Non-native plants are increasingly recognized as ecosystem engineers across a wide range of ecosystems.While their impacts on understory composition have been widely documented,consequences for community assembly rema...Non-native plants are increasingly recognized as ecosystem engineers across a wide range of ecosystems.While their impacts on understory composition have been widely documented,consequences for community assembly remain largely unexplored.We investigated the engineering impacts of Sorbaria sorbifolia,a naturalized Rosaceae shrub,on abiotic conditions and understory community assembly in Central European forests.Across 60 plots spanning coniferous and deciduous stands,we quantified light availability,organic layer C/N ratio and thickness,and understory functional diversity along an invasion gradient.Using ordination and linear regression,we found that increasing S.sorbifolia cover reduced light availability,thickened the organic layer,and altered C/N ratio in contrasting,forest-type-specific ways.In coniferous stands,invasion increased C/N and strongly suppressed understory light,whereas in deciduous stands it reduced C/N with weaker shading effects.These changes translate into consistent declines in functional richness and dispersion,particularly in coniferous forests where invasion led to homogenization of the understory.Trait shifts indicated stronger habitat filtering under invasion,with declines in specific leaf area(SLA)and increases in leaf dry matter content and seed mass,reflecting exclusion of light-demanding species and persistence of stress-tolerant taxa and woody seedlings.Remarkably,once S.sorbifolia exceeded~50%cover,positive relationships between habitat properties and understory functional diversity collapsed,replaced by uniform light limitation.This threshold effect highlights S.sorbifolia as an ecosystem engineer,capable of transforming forest structure and regeneration trajectories.Early detection and management are therefore crucial to prevent long-term homogenization and the formation of novel,invasion-driven forest states.展开更多
Meniscus injuries are widespread and the available treatments do not offer enough healing potential.Here,we provide critical support for using pigs as a biological model for meniscal degeneration and the development o...Meniscus injuries are widespread and the available treatments do not offer enough healing potential.Here,we provide critical support for using pigs as a biological model for meniscal degeneration and the development of cutting-edge therapies in orthopedics.We present a single-cell transcriptome atlas of the meniscus,consisting of cell clusters corresponding to four major cell types:chondrocytes,endothelial cells,smooth muscle cells,and immune cells.Five distinct chondrocyte subclusters(CH0–CH4)were annotated,of which only one was widespread in both the red and white zones,indicating a major difference in the cellular makeup of the zones.Subclusters distinct to the white zone appear responsible for cartilage-specific matrix deposition and protection against adverse microenvironmental factors,while those in the red zone exhibit characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and are more likely to proliferate and migrate.Additionally,they induce remodeling actions in other chondrocyte subclusters and promote the proliferation and maturation of endothelial cells,inducing healing and vascularization processes.Considering that they have substantial remodeling capabilities,these subclusters should be of great interest for tissue engineering studies.We also show that the cellular makeup of the pig meniscus is comparable to that of humans,which supports the use of pigs as a model in orthopedic therapy development.展开更多
Functional superhydrophobic coatings have attracted considerable attention because of their potential for a wide range of applications.In this study,a novel cyclotetrasiloxane-based hybrid superhydrophobic modifier(F-...Functional superhydrophobic coatings have attracted considerable attention because of their potential for a wide range of applications.In this study,a novel cyclotetrasiloxane-based hybrid superhydrophobic modifier(F-D_(4))was prepared for the first time using a mild thiolene click reaction of 2,4,6,8-tetravinyl-2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane(Vi-D_(4))with perfluorohexylethanethiol(PFOT)and mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane(MPTMS)as the raw materials.Then,F-D_(4) was introduced into the fabric via a sol-gel process,resulting in a superhydrophobic fabric(F-D_(4)-Fabric).The surface characteristics of the modified fabric were determined using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and water contact angle(WCA).The coated fabrics have outstanding mechanical,physical,and chemical stability,and exhibit excellent self-cleaning and anti-fouling properties.Owing to its superhydrophobicity,FD_(4)-Fabric could efficiently separate a range of oil/water mixtures with a separation efficiency of up to 99.99%.The study showed that the modification strategy used in the dip-coating process greatly affected the superhydrophobicity of the cotton fabric,which is useful for oil/water separation and self-cleaning applications.展开更多
