Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial disorder that disturbs ocular surface equilibrium,considerably diminishing quality of life.Present therapies only offer symptomatic alleviation.Stem cell treatment,especially me...Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial disorder that disturbs ocular surface equilibrium,considerably diminishing quality of life.Present therapies only offer symptomatic alleviation.Stem cell treatment,especially mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),has surfaced as a viable approach for tissue regeneration and immunological regulation in DED.Preclinical and early clinical investigations indicate that MSCs can improve lacrimal gland functionality,diminish inflammation,and facilitate corneal regeneration.Nonetheless,obstacles persist in enhancing MSC viability,determining the optimal MSC source,and guaranteeing sustained therapeutic effectiveness.Additional extensive randomized clinical trials are required to confirm the efficacy of MSC-based therapies for severe DED.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors(PitNETs),formerly referred to as pituitary adenomas,are prevalent intracranial neoplasms that,although often benign histologically,can demonstrate invasive growth,therapeutic...BACKGROUND Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors(PitNETs),formerly referred to as pituitary adenomas,are prevalent intracranial neoplasms that,although often benign histologically,can demonstrate invasive growth,therapeutic resistance,and recurrence.Emerging evidence supports the presence of a subpopulation of tumorinitiating cells with stem-like properties-pituitary adenoma stem cells(PASCs)-that may drive these aggressive features.This systematic review aims to critically examine the evidence on PASCs,their phenotypic and functional characteristics,and their role in PitNET pathophysiology.AIM To study the molecular markers,signaling pathways,research models,and phenotypic traits of PASCs,and to assess their potential significance for future translational and clinical applications.METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed,Scopus,and Ovid MEDLINE in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Thirty-four studies were included based on predefined eligibility criteria.Data were extracted regarding PASC isolation methods(e.g.,neurosphere formation,side population sorting),marker expression[e.g.,SRY-related HMG-box transcription factor(SOX)2,octamer-binding transcription factor 4,CD133,Nestin],pathway involvement(e.g.,Wnt/betacatenin,Notch,Sonic hedgehog),and functional behaviors such as self-renewal,differentiation,tumorigenicity,and therapy resistance.RESULTS Following duplicate removal,315 unique articles were screened,with 47 full texts assessed for eligibility.Ultimately,34 studies published between 2007 and 2025 met the inclusion criteria.The majority utilized human PitNET samples(83%),with a subset employing rat-derived cell lines(28%)or murine models(15%).PASCs were identified and characterized using various in vitro and in vivo approaches.Commonly reported stemness markers included SOX2(59%),CD133(38%),Nestin(35%),and octamer-binding transcription factor 4(26%),with others such as SOX9,paired-like homeobox 1,and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 also frequently cited.Wnt/betacatenin(18%)and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin(9%)signaling pathways were most implicated,followed by Notch,Sonic hedgehog,and janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription cascades.Functional assays revealed consistent findings of tumor initiation(44%),selfrenewal(35%),and tumor progression or invasion(35%).Notably,a minority of studies explored therapeutic interventions targeting PASCs,including gamma-secretase inhibitors and possible novel combinations of molecular agents.CONCLUSION The accumulating evidence on PASCs highlights their pivotal role in PitNET tumorigenesis,progression,and therapy resistance.Their molecular and functional overlap with normal pituitary stem cells underscores the need for further lineage-tracing and in vivo validation.展开更多
文摘Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial disorder that disturbs ocular surface equilibrium,considerably diminishing quality of life.Present therapies only offer symptomatic alleviation.Stem cell treatment,especially mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),has surfaced as a viable approach for tissue regeneration and immunological regulation in DED.Preclinical and early clinical investigations indicate that MSCs can improve lacrimal gland functionality,diminish inflammation,and facilitate corneal regeneration.Nonetheless,obstacles persist in enhancing MSC viability,determining the optimal MSC source,and guaranteeing sustained therapeutic effectiveness.Additional extensive randomized clinical trials are required to confirm the efficacy of MSC-based therapies for severe DED.
文摘BACKGROUND Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors(PitNETs),formerly referred to as pituitary adenomas,are prevalent intracranial neoplasms that,although often benign histologically,can demonstrate invasive growth,therapeutic resistance,and recurrence.Emerging evidence supports the presence of a subpopulation of tumorinitiating cells with stem-like properties-pituitary adenoma stem cells(PASCs)-that may drive these aggressive features.This systematic review aims to critically examine the evidence on PASCs,their phenotypic and functional characteristics,and their role in PitNET pathophysiology.AIM To study the molecular markers,signaling pathways,research models,and phenotypic traits of PASCs,and to assess their potential significance for future translational and clinical applications.METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed,Scopus,and Ovid MEDLINE in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Thirty-four studies were included based on predefined eligibility criteria.Data were extracted regarding PASC isolation methods(e.g.,neurosphere formation,side population sorting),marker expression[e.g.,SRY-related HMG-box transcription factor(SOX)2,octamer-binding transcription factor 4,CD133,Nestin],pathway involvement(e.g.,Wnt/betacatenin,Notch,Sonic hedgehog),and functional behaviors such as self-renewal,differentiation,tumorigenicity,and therapy resistance.RESULTS Following duplicate removal,315 unique articles were screened,with 47 full texts assessed for eligibility.Ultimately,34 studies published between 2007 and 2025 met the inclusion criteria.The majority utilized human PitNET samples(83%),with a subset employing rat-derived cell lines(28%)or murine models(15%).PASCs were identified and characterized using various in vitro and in vivo approaches.Commonly reported stemness markers included SOX2(59%),CD133(38%),Nestin(35%),and octamer-binding transcription factor 4(26%),with others such as SOX9,paired-like homeobox 1,and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 also frequently cited.Wnt/betacatenin(18%)and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin(9%)signaling pathways were most implicated,followed by Notch,Sonic hedgehog,and janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription cascades.Functional assays revealed consistent findings of tumor initiation(44%),selfrenewal(35%),and tumor progression or invasion(35%).Notably,a minority of studies explored therapeutic interventions targeting PASCs,including gamma-secretase inhibitors and possible novel combinations of molecular agents.CONCLUSION The accumulating evidence on PASCs highlights their pivotal role in PitNET tumorigenesis,progression,and therapy resistance.Their molecular and functional overlap with normal pituitary stem cells underscores the need for further lineage-tracing and in vivo validation.
