This research aims to clarify the significance of incorporating visual stimulation, in the form of foliage plants, into office desktop spaces. The experiments were conducted in a thermal environment with a temperature...This research aims to clarify the significance of incorporating visual stimulation, in the form of foliage plants, into office desktop spaces. The experiments were conducted in a thermal environment with a temperature range that was slightly uncomfortable. The indoor thermal environment evaluation index ETF was used to measure the effects that brain stimulation of foliage plants have on comprehensive thermal senses. We focus on visual stimulation with foliage plants, and quantitatively measure shifts in thermal senses that affect the body. Thermal environment conditions were established with air temperature in three stages (25℃, 28℃ and 31℃) and the atmosphere was kept homogeneous with wall surface temperature equal to air temperature. The visual stimulations consisted of seven types of office desk image: benjamin, pothos, oxycardium, baby tears, moss ball, cacti, and no plant. At around 27℃ to 29℃ ETF, improvements in thermal sensation, as measured by thermal sensation statements, were shown to have resulted from visual stimulation benefits. Also, at around 26℃ to 29℃ ETF, improvements in comfort were shown, due to visual stimulation benefits as well, in subjects’ comfortable-sensation statements. This benefit was significant when a foliage plant’s green coverage ratio came between 0.75% and 4.67%, the range which does not create an overwhelming feeling from the foliage plant.展开更多
When the thermal environment is under heated conditions, short-wavelength solar radiation shows a strong influence on the human body and the heat is accumulated in the human body. In order to demonstrate the effect of...When the thermal environment is under heated conditions, short-wavelength solar radiation shows a strong influence on the human body and the heat is accumulated in the human body. In order to demonstrate the effect of the short-wavelength solar radiation absorptivity of clothing on physiological temperature in an outdoor space, the relationship between the thermal environment evaluation index, ETFe, and the thermal sensory perceptions of the human body was investigated. A significant temperature difference of 2.7°C was shown for an ETFe that was thermally neutral (neither hot nor cold). The effect of short-wavelength solar radiation absorptivity was strongly apparent in ETFe when direct solar radiation was strong and in warmer outdoor spaces. In an outdoor space where the effect of the sky factor and albedo was strong, the setting of the short-wavelength solar radiation absorptivity was demonstrated to greatly impact the estimation of perceived and physiological temperature. When interviewing subjects on clothing in an outdoor space, it is essential to obtain the hue of clothing.展开更多
In indoor environments and shady outdoor environments, there is little influence of short-wavelength solar radiation, so a strikingly non-uniform and asymmetric environment is not formed. In outdoor sunny environment,...In indoor environments and shady outdoor environments, there is little influence of short-wavelength solar radiation, so a strikingly non-uniform and asymmetric environment is not formed. In outdoor sunny environment, however, shaded areas occur even for the same site of the body, and a remarkable difference in skin temperature is considered to occur under the influence of the short-wavelength solar radiation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the non-uniform and asymmetric thermal radiation of short-wavelength solar radiation in outdoor environment on the division of the body surface section and the calculation of the mean skin temperature. The skin temperature of the front of the coronal surface, which was facing the sun and where the body received direct short-wavelength solar radiation, and the skin temperature of the rear of the coronal surface, which was in the shadow and did not receive direct short-wavelength solar radiation were respectively measured. The feet, upper arm, forearm, hand and lower leg, which are susceptible to short-wavelength solar radiation in a standing posture, had a noticeable difference in skin temperature between sites in the sun and in shade. The mean skin temperature of sites facing the sun was significantly higher than the mean skin temperature of those in the shade.展开更多
Compared to an adult, an infant requires more consideration regarding the thermal environment so it is necessary to evaluate the thermal environment as it affects infants. However, experiments on infant subjects regar...Compared to an adult, an infant requires more consideration regarding the thermal environment so it is necessary to evaluate the thermal environment as it affects infants. However, experiments on infant subjects regarding their thermal environment based on the different heat balance of their body cannot ethically be conducted. We could instead consider using a thermal model for the human body, but thermal manikins based on heat transfer per unit area are rare. Therefore, this study aims to develop a thermal manikin to model the heat transfer per unit area and the body form of an infant in order to evaluate the infant’s thermal environment. When evaluating the thermal environment or heat balance of the body