Actual evapotranspiration is a key process of hydrological cycle and a sole term that links land surface water balance and land surface energy balance.Evapotranspiration plays a key role in simulating hydrological eff...Actual evapotranspiration is a key process of hydrological cycle and a sole term that links land surface water balance and land surface energy balance.Evapotranspiration plays a key role in simulating hydrological effect of climate change,and a review of evapotranspiration estimation methods in hydrological models is of vital importance.This paper firstly summarizes the evapotranspiration estimation methods applied in hydrological models and then classifies them into the integrated converting methods and the classification gathering methods by their mechanism.Integrated converting methods are usually used in hydrological models and two differences exist among them:one is in the potential evaporation estimation methods,while the other in the function for defining relationship between potential evapora tion and actual evapotranspiration.Due to the higher information requirements of the Pen-man-Monteith method and the existing data uncertainty,simplified empirical methods for calculating potential and actual evapotranspiration are widely used in hydrological models.Different evapotranspiration calculation methods are used depending on the complexity of the hydrological model,and importance and difficulty in the selection of the most suitable evapotranspiration methods is discussed.Finally,this paper points out the prospective de velopment trends of the evapotranspiration estimating methods in hydrological modeling.展开更多
In this article,we consider Orlicz-Lorentz sequence spaces equipped with the Orlicz norm(λ_(φ,ω),‖·‖_(φ,ω)^(O))generated by any Orlicz function and any non-increasing weight sequence.As far as we know,rese...In this article,we consider Orlicz-Lorentz sequence spaces equipped with the Orlicz norm(λ_(φ,ω),‖·‖_(φ,ω)^(O))generated by any Orlicz function and any non-increasing weight sequence.As far as we know,research on such a general case is conducted for the first time.After showing that the Orlicz norm is equal to the Amemiya norm in general and giving some important properties of this norm,we study the problem of existence of order isomorphically isometric copies of l∞in the space(λ_(φ,ω),‖·‖_(φ,ω)^(O))and we find criteria for order continuity and monotonicity properties of this space.We also find criteria for monotonicity properties of n-dimensional subspaces λ_(φ,ω)^(n)(n≥2)and the subspace(λ_(φ,ω))_(a) of order continuous elements of λ_(φ,ω).Finally,as an immediate consequence of the criteria considered in this article,the properties of Orlicz sequence spaces equipped with the Orlicz norm are deduced.展开更多
The research presents the first results of aluminium speciation analysis in aqueous extracts of individual plant parts of Betula pendula and soil samples, using High Performance Ion Chromatography with Diode Array Det...The research presents the first results of aluminium speciation analysis in aqueous extracts of individual plant parts of Betula pendula and soil samples, using High Performance Ion Chromatography with Diode Array Detection（HPIC-DAD）. The applied method allowed us to carry out a full speciation analysis of aluminium in the form of predominant aluminium–fluoride complexes： AlF（（x = 2,3,4））^（（3-x））（first analytical signal）, AlF^（2＋）（second analytical signal） and Al^（3＋）（third analytical signal） in samples of lateral roots, tap roots, twigs, stem, leaf and soil collected under roots of B. pendula. Concentrations of aluminium and its complexes were determined for two types of environment characterised by different degree of human impact：contaminated site of the Chemical Plant in Luboń and protected area of the Wielkopolski National Park. For all the analysed samples of B. pendula and soil, AlF（（x = 2,3,4））^（（3-x））had the largest contribution, followed by Al^（3＋）and AlF^（2＋）. Significant differences in concentration and contribution of Al–F complexes and Al^（3＋）form, depending on the place of sampling（different anthropogenic pressure） and plant part of B. pendula were observed. Based on the obtained results, it was found that transport of aluminium is ＂blocked＂ by lateral roots, and is closely related to Al content of soil.展开更多
The short neuropeptide F(sNPF)family of peptides is a multifunctional group of neurohormones involved in the regulation of various physiological processes in insects.They have been found in a broad spectrum of species...The short neuropeptide F(sNPF)family of peptides is a multifunctional group of neurohormones involved in the regulation of various physiological processes in insects.They have been found in a broad spectrum of species,but the number of isoforms in the precursor molecule varies from one to four.The receptor for sNPF(sNPFR),which belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family,has been characterized in various insect orders and was shown to be an ortholog of the mammalian prolactin-releasing peptide receptor(PrPR).The sNPF signaling pathway interacts with other neurohormones such as insulin-like peptides,SIFamide,and pigment-dispersing factors(PDFs)to regulate various processes.The main physiological function of sNPF seems to be involved in the regulation of feeding,but the observed effects are species-specific.sNPF is also connected with the regulation of foraging behavior and the olfactory system.The influence of sNPF on feeding and thus energy metabolism may also indirectly affect other vital processes,such as reproduction and development.In addition,these neurohormones are involved in the regulation of locomotor activity and circadian rhythm in insects.This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the sNPF system in insects.展开更多
