The efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has progressed rapidly,exceeding 26%for single-junction devices and surpassing 34%in perovskite-silicon tandem configurations,establishing PSCs as a promising alternative ...The efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has progressed rapidly,exceeding 26%for single-junction devices and surpassing 34%in perovskite-silicon tandem configurations,establishing PSCs as a promising alternative to traditional photovoltaic technologies.However,their commercialization is constrained by significant stability challenges in outdoor environments.This review critically examines key cell-level issues affecting the long-term performance and reliability of PSCs,focusing on instabilities arising from the intrinsic phases of the perovskite absorber and external stress factors.Mitigation strategies to enhance stability are discussed,alongside recent advancements in charge transport layers,electrodes,and interfaces aimed at reducing environmental degradation and improving energy level alignment for efficient charge extraction.The importance of accelerated aging tests and the establishment of standardized protocols is underscored for accurately predicting device lifetimes and identifying failure mechanisms,thereby ensuring stability under real-world conditions.Furthermore,a comprehensive techno-economic analysis evaluates how advancements in materials and strategic innovations influence efficiency,durability,and cost,which are critical for the commercial adoption of PSCs.This review delineates the essential steps required to transition PSC technology from laboratory-scale research to widespread commercialization within the global photovoltaic industry.展开更多
Malaria continues to pose a significant global health challenge despite a significant achievement in control and elimination in certain areas.Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management a...Malaria continues to pose a significant global health challenge despite a significant achievement in control and elimination in certain areas.Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management and control,and finally leading to elimination.However,microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests(RDTs)have traditionally been the primary malaria diagnostic tools used globally,with certain shortcomings,including their limited sensitivity,specificity,and inability to identify asymptomatic infections.Serological markers have emerged as promising alternatives in malaria serosurveillance,particularly in countries where targets have already been set for elimination.This review highlights the advantages of serological markers over conventional diagnostic techniques and discusses some of the most promising serological markers against Plasmodium species-specific antigens.The implementation of serosurveillance,coupled with the utilization of these serological markers represents a transformative shift in malaria surveillance.By capitalizing on the immune memory of individuals,serosurveillance also enables the identification of recent and past infections.This approach is particularly valuable in low-transmission settings and for tracking changes in malaria prevalence over time.While recognizing the use of serological markers across various global contexts,this review predominantly emphasizes their significance within the framework of India.展开更多
The stress-strain behavior of confined concrete under heating and residual conditions has been preliminarily addressed in previous research;however,its behavior at subsequent cooling temperatures after being heated to...The stress-strain behavior of confined concrete under heating and residual conditions has been preliminarily addressed in previous research;however,its behavior at subsequent cooling temperatures after being heated to peak temperature has yet to be thoroughly investigated.It is crucial for determining confined concrete structures’post-fire performance and burnout resistance.The paper presents the fundamental behavior of the confined concrete constitutive parameters and stress-strain curve at subsequent cooling temperatures after being heated to peak temperature.The study includes the stress-stress relationship of a 200 mm diameter cylinder with two distinct confinement spacings of 60 mm and 120 mm.The constitutive parameters for confined concrete were initially determined for a peak heating temperature of 750℃ and then modified to establish the stress-strain relationship for successive cooling temperatures of 500℃,250℃,and ambient temperature.The study results show that confinement has a considerable impact on compressive strength,stiffness,and ductility at ambient and fire conditions.After being heated to peak temperature,the confined concrete compressive strength recovers during successive cooling temperatures,with the recovery dependent on confinement spacing.The established stress-strain relationship can assist in better comprehending structural performance and capacity degradation for different tie spacings,and is useful for the analysis and design of confined RC(reinforced concrete)elements during and after a fire.展开更多