in the outside environment, it is essential to consider the asymmetry and unevenness of the temperature of the skin, as an element of the human body, and not just the unevenness and asymmetry of physical factors in the environment. Moreover, when receiving short wavelength direct solar radiation, light and shaded areas have significant differences in skin temperature. The following 20 body parts were investigated in the study: anterior head, posterior head, ventral trunk, dorsal trunk (including buttocks), right medial arm, right lateral arm, left medial arm, left lateral arm, right dorsal hand, right palmar hand, left dorsal hand, left palmar hand, right anterior leg, right posterior leg, left anterior leg, left posterior leg, right dorsal foot, right plantar foot, left dorsal foot, and left plantar foot. This paper measured the body surface area for each part of an infant’s body in order to establish the form of an infant model from the view of the heat transfer area, and verified the validity of the model.展开更多
The interaction of riverine inputs and ocean current systems causes complex spatiotemporal variations in phytoplankton dynamics in marginal seas of the northwest Pacific Ocean,yet quantitative assessments of these var...The interaction of riverine inputs and ocean current systems causes complex spatiotemporal variations in phytoplankton dynamics in marginal seas of the northwest Pacific Ocean,yet quantitative assessments of these variations and their causes remain limited.Here we evaluate phytoplankton biomass and community structure changes using lipid biomarkers,accom-panying ocean circulation and nutrient variations in surface waters collected in spring and summer of 2017-2018 at 118 sites in the East China Sea off the Zhejiang coast.High biomass of diatoms,inferred from brassicasterol concentrations,shifted from the south in spring to the north in summer,while high dinoflagellate biomass,inferred from dinosterol concentrations,occurred mainly in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River plume and adjacent areas in both seasons.Seasonal variation in phyto-plankton distribution was linked to the spatial extents of water masses such as the Changjiang Diluted Water(CDW)and the intrusion of the Kuroshio Subsurface Water(KSSW).A three end-member mixing model was applied to quantify water mass contributions.The results showed that an increase in the KSSW(from 0 to 40%)and a decrease in the CDW(from 100 to 20%)resulted in a significant(20%)increase in diatom proportions and a significant(20%)decrease in dinoflagellate proportions.Dinoflagellate proportions were highest in the CDW-dominated region,while diatoms and total phytoplankton biomass were higher in the CDW-KSSW mixing region and the KSSW-dominated region.This study highlights the dynamic response of the phytoplankton community to water mass changes in marginal seas that can aid coastal ecosystem management.展开更多
文摘This research aims to clarify the significance of incorporating visual stimulation, in the form of foliage plants, into office desktop spaces. The experiments were conducted in a thermal environment with a temperature range that was slightly uncomfortable. The indoor thermal environment evaluation index ETF was used to measure the effects that brain stimulation of foliage plants have on comprehensive thermal senses. We focus on visual stimulation with foliage plants, and quantitatively measure shifts in thermal senses that affect the body. Thermal environment conditions were established with air temperature in three stages (25℃, 28℃ and 31℃) and the atmosphere was kept homogeneous with wall surface temperature equal to air temperature. The visual stimulations consisted of seven types of office desk image: benjamin, pothos, oxycardium, baby tears, moss ball, cacti, and no plant. At around 27℃ to 29℃ ETF, improvements in thermal sensation, as measured by thermal sensation statements, were shown to have resulted from visual stimulation benefits. Also, at around 26℃ to 29℃ ETF, improvements in comfort were shown, due to visual stimulation benefits as well, in subjects’ comfortable-sensation statements. This benefit was significant when a foliage plant’s green coverage ratio came between 0.75% and 4.67%, the range which does not create an overwhelming feeling from the foliage plant.
文摘When the thermal environment is under heated conditions, short-wavelength solar radiation shows a strong influence on the human body and the heat is accumulated in the human body. In order to demonstrate the effect of the short-wavelength solar radiation absorptivity of clothing on physiological temperature in an outdoor space, the relationship between the thermal environment evaluation index, ETFe, and the thermal sensory perceptions of the human body was investigated. A significant temperature difference of 2.7°C was shown for an ETFe that was thermally neutral (neither hot nor cold). The effect of short-wavelength solar radiation absorptivity was strongly apparent in ETFe when direct solar radiation was strong and in warmer outdoor spaces. In an outdoor space where the effect of the sky factor and albedo was strong, the setting of the short-wavelength solar radiation absorptivity was demonstrated to greatly impact the estimation of perceived and physiological temperature. When interviewing subjects on clothing in an outdoor space, it is essential to obtain the hue of clothing.