Large carrion is inhabited by highly variable and interactive communities of insects.Positive interactions in carrion insect communities have been recently the focus in carrion ecology.In contrast,competition between ...Large carrion is inhabited by highly variable and interactive communities of insects.Positive interactions in carrion insect communities have been recently the focus in carrion ecology.In contrast,competition between carrion insects is rather undervalued.Here we provide evidence that blow flies(Calliphoridae)and Necrodes beetles(Silphidae),dominant decomposers of large carcasses in terrestrial habitats,compete over carrion.By reanalyzing the results from 90 pig carcasses,we demonstrated that the contribution of the flies and the beetles to the decay was negatively related.The greater part of the large carrion pool was monopolized by blow flies,whereas Necrodes beetles abundantly colonized carcasses,on which blow flies were less effective as decomposers.In behavioral assays,we found that adult beetles killed 4 times more frequently feeding than postfeeding third instar larvae of the flies,with the large decrease in the killing frequency after the larvae reached the age of early third instar.Therefore,adult Necrodes beetles preferentially killed the larvae that were before or in their peak feeding.The study provides evidence that the interaction between blow flies and Necrodes beetles is a combination of indirect exploitative effects of the flies and direct interference effects of the beetles(the mixed competition).展开更多
Human blood serum of cancer, cancer-recovered and healthy patients contains laevorotatory and dextrorotatory B2 active molecules. The laevorotatory B2 active carriers in patient serum carry information on the cancer s...Human blood serum of cancer, cancer-recovered and healthy patients contains laevorotatory and dextrorotatory B2 active molecules. The laevorotatory B2 active carriers in patient serum carry information on the cancer status while the dextrorotatory B2 active carriers carry information on the recovered and/or healthy patient status. Their magneto-optical characteristic is analysed by the B2 Magneto Optical Circular Birefringence. By applying the MOCB experimental technique, it is possible to differentiate between the cancer and non-cancer patients. The paper introduces a purely molecular physics approach for description of the cancer/recovered and also non-cancer patients status.展开更多
Different positions of the member states of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, especially the developed and developing countries and also the United States of America （USA）, the European Union （EU）, and Japan r...Different positions of the member states of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, especially the developed and developing countries and also the United States of America （USA）, the European Union （EU）, and Japan representatives, were observed during the Doha Round of trade negotiations under the WTO. The problems of agriculture protection in the developed countries, for example in the EU and USA and also in the developing countries, were becoming serious obstacles during the negotiations. Despite the undeniable benefits of the multilateral WTO forum for trade liberalization, the rapid increase of North-South bilateral and multilateral free trade areas （FTAs） begs a systematic explanation for why some forums are prioritized relative to others. The main aim of the article is the presentation of some new aspects of the international business theory in the context of international economy. The article presents the mercantilist tendencies in the international trade policy, the theory of public choice in the foreign trade policy, protectionist pressures in different political systems, the level of protectionist pressures, food producers＇ pressure, and conflicts between the tendencies to sustainable international trade liberalization and environmental protection.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to show a theoretical approach to the evolution of concepts perceiving disability, taking into account the medical, social, and geographical models, as the basis for the development of princip...The aim of this paper is to show a theoretical approach to the evolution of concepts perceiving disability, taking into account the medical, social, and geographical models, as the basis for the development of principles concerning the organisation of accessible tourism for people with disabilities （PWD）. The main research objective was to identify the current attitudes of future, potential employees in the tourism （tourism and recreation students at the time of the study） towards accessible tourism. The study was based on surveys performed in May 2013 at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznafi （UAM, Poland） and the State University in Irkutsk （HFY, Russia）, a total sample of 216 people. The main section of the survey contained four questions regarding issues such as： optimal ways to organise tourism products for people with a disability; attitudes towards spending leisure time together with people with a disability; and specific requirements concerning the introduction of various types of improvements in tourism products aimed at people with a disability. In both cases, the results revealed that future tourism employees hold attitudes which are prevailingly open and positive towards the needs of tourists with disabilities. However, the hypothesis that the main factor influencing a reluctance to enter into contact with PwD is a lack of experience in this area, resulting in insufficient knowledge of what conditions the behaviour of PwD was also confirmed. This is a highly significant conclusion which should consider if mandatory educational programmes in the field of tourism and recreation studies are to be improved.