The present study investigates the influence of embedment depth of isolated footing supporting moment-resisting frame buildings through scaled-down tests.These experiments utilize scaled models representing different ...The present study investigates the influence of embedment depth of isolated footing supporting moment-resisting frame buildings through scaled-down tests.These experiments utilize scaled models representing different building aspect ratios and footing embedment depths.All the model tests are subjected to scaled-down input ground motions of different intensities and magnitudes.These model tests are performed in laminar shear containers through shake table testing.The results obtained for different cases of soil-foundation-structure systems and fixed-base conditions are expressed in terms of natural frequency,peak spectral acceleration,frequency response,lateral deformation,inter-storey drifts,and rocking of the foundation.The analysis reveals that the natural frequency of the coupled system on isolated footings diminishes by 27.52%–58.21%relative to fixed-base conditions,highlighting the significance of accounting for soil-foundation-structure interaction effects.Moreover,a notable increase of 52.97%in the natural frequency of the coupled system is observed as the embedment depth of the footing increases from 0.75 to 6.Additionally,the study demonstrates that the inter-storey drift of the 5-storey building remains well within acceptable limits under dense soil conditions.Consequently,within the parameter range explored in this research,the study concludes that soil-foundation-structure interaction effects are insignificant for low-rise buildings(H≤15 m)supported on isolated footings during seismic events.展开更多
Extraterrestrial phenomena have influenced Earth’s processes throughout geological history.Evaluating the impact of extraterrestrial material on the environment is crucial for understanding the evolution of Earth and...Extraterrestrial phenomena have influenced Earth’s processes throughout geological history.Evaluating the impact of extraterrestrial material on the environment is crucial for understanding the evolution of Earth and life.This study incorporates the investigation of micrometeorites(MMs),abundant cosmic materials on Earth,to understand their influence on the chemical composition and biogeochemistry of the ocean.Comprehensive etching and flux analyses reveal that∼95%of cosmic spherules(CSs)entering seawater are etched or wholly dissolved,supplying nutrients to phytoplankton.Barred spherules show the highest degree of etching(∼19%),followed by porphyritic(∼17%),glass(∼15%),cryptocrystalline(∼12%),scoriaceous(∼10%),G-type(∼9%),and I-type(∼6%).Annually,∼3080 tonnes(t)of olivine from MMs dissolve into seawater,contributing∼495 t of Mg^(2+),∼1110 t of Fe^(2+),and∼1928 t of silicic acid.This signifies that over the Indian Ocean’s∼40 Myr history,∼23 Gt of olivine from CSs has dissolved,providing nutrients to seawater and sequestering∼7 Gt of CO_(2).The world ocean during this time has sequestered∼35 Gt of CO_(2),with fluctuations influenced by extraterrestrial activity.For instance,the Veritas event,lasting∼1.5 Myr,sequestered∼6 Gt of CO_(2)from the atmosphere.A robust flux calculation based on∼2 t of deep-sea sediments from 3610 MMs provides a more accurate estimate of the time-averaged flux of∼229 t yr^(−1).These comprehensive analyses reveal MM’s original characteristics,post-deposition processes,geological record and their overall impact on Earth’s marine environments,thereby contributing to our knowledge of the interconnection between terrestrial and extraterrestrial processes.展开更多
Fluoride(F^(-))and arsenic,present as As(Ⅲ)and As(Ⅴ),are widespread toxins in groundwater across India,as well as in other countries or regions like Pakistan,China,Kenya,Africa,Thailand,and Latin America.Their prese...Fluoride(F^(-))and arsenic,present as As(Ⅲ)and As(Ⅴ),are widespread toxins in groundwater across India,as well as in other countries or regions like Pakistan,China,Kenya,Africa,Thailand,and Latin America.Their presence in water resources poses significant environmental and health risks,including fluorosis and arsenicosis.To address this issue,this study developed an integrated process combining biosorbents and ultrafiltration(UF)for the removal of F^(-),As,and turbidity from contaminated water.Laboratory-scale adsorption experiments were conducted using low-cost biosorbents with different biosorbent dosages,specifically Moringa oleifera seed powder(MSP)and sorghum bicolor husk(SBH),along with sand as a binding medium.F^(-)and As concentrations ranging from 2 to 10 mg/L and 3 to 12 mg/L,respectively,were investigated.Biosorbents and their different combinations were tested to