird(Agapornis taranta) was carried out from September 2008 to February 2009 in Entoto Natural Park(ENP) and in Bole SubCity,Addis Ababa,Ethiopia.A point transect count technique was employed to examine the status of the lovebirds.An average total of 58 birds was recorded of which 46 were counted in Bole Sub-City and 12 in Entoto Natural Park areas.The maximum number recorded during our census was 57 in the dry season and 15 in the wet season in Bole Sub-City and Entoto Natural Park,respectively.The ratio of adult males to adult females in Entoto Natural Park was 1:0.71 and 1:0.60,and 1:0.76 and 1:0.78 in Bole Sub-City during both wet and dry seasons,respectively.The seasonal variation and difference in sex ratios between males and females was not significant(p > 0.05) at either of the study sites.The threat for the Blackwinged Lovebird or other birds in Entoto Natural Park is due to the fragmentation of natural habitats,thus decreasing food sources,owing to the domination of eucalyptus(Eucalyptus globulus) trees in the area.Grazing by livestock,intensive farming practices and deforestation by the local community have contributed greatly to the degradation of the land resulting in erosion,thus devastating the habitat of the Natural Park.The vegetation cover of Entoto Natural Park and urban gardens should be managed effectively for the survival of the avian fauna of the area.
基金This work was supported by Research and Community Services of University of Gondar with Grant No.RPO/55/43/2008
文摘Objective:To assess the magnitude and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeisolates from various clinical specimens.Methods:A record based on retrospectivestudy was conducted at Gondar University Teaching Hospital from September 2007 to January 2012.All patients who visited Gondar University Hospital and provided clinical specimens(body fluids,discharge,swab and blood)for routine bacteriological culturing and antimicrobial susceptibilitytesting were taken for analysis.Clinical specimens were processed for bacterial culture accordingto the standard procedures.Antimicrobial susceptibility test for isolated organisms was doneusing agar disk diffusion method.The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software version16 package.Results:One hundred and fifty threeStreptococcus pneumoniaewere isolated frompatients who visited Gondar University Teaching Hospital bacteriology laboratory for culture.Majority of the pneumococcal isolates were from inpatients[111(72.5%)],and 74(48.4%)were frombody fluids.Out of the total isolates,93(61%)were found to be resistant to at least one antibioticused for susceptibility testing.Forty eight(43.2%)of the isolates were multi-drug resistant(resistantto two or more drugs).The resistance rate noted for both ciprofloxacin 17(11.1%)and ceftriaxone15(9.8%)were alarming.Conclusions:High proportions of the isolates tend to be increasinglyresistant to the commonly prescribed drugs.The recommended drug of choice like ciprofloxacinand ceftriaxone were found to be less susceptible in the study area.Based on the findings,wetherefore recommend that antimicrobial agents should be inspected for acceptable activity beforethey are prescribed and administered empirically.Further study with a better design and surveyof antimicrobial susceptibility at large scale shoule be performed to draw advanced information.
文摘AIM： To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori （H pylori） among dyspeptic patients and to assess the relationship between Hpylori infection, blood group, HIV infection and life style of the patients. METHODS： In a hospital-based cross-sectional study, patients attending Outpatient Department of University of Gondar Hospital were enrolled. Socio-demographic information was collected using questionnaires. Serum was analyzed for anti-H pylori IgG antibodies using a commercial kit. HIV serostatus was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Blood grouping was performed by slide agglutination tests. RESULTS： A total of 215 dyspeptic patients were included in the study. One hundred and sixteen patients （54%） were females and 99 （46%） were males. Anti-H pylori IgG antibodies were detected in sera of 184 （85.6%） patients. The prevalence was significantly higher in patients aged 50 years and above. Twenty point five percent of the patients were found to be seropositive for HIV. No significant association was found between sex, ABO blood groups, consumption of spicy diets, socioeconomic status and seropositivity for Hpylori. However,alcohol consumption was significantly associated with H pylori serology. CONCLUSION： The prevalence of H pylori infection is associated with a history of alcohol intake and older age. The effect of different diet, alcohol and socioeconomic status as risk factors for H pylori infection needs further study.