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to present different aspects of creativity in accounting. Firstly, since creative accounting allows to present a company＇s financial condition in a more favourable light, the ＂advantages＂ o...The aim of this paper is to present different aspects of creativity in accounting. Firstly, since creative accounting allows to present a company＇s financial condition in a more favourable light, the ＂advantages＂ of this creativity are identified. This is followed by the enumeration of negative aspects of creative accounting, to illustrate how creativity in accounting may help to falsify the true picture of a company＇s business. Next, the concept of creative accounting and aggressive accounting （the latter, identified rightly, with a financial and accounting fraud） is explained. Finally, methods that are commonly used to falsify accounts, as well as the premises for and the circumstances in which such criminal practices occur, are presented. The paper draws on the results of other scientific works （books and articles published in scientific journals） in which the main and most interesting views of other authors have been presented. A critical analysis method was employed, followed by a comparison of legal texts and legal acts. The scientific conclusion was conducted using the deduction, and, partially, the induction method. It has been shown that it is justified to differentiate in accounting between creativity that is allowable within the established legal limits and practice based upon the use of creativity in a manner contrary to law. Further, it has been concluded that where creativity in accounting goes beyond the limits unambiguously established by the law, it definitely carries attributes of an offence. It has been also noted that due to continuous changes in the functioning conditions of enterprises, the above mentioned limits cannot be fixed or rigid. Thus it is necessary to control and analyse the creativity of accounting and financial staff working in enterprises in order to adapt the binding regulations to the needs of current markets.展开更多
In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the trade interests in foreign policy of the Global South. What indicates the importance and innovativeness of the research is the presentation of the new m...In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the trade interests in foreign policy of the Global South. What indicates the importance and innovativeness of the research is the presentation of the new models of the foreign trade policy and trade interests of Global South. First of all, it must underline that in the new theoretical terms in the demand for trade policy very important is factor specificity. The low specificity of factors means that factor returns are equalized throughout a region＇s economy. Moreover, some factors are stuck in their present uses; therefore, factor returns are not equalized throughout a region＇s economy, but are industry specific. The main objective of the research task is to give a comprehensive analysis of the models of foreign trade policy, trade interests indicated by export orientation and import sensitivity, protectionistic pressures in different political system and different types of authoritarian regimes of Global South, the level of protectionistic pressures, the rise of qualitatively new politics in North-South relations like bilateral tendencies. It should be stressed that free trade in itself is not responsible for economic growth, but more significant are the determining macroeconomic stability and increasing investment of Global South.展开更多
The theme of the article is Polish movie Illumination directed by Krzysztof Zanussi to his own screenplay in 1972 （cinema premiere 1973）. ＂The film contains elements of Zanussi＇s intellectual biography as well as ...The theme of the article is Polish movie Illumination directed by Krzysztof Zanussi to his own screenplay in 1972 （cinema premiere 1973）. ＂The film contains elements of Zanussi＇s intellectual biography as well as documentary elements, e.g., appearances of philosopher Wiadyslaw Tatarkiewicz＂. It is one of the most important Polish films. The purpose of the text is to examine the philosophical contexts in this film, and the relationship between ＂orders＂, ＂art＂, and ＂science＂. The research method is： semiotics, psychology of perception and comparative research. The text will refer to the philosophical writings： Blaise Pascala＇s Thoughts, St. Augustine＇s Confessions and the monograph work of Krzysztof Zanussi, for example, Mariola Marczak＇s Anxiety and Longing, Movies and the Value, About the Films of KrzysztofZanussi （Publisher： University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 2011） or Tomasza Ktysa, The Intellectual Cinema of KrzysztofZanussi, in ＂Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences et des Lettres de Lodez＂ （vol. XLV）; Serie： ＂Recherches sur les Arts＂ （vol. VI）; Polish Cinema in Ten Takes, edited by E. Nurczyfiska-Fidelska, Z. Batko （Publisher： Lodz Scientific Society in Lodz, 1995）.展开更多