determine their efficacy in removing dissolved F^(-)and As.The results showed that a blend of 10-g/L MSP with SBH achieved the highest F^(-)(97.20%)and As(78.63%)removal efficiencies.Subsequent treatment with a UF membrane effectively reduced turbidity and colloidal impurities in the treated water,achieving a maximum turbidity removal efficiency of 95.40%.Equilibrium kinetic and isotherm models were employed to analyze the experimental data,demonstrating good fit.Preliminary cost analysis indicated that the hybrid technology is economically viable and suitable for the separation of hazardous contaminants from aqueous solutions.This study underscores the potential of inexpensive biosorption technologies in providing clean and safe drinking water,particularly in industrial,rural,and urban areas.展开更多
Founder events influence recessive diseases in highly endogamous populations.Several Indian populations have experienced significant founder events due to strict endogamy.However,the clinical implications of it remain...Founder events influence recessive diseases in highly endogamous populations.Several Indian populations have experienced significant founder events due to strict endogamy.However,the clinical implications of it remain underexplored.Therefore,we perform whole-exome sequencing of 281 individuals from four South Indian populations,characterized by high IBD scores.Our study reveals a high inbreeding rate of 59%across the populations.We identify∼29.2%of the variants that are exclusively present in a single population and uncover 1284 unreported exonic variants,underscoring the underrepresentation of Indian populations in global databases.Among these,23 are predicted to be deleterious,all of which are present in a heterozygous state;they may be pathogenic when homozygous,an expected phenomenon in endogamous populations.Approximately 16%-33%of the identified pathogenic variants showed significantly higher occurrence rates compared with the South Asian populations from 1000 Genomes dataset.Pharmacogenomic analysis revealed distinct allele frequencies of variants in CYP450 and non-CYP450 genes,highlighting heterogeneous drug responses and associated risks.We report a high prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Reddy population,linked to the HLA-B∗27:04 allele and strong founder effect.Our findings highlight the need for extensive genomic research in understudied Indian populations for a better understanding of disease risk and evolving strategies for precision and preventive medicine.展开更多
Air pollution is fourth major cause of death worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that particulate matter(PM)may affect kidneys,and the effect may be size and composition dependent.In this study,PM_(0.1),PM_(2.5),and PM...Air pollution is fourth major cause of death worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that particulate matter(PM)may affect kidneys,and the effect may be size and composition dependent.In this study,PM_(0.1),PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)were collected from ambient air and given to BALB/c male mice at 0.25 mg/m^(3) concentration in whole-body inhalation chamber for 28days(6 h/day,5 days/week)to assess their effect on kidney.Physico-chemical characterization of PM particles by SEM,ICP-MS and HPLC showed their various shapes along with the presence of metals and poly aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).Following PM exposure,increased serum creatinine levels were observed in animals along with dilated tubules,protein cast deposition,necrosis,immune infiltration,collagen deposition,and shrunken glomeruli in kidney.Immunofluorescence staining showed higher expressions of kidney injury molecule1(KIM-1),cystatin C,β2 microglobulin(β2M),and alpha smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)and fibronectin,suggesting renal injury and fibrosis.PM exposure also increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content and decreased superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2)activity,which in turn leads to induction of inflammation.Mechanistically,PM exposure further inhibited the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signalling and induced kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B(NF-κB).Interestingly,the effect of PM_(2.5)was more severe than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10),leading to higher levels of proinflammatory NF-κB and greater Nrf2 inhibition.Overall,our findings suggested that inhalation exposure to size-segregated PM can cause kidney damage and fibrosis,and PM_(2.5)showed higher toxicity than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10).展开更多