文摘In indoor environments and shady outdoor environments, there is little influence of short-wavelength solar radiation, so a strikingly non-uniform and asymmetric environment is not formed. In outdoor sunny environment, however, shaded areas occur even for the same site of the body, and a remarkable difference in skin temperature is considered to occur under the influence of the short-wavelength solar radiation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the non-uniform and asymmetric thermal radiation of short-wavelength solar radiation in outdoor environment on the division of the body surface section and the calculation of the mean skin temperature. The skin temperature of the front of the coronal surface, which was facing the sun and where the body received direct short-wavelength solar radiation, and the skin temperature of the rear of the coronal surface, which was in the shadow and did not receive direct short-wavelength solar radiation were respectively measured. The feet, upper arm, forearm, hand and lower leg, which are susceptible to short-wavelength solar radiation in a standing posture, had a noticeable difference in skin temperature between sites in the sun and in shade. The mean skin temperature of sites facing the sun was significantly higher than the mean skin temperature of those in the shade.
文摘Compared to an adult, an infant requires more consideration regarding the thermal environment so it is necessary to evaluate the thermal environment as it affects infants. However, experiments on infant subjects regarding their thermal environment based on the different heat balance of their body cannot ethically be conducted. We could instead consider using a thermal model for the human body, but thermal manikins based on heat transfer per unit area are rare. Therefore, this study aims to develop a thermal manikin to model the heat transfer per unit area and the body form of an infant in order to evaluate the infant’s thermal environment. When evaluating the thermal environment or heat balance of the body in the outside environment, it is essential to consider the asymmetry and unevenness of the temperature of the skin, as an element of the human body, and not just the unevenness and asymmetry of physical factors in the environment. Moreover, when receiving short wavelength direct solar radiation, light and shaded areas have significant differences in skin temperature. The following 20 body parts were investigated in the study: anterior head, posterior head, ventral trunk, dorsal trunk (including buttocks), right medial arm, right lateral arm, left medial arm, left lateral arm, right dorsal hand, right palmar hand, left dorsal hand, left palmar hand, right anterior leg, right posterior leg, left anterior leg, left posterior leg, right dorsal foot, right plantar foot, left dorsal foot, and left plantar foot. This paper measured the body surface area for each part of an infant’s body in order to establish the form of an infant model from the view of the heat transfer area, and verified the validity of the model.
基金supported by Laoshan Laboratory(grant number LSKJ202204005)the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (NSFC) (grant numbers 42230412 and 41876118)+1 种基金the “111” Project (grant number B13030)supported by NSFC Shiptime Sharing Projects (No. 41649903 and 41749904), respectively.
文摘The interaction of riverine inputs and ocean current systems causes complex spatiotemporal variations in phytoplankton dynamics in marginal seas of the northwest Pacific Ocean,yet quantitative assessments of these variations and their causes remain limited.Here we evaluate phytoplankton biomass and community structure changes using lipid biomarkers,accom-panying ocean circulation and nutrient variations in surface waters collected in spring and summer of 2017-2018 at 118 sites in the East China Sea off the Zhejiang coast.High biomass of diatoms,inferred from brassicasterol concentrations,shifted from the south in spring to the north in summer,while high dinoflagellate biomass,inferred from dinosterol concentrations,occurred mainly in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River plume and adjacent areas in both seasons.Seasonal variation in phyto-plankton distribution was linked to the spatial extents of water masses such as the Changjiang Diluted Water(CDW)and the intrusion of the Kuroshio Subsurface Water(KSSW).A three end-member mixing model was applied to quantify water mass contributions.The results showed that an increase in the KSSW(from 0 to 40%)and a decrease in the CDW(from 100 to 20%)resulted in a significant(20%)increase in diatom proportions and a significant(20%)decrease in dinoflagellate proportions.Dinoflagellate proportions were highest in the CDW-dominated region,while diatoms and total phytoplankton biomass were higher in the CDW-KSSW mixing region and the KSSW-dominated region.This study highlights the dynamic response of the phytoplankton community to water mass changes in marginal seas that can aid coastal ecosystem management.