The paper presents a flow plasma reactor permitting modification of the properties of water/aqueous solutions by stochastic resonance amplification of vibrations of selected chemical species in water with electromagne...The paper presents a flow plasma reactor permitting modification of the properties of water/aqueous solutions by stochastic resonance amplification of vibrations of selected chemical species in water with electromagnetic noise generated during a plasma discharge. The main parameters characterizing the quality for super-pure water, tap water and water from the intake in Besko (Poland) before and after the process in the plasma reactor were presented for comparison. In addition, the <sup>17</sup>O NMR (the full width at half maximum) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) methods were used to determine differences in physicochemical parameters between the untreated and plasma-treated water. It has been established that the water subjected to plasma treatment shows much different gas absorption properties than the untreated water samples, as a function of temperature and pressure, in this paper we report exemplary data for CO<sub>2</sub>, oxygen and acetylene. The improved gas absorption properties of the plasma-treated water make it attractive for the use in industrial processes. It is worth pointing to a great capacity of the new reactor (4000 l/h), and low energy consumption (20 MJ/h) for the treatment of the above mentioned volume flow rate of water.展开更多
文摘Non-native plants are increasingly recognized as ecosystem engineers across a wide range of ecosystems.While their impacts on understory composition have been widely documented,consequences for community assembly remain largely unexplored.We investigated the engineering impacts of Sorbaria sorbifolia,a naturalized Rosaceae shrub,on abiotic conditions and understory community assembly in Central European forests.Across 60 plots spanning coniferous and deciduous stands,we quantified light availability,organic layer C/N ratio and thickness,and understory functional diversity along an invasion gradient.Using ordination and linear regression,we found that increasing S.sorbifolia cover reduced light availability,thickened the organic layer,and altered C/N ratio in contrasting,forest-type-specific ways.In coniferous stands,invasion increased C/N and strongly suppressed understory light,whereas in deciduous stands it reduced C/N with weaker shading effects.These changes translate into consistent declines in functional richness and dispersion,particularly in coniferous forests where invasion led to homogenization of the understory.Trait shifts indicated stronger habitat filtering under invasion,with declines in specific leaf area(SLA)and increases in leaf dry matter content and seed mass,reflecting exclusion of light-demanding species and persistence of stress-tolerant taxa and woody seedlings.Remarkably,once S.sorbifolia exceeded~50%cover,positive relationships between habitat properties and understory functional diversity collapsed,replaced by uniform light limitation.This threshold effect highlights S.sorbifolia as an ecosystem engineer,capable of transforming forest structure and regeneration trajectories.Early detection and management are therefore crucial to prevent long-term homogenization and the formation of novel,invasion-driven forest states.
基金supported by the National Centre for Research and Development TECHMATSTRATEG-Ⅲ/0027/2019,POWR.03.02.00-00-I006/17the IDUB UAM。
文摘Meniscus injuries are widespread and the available treatments do not offer enough healing potential.Here,we provide critical support for using pigs as a biological model for meniscal degeneration and the development of cutting-edge therapies in orthopedics.We present a single-cell transcriptome atlas of the meniscus,consisting of cell clusters corresponding to four major cell types:chondrocytes,endothelial cells,smooth muscle cells,and immune cells.Five distinct chondrocyte subclusters(CH0–CH4)were annotated,of which only one was widespread in both the red and white zones,indicating a major difference in the cellular makeup of the zones.Subclusters distinct to the white zone appear responsible for cartilage-specific matrix deposition and protection against adverse microenvironmental factors,while those in the red zone exhibit characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and are more likely to proliferate and migrate.Additionally,they induce remodeling actions in other chondrocyte subclusters and promote the proliferation and maturation of endothelial cells,inducing healing and vascularization processes.Considering that they have substantial remodeling capabilities,these subclusters should be of great interest for tissue engineering studies.We also show that the cellular makeup of the pig meniscus is comparable to that of humans,which supports the use of pigs as a model in orthopedic therapy development.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE0197000)。
文摘Functional superhydrophobic coatings have attracted considerable attention because of their potential for a wide range of applications.In this study,a novel cyclotetrasiloxane-based hybrid superhydrophobic modifier(F-D_(4))was prepared for the first time using a mild thiolene click reaction of 2,4,6,8-tetravinyl-2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane(Vi-D_(4))with perfluorohexylethanethiol(PFOT)and mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane(MPTMS)as the raw materials.Then,F-D_(4) was introduced into the fabric via a sol-gel process,resulting in a superhydrophobic fabric(F-D_(4)-Fabric).The surface characteristics of the modified fabric were determined using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and water contact angle(WCA).The coated fabrics have outstanding mechanical,physical,and chemical stability,and exhibit excellent self-cleaning and anti-fouling properties.Owing to its superhydrophobicity,FD_(4)-Fabric could efficiently separate a range of oil/water mixtures with a separation efficiency of up to 99.99%.The study showed that the modification strategy used in the dip-coating process greatly affected the superhydrophobicity of the cotton fabric,which is useful for oil/water separation and self-cleaning applications.