Vehicular emissions are considered one of the major anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases and poor air quality in metropolitan cities.This study aims to see the correlation of CO_(2),CH_(4),and CO through monitori...Vehicular emissions are considered one of the major anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases and poor air quality in metropolitan cities.This study aims to see the correlation of CO_(2),CH_(4),and CO through monitoring over a period from December 2020 to October 2021 covering three seasons’winter,summer,and monsoon at two different traffic locations of Delhi having different traffic volumes,road patterns,and traffic management.The annual average morning concentration of CO_(2),CH_(4)and CO was found(533±105),(7.3±3.1),(10.7±3.0)ppm at Najafgarh and(480±70),(5.2±1.8),(7.8±2.8)ppm at Rajendra Place,respectively.A relationship between concentration of all three gases and meteorological parameters such as temperature,humidity,wind speed and wind direction has also been investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient and pollution rose diagram.A comparable pattern in concentration was observed for all three gases in spatial(location)and temporal(diurnal)distribution.The concentration trend of CO_(2)in different seasons is winter>summer>monsoon,while in the case of CH_(4)winter=summer>monsoon but not any seasonal trend was noted in CO case.It is observed that CO_(2)has a good relation with CO(a tracer for vehicular emission)in terms of diurnal variation,whereas,CH_(4)does not represent a relation with CO and CO_(2)diurnally,suggesting that vehicles are the source of CO_(2)but not much contributing to other greenhouse gases like CH_(4).展开更多
Cellular materials are gaining significant attention in product development due to their unique characteristics,offering superior mechanical performance and functionalities while minimizing material usage and environm...Cellular materials are gaining significant attention in product development due to their unique characteristics,offering superior mechanical performance and functionalities while minimizing material usage and environmental impact.This review article provides an overview of additive manufacturing(AM)technolo-gies for producing aluminum-based cellular materials,focusing on laser AM techniques including laser powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition.The article explores the classification of cellular mate-rials into stochastic foams and nonstochastic lattice structures and discusses conventional manufacturing methods and their limitations.It then examines the emergence of AM as a solution to these limitations,offering advantages such as design customization and optimization,shorter lead times,and the ability to manufacture complex architectures.The article highlights the current research status on AM of cellular materials including lattice shapes,design methods,and AM techniques.It further addresses the current status of AM of aluminum alloys,emphasizing the challenges and advances in producing aluminum-based cellular materials using AM.展开更多
As the climate crisis continues to escalate, there has been a growing emphasis on the development of electrode materials that are environmentally friendly and sustainable. Biomolecules, such as proteins,peptides, and ...As the climate crisis continues to escalate, there has been a growing emphasis on the development of electrode materials that are environmentally friendly and sustainable. Biomolecules, such as proteins,peptides, and amino acids, have emerged as promising alternatives to metal oxide and metal hydroxide-based energy storage systems. These biomolecules offer several advantages, such as high safety, non-toxicity, abundant raw material sources, and ease of device fabrication. In this review, we highlighted the recent advancements in amino acid, peptide, and protein-based materials for lithiumion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. We delve into the synthetic strategies employed and their impact on factors such as active potential window, solubility in the electrolyte, and electrochemical performance. Our focus is on the development, composition, and performance of biomolecules, as well as the various approaches taken for their application in batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Finally, we discuss key considerations that must be taken into account to promote the design, synthesis and development for future practical applications of lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.展开更多
The Koyna-Warna seismogenic region overlying the Deccan volcanic province of Western India has been experiencing the recurrence of earthquakes since 1967 soon after the impoundment of the Koyna Dam.A large number of s...The Koyna-Warna seismogenic region overlying the Deccan volcanic province of Western India has been experiencing the recurrence of earthquakes since 1967 soon after the impoundment of the Koyna Dam.A large number of small to medium-magnitude shallow focus earthquakes(>100,000)have been detected in this intraplate region during the last six decades.In the present study,the core samples recovered from the borehole‘KBH3’drilled upto 1134 m depth in the pre-Deccan granitoids basement rocks of this region have been subjected to mineralogical and geochemical studies.展开更多