基金CAS-CSIRO Cooperative Research Program,No.CJHZ1223National Basic Research Program of China,No.2010CB428406
文摘Actual evapotranspiration is a key process of hydrological cycle and a sole term that links land surface water balance and land surface energy balance.Evapotranspiration plays a key role in simulating hydrological effect of climate change,and a review of evapotranspiration estimation methods in hydrological models is of vital importance.This paper firstly summarizes the evapotranspiration estimation methods applied in hydrological models and then classifies them into the integrated converting methods and the classification gathering methods by their mechanism.Integrated converting methods are usually used in hydrological models and two differences exist among them:one is in the potential evaporation estimation methods,while the other in the function for defining relationship between potential evapora tion and actual evapotranspiration.Due to the higher information requirements of the Pen-man-Monteith method and the existing data uncertainty,simplified empirical methods for calculating potential and actual evapotranspiration are widely used in hydrological models.Different evapotranspiration calculation methods are used depending on the complexity of the hydrological model,and importance and difficulty in the selection of the most suitable evapotranspiration methods is discussed.Finally,this paper points out the prospective de velopment trends of the evapotranspiration estimating methods in hydrological modeling.
文摘In this article,we consider Orlicz-Lorentz sequence spaces equipped with the Orlicz norm(λ_(φ,ω),‖·‖_(φ,ω)^(O))generated by any Orlicz function and any non-increasing weight sequence.As far as we know,research on such a general case is conducted for the first time.After showing that the Orlicz norm is equal to the Amemiya norm in general and giving some important properties of this norm,we study the problem of existence of order isomorphically isometric copies of l∞in the space(λ_(φ,ω),‖·‖_(φ,ω)^(O))and we find criteria for order continuity and monotonicity properties of this space.We also find criteria for monotonicity properties of n-dimensional subspaces λ_(φ,ω)^(n)(n≥2)and the subspace(λ_(φ,ω))_(a) of order continuous elements of λ_(φ,ω).Finally,as an immediate consequence of the criteria considered in this article,the properties of Orlicz sequence spaces equipped with the Orlicz norm are deduced.
基金supported by the National Science Centre, Poland through research project DEC-2012/07/D/NZ8/01030
文摘The research presents the first results of aluminium speciation analysis in aqueous extracts of individual plant parts of Betula pendula and soil samples, using High Performance Ion Chromatography with Diode Array Detection（HPIC-DAD）. The applied method allowed us to carry out a full speciation analysis of aluminium in the form of predominant aluminium–fluoride complexes： AlF（（x = 2,3,4））^（（3-x））（first analytical signal）, AlF^（2＋）（second analytical signal） and Al^（3＋）（third analytical signal） in samples of lateral roots, tap roots, twigs, stem, leaf and soil collected under roots of B. pendula. Concentrations of aluminium and its complexes were determined for two types of environment characterised by different degree of human impact：contaminated site of the Chemical Plant in Luboń and protected area of the Wielkopolski National Park. For all the analysed samples of B. pendula and soil, AlF（（x = 2,3,4））^（（3-x））had the largest contribution, followed by Al^（3＋）and AlF^（2＋）. Significant differences in concentration and contribution of Al–F complexes and Al^（3＋）form, depending on the place of sampling（different anthropogenic pressure） and plant part of B. pendula were observed. Based on the obtained results, it was found that transport of aluminium is ＂blocked＂ by lateral roots, and is closely related to Al content of soil.