Diversity information mining about a crop for different attributes is an essential step for effective breeding programs.The present investigation evaluates the quantum of genetic variability and determines the relatio...Diversity information mining about a crop for different attributes is an essential step for effective breeding programs.The present investigation evaluates the quantum of genetic variability and determines the relationship among the important agro-economic traits based on two years of phenotypic data of 210 accessions of linseed.The traits,capsule weight per plant,capsule per plant,husk weight per plant,and seed weight per plant exhibited comparatively higher genetic coefficient of variation(GCV)and phenotypic coefficient of variation(PCV).In contrast,oil content and seed per capsule exhibited a lower value.The high magnitude of broad sense heritability was observed for all traits except seeds per capsule and husk weight per plant.The trait,capsules per plant,plant height,and days to 50%flowering showed high genetic advance coupled with high heritability.Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 210 accessions into six distinct clusters.Out of 210,144(68.57%)accessions were grouped into three clusters(I,II,and III),in which cluster-III was the largest,containing 64 accessions followed by cluster II and cluster-I.The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters-I and V(127.85),while the lowest was between clusters-II and IV(27.09).The positive correlation of capsule weight per plant with the seed weight per plant and a negative correlation with the days to 50%flowering indicates that high yielding linseed varieties with early flowering/maturity could be developed through direct and indirect selection.Further,seed yield and oil content could be enhanced together as indicated by ghe positive association among these two important traits.In this study,high yielding accessions with moderate to high oil content such as GP36,GP31,GP14,GP54,GP26,GP24,GP34,GP21,GP37 and GP27 and early flowering(less than 70 days)accessions such as GP2,GP26,GP27,CG33,CG44,CG42,CG132,and CG31 identified as potential genetic materials that could be exploited for developing early maturing varieties with high yield.In addition,information’s on various genetic parameters will help breeders to devise suitable breeding methodology for linseed genetic improvement for targeted traits.展开更多
Opencast coal mining produces trash of soil and rock containing various minerals,that are usually dumped nearby the abandoned sites which causes severe environmental concern including the production of acid mine drain...Opencast coal mining produces trash of soil and rock containing various minerals,that are usually dumped nearby the abandoned sites which causes severe environmental concern including the production of acid mine drainage(AMD)through oxidation pyrite minerals.The current study entailed assessing the potential production of AMD from an opencast coal mining region in Northeast part of India.In order to have a comprehensive overview of the AMD problem in Makum coalfield,the physico-chemical,geochemical,and petrological characteristics of the coal and overburden(OB)samples collected from the Makum coalfield(Northeast India)were thoroughly investigated.The maceral compositions reveal that coal features all three groups of macerals(liptinite,vitrinite,and inertinite),with a high concentration of liptinite indicating the coal of perhydrous,thereby rendering it more reactive.Pyrite(FeS_(2))oxidation kinetics were studied by conducting the aqueous leaching experiments of coal and(OB)samples to interpret the chemical weathering under controlled laboratory conditions of various temperature and time periods,and to replicate the actual mine site leaching.Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES)was operated to detect the disposal of some precarious elements from coal and OB samples to the leachates during our controlled leaching experiment.The Rare earth element(REE)enrichment in the samples shows the anthropogenic incorporation of the REE in the coal and OB.These experiments reveal the change in conductivity,acid producing tendency,total dissolved solid(TDS),total Iron(Fe)and dissolved Sulfate(SO_(4)^(2−))ions on progress of the leaching experiments.Moreover,the discharge of FeS_(2) via atmospheric oxidation in laboratory condition undergoes a significant growth with the rise of temperature of the reaction systems in the environment and follows pseudo first order kinetics.A bio-remediative strategies is also reported in this paper to mitigate AMD water by employing size-segregated powdered limestone and water hyacinth plant in an indigenously developed site-specific prototype station.Apart from neutralisation of AMD water,this eco-friendly AMD remediation strategy demonstrates a reduction in PHEs concentrations in the treated AMD water.展开更多