基金supported by the Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology,Adam Mickiewicz University,Poznan,Poland(No.4102020104/604/5060000/BN002024)。
文摘The short neuropeptide F(sNPF)family of peptides is a multifunctional group of neurohormones involved in the regulation of various physiological processes in insects.They have been found in a broad spectrum of species,but the number of isoforms in the precursor molecule varies from one to four.The receptor for sNPF(sNPFR),which belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family,has been characterized in various insect orders and was shown to be an ortholog of the mammalian prolactin-releasing peptide receptor(PrPR).The sNPF signaling pathway interacts with other neurohormones such as insulin-like peptides,SIFamide,and pigment-dispersing factors(PDFs)to regulate various processes.The main physiological function of sNPF seems to be involved in the regulation of feeding,but the observed effects are species-specific.sNPF is also connected with the regulation of foraging behavior and the olfactory system.The influence of sNPF on feeding and thus energy metabolism may also indirectly affect other vital processes,such as reproduction and development.In addition,these neurohormones are involved in the regulation of locomotor activity and circadian rhythm in insects.This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the sNPF system in insects.
基金The study was funded by the National Science Centre of Poland(grant no.2016/21/B/NZ8/00788).
文摘Large carrion is inhabited by highly variable and interactive communities of insects.Positive interactions in carrion insect communities have been recently the focus in carrion ecology.In contrast,competition between carrion insects is rather undervalued.Here we provide evidence that blow flies(Calliphoridae)and Necrodes beetles(Silphidae),dominant decomposers of large carcasses in terrestrial habitats,compete over carrion.By reanalyzing the results from 90 pig carcasses,we demonstrated that the contribution of the flies and the beetles to the decay was negatively related.The greater part of the large carrion pool was monopolized by blow flies,whereas Necrodes beetles abundantly colonized carcasses,on which blow flies were less effective as decomposers.In behavioral assays,we found that adult beetles killed 4 times more frequently feeding than postfeeding third instar larvae of the flies,with the large decrease in the killing frequency after the larvae reached the age of early third instar.Therefore,adult Necrodes beetles preferentially killed the larvae that were before or in their peak feeding.The study provides evidence that the interaction between blow flies and Necrodes beetles is a combination of indirect exploitative effects of the flies and direct interference effects of the beetles(the mixed competition).
文摘Human blood serum of cancer, cancer-recovered and healthy patients contains laevorotatory and dextrorotatory B2 active molecules. The laevorotatory B2 active carriers in patient serum carry information on the cancer status while the dextrorotatory B2 active carriers carry information on the recovered and/or healthy patient status. Their magneto-optical characteristic is analysed by the B2 Magneto Optical Circular Birefringence. By applying the MOCB experimental technique, it is possible to differentiate between the cancer and non-cancer patients. The paper introduces a purely molecular physics approach for description of the cancer/recovered and also non-cancer patients status.
文摘Different positions of the member states of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, especially the developed and developing countries and also the United States of America （USA）, the European Union （EU）, and Japan representatives, were observed during the Doha Round of trade negotiations under the WTO. The problems of agriculture protection in the developed countries, for example in the EU and USA and also in the developing countries, were becoming serious obstacles during the negotiations. Despite the undeniable benefits of the multilateral WTO forum for trade liberalization, the rapid increase of North-South bilateral and multilateral free trade areas （FTAs） begs a systematic explanation for why some forums are prioritized relative to others. The main aim of the article is the presentation of some new aspects of the international business theory in the context of international economy. The article presents the mercantilist tendencies in the international trade policy, the theory of public choice in the foreign trade policy, protectionist pressures in different political systems, the level of protectionist pressures, food producers＇ pressure, and conflicts between the tendencies to sustainable international trade liberalization and environmental protection.
文摘The aim of this paper is to show a theoretical approach to the evolution of concepts perceiving disability, taking into account the medical, social, and geographical models, as the basis for the development of principles concerning the organisation of accessible tourism for people with disabilities （PWD）. The main research objective was to identify the current attitudes of future, potential employees in the tourism （tourism and recreation students at the time of the study） towards accessible tourism. The study was based on surveys performed in May 2013 at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznafi （UAM, Poland） and the State University in Irkutsk （HFY, Russia）, a total sample of 216 people. The main section of the survey contained four questions regarding issues such as： optimal ways to organise tourism products for people with a disability; attitudes towards spending leisure time together with people with a disability; and specific requirements concerning the introduction of various types of improvements in tourism products aimed at people with a disability. In both cases, the results revealed that future tourism employees hold attitudes which are prevailingly open and positive towards the needs of tourists with disabilities. However, the hypothesis that the main factor influencing a reluctance to enter into contact with PwD is a lack of experience in this area, resulting in insufficient knowledge of what conditions the behaviour of PwD was also confirmed. This is a highly significant conclusion which should consider if mandatory educational programmes in the field of tourism and recreation studies are to be improved.
文摘The aim of this paper is to present different aspects of creativity in accounting. Firstly, since creative accounting allows to present a company＇s financial condition in a more favourable light, the ＂advantages＂ of this creativity are identified. This is followed by the enumeration of negative aspects of creative accounting, to illustrate how creativity in accounting may help to falsify the true picture of a company＇s business. Next, the concept of creative accounting and aggressive accounting （the latter, identified rightly, with a financial and accounting fraud） is explained. Finally, methods that are commonly used to falsify accounts, as well as the premises for and the circumstances in which such criminal practices occur, are presented. The paper draws on the results of other scientific works （books and articles published in scientific journals） in which the main and most interesting views of other authors have been presented. A critical analysis method was employed, followed by a comparison of legal texts and legal acts. The scientific conclusion was conducted using the deduction, and, partially, the induction method. It has been shown that it is justified to differentiate in accounting between creativity that is allowable within the established legal limits and practice based upon the use of creativity in a manner contrary to law. Further, it has been concluded that where creativity in accounting goes beyond the limits unambiguously established by the law, it definitely carries attributes of an offence. It has been also noted that due to continuous changes in the functioning conditions of enterprises, the above mentioned limits cannot be fixed or rigid. Thus it is necessary to control and analyse the creativity of accounting and financial staff working in enterprises in order to adapt the binding regulations to the needs of current markets.
文摘In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the trade interests in foreign policy of the Global South. What indicates the importance and innovativeness of the research is the presentation of the new models of the foreign trade policy and trade interests of Global South. First of all, it must underline that in the new theoretical terms in the demand for trade policy very important is factor specificity. The low specificity of factors means that factor returns are equalized throughout a region＇s economy. Moreover, some factors are stuck in their present uses; therefore, factor returns are not equalized throughout a region＇s economy, but are industry specific. The main objective of the research task is to give a comprehensive analysis of the models of foreign trade policy, trade interests indicated by export orientation and import sensitivity, protectionistic pressures in different political system and different types of authoritarian regimes of Global South, the level of protectionistic pressures, the rise of qualitatively new politics in North-South relations like bilateral tendencies. It should be stressed that free trade in itself is not responsible for economic growth, but more significant are the determining macroeconomic stability and increasing investment of Global South.
文摘The theme of the article is Polish movie Illumination directed by Krzysztof Zanussi to his own screenplay in 1972 （cinema premiere 1973）. ＂The film contains elements of Zanussi＇s intellectual biography as well as documentary elements, e.g., appearances of philosopher Wiadyslaw Tatarkiewicz＂. It is one of the most important Polish films. The purpose of the text is to examine the philosophical contexts in this film, and the relationship between ＂orders＂, ＂art＂, and ＂science＂. The research method is： semiotics, psychology of perception and comparative research. The text will refer to the philosophical writings： Blaise Pascala＇s Thoughts, St. Augustine＇s Confessions and the monograph work of Krzysztof Zanussi, for example, Mariola Marczak＇s Anxiety and Longing, Movies and the Value, About the Films of KrzysztofZanussi （Publisher： University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 2011） or Tomasza Ktysa, The Intellectual Cinema of KrzysztofZanussi, in ＂Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences et des Lettres de Lodez＂ （vol. XLV）; Serie： ＂Recherches sur les Arts＂ （vol. VI）; Polish Cinema in Ten Takes, edited by E. Nurczyfiska-Fidelska, Z. Batko （Publisher： Lodz Scientific Society in Lodz, 1995）.
文摘The paper presents a flow plasma reactor permitting modification of the properties of water/aqueous solutions by stochastic resonance amplification of vibrations of selected chemical species in water with electromagnetic noise generated during a plasma discharge. The main parameters characterizing the quality for super-pure water, tap water and water from the intake in Besko (Poland) before and after the process in the plasma reactor were presented for comparison. In addition, the <sup>17</sup>O NMR (the full width at half maximum) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) methods were used to determine differences in physicochemical parameters between the untreated and plasma-treated water. It has been established that the water subjected to plasma treatment shows much different gas absorption properties than the untreated water samples, as a function of temperature and pressure, in this paper we report exemplary data for CO<sub>2</sub>, oxygen and acetylene. The improved gas absorption properties of the plasma-treated water make it attractive for the use in industrial processes. It is worth pointing to a great capacity of the new reactor (4000 l/h), and low energy consumption (20 MJ/h) for the treatment of the above mentioned volume flow rate of water.