In coal mining areas,the ambient atmospheric and aqueous oxidation of pyrite minerals(FeS2)associated with coal as well as the other accompanying strata is significant in understanding the extent of acid mine drainage...In coal mining areas,the ambient atmospheric and aqueous oxidation of pyrite minerals(FeS2)associated with coal as well as the other accompanying strata is significant in understanding the extent of acid mine drainage(AMD),the cause of severe environmental pollution.Therefore,in this paper,the oxidation kinetics of the coal-associated pyrite(CAPy)present in a coal sample(TpHM1)has been studied via aqueous leaching depyritization experiments at variety of temperatures and time intervals without the incorporation of any oxidizer.The outcomes obtained are juxtaposed with the standard pyrite mineral(SPM)oxidation at the same experimental conditions.Also,the coal and SPM slurry residues and filtrates obtained after aqueous leaching at 25℃ and 90℃ for 0 h and 24 h,respectively,were extensively analyzed through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM),Powder X-ray diffraction(P-XRD),and X-ray-photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)for evaluation of the mineralogical composition and proportions of iron and sulfur components during progression of the oxidation reaction.Both the reactions obey pseudo first-order kinetics during pyrite(FeS_(2))oxidation but a significant difference in the experimentally found activation energies(E_(a))and rate constants(k)values of oxidation kinetics of both CAPy and SPM may be attributed to the varied geochemical compositions of the coal associated pyrite(CAPy).The rate constant for CAPy is much greater than that of SPM implying a higher Ea around 10.838 kJ/mol for SPM as compared to 1.941 kJ/mol for CAPy.The CAPy in coal(TpHM1)is more susceptible to atmospheric oxidation than that of SPM,leading to the formation of acid mine drainage with lower pH.In this paper,the pH values on the basis of stoichiometric pyrite oxidation reaction were calculated and compared with the pH values obtained after aqueous leaching of CAPy to interpret the extent of acid formation and pyrite dissolution.Hence,with the assistance of the current study,further studies on the effects of mineral impurities,whereabouts of pyrite minerals in coal seams,the significance of compositional differences in the CAPy,the effect of metal oxides,and the role of alkalinity producing neutralizing agents of coal in the oxidative dissolution process of pyrite can be investigated.展开更多
Adopting digital twin technology in the chemical industry is reshaping process optimisation,operational efficiency,and safety management.By leveraging data from sensors and control systems,the digital twins provide ac...Adopting digital twin technology in the chemical industry is reshaping process optimisation,operational efficiency,and safety management.By leveraging data from sensors and control systems,the digital twins provide actionable insights,enabling more precise control over chemical reactions,improved quality assurance,and reduced environmental impact.Additionally,the ability to simulate“what-if”scenarios accelerates the innovation cycle and supports compliance with stringent regulatory standards.This research article explores the implementation and impact of digital twins in chemical manufacturing environments.It examines how digital twins enable continuous monitoring and control by mirroring chemical processes,predicting equipment failures,and simulating complex reactions under various conditions.The study highlights the benefits of digital twins,including improved process efficiency,enhanced product quality,and reduced environmental and operational risks.The research also addresses challenges and limitations,such as data integration complexities and the need for high-fidelity models.By providing a comprehensive analysis of current applications and future prospects,this paper aims to advance the understanding of digital twins'role in driving innovation and sustainability within the chemical industry.展开更多
EST sequences of Mentha piperita available in the public domain(NCBI) were exploited to develop SSR markers. A total of 1316 ESTs were assembled into 155 contigs and 653 singletons and of these, 110 sequences were fou...EST sequences of Mentha piperita available in the public domain(NCBI) were exploited to develop SSR markers. A total of 1316 ESTs were assembled into 155 contigs and 653 singletons and of these, 110 sequences were found to contain 130 SSRs, with a frequency of1 SSR/3.4 kb. Dinucleotide repeat SSRs were most frequent(72.3%) with the AG/CT(43.8%)repeat motif followed by AT/AT(16.2%). Primers were successfully designed for 68SSR-containing sequences(62.0%). The 68 primers amplified 13 accessions of M. piperita and 54 produced clear amplicons of the expected size. Of these 54, 33(61%) were found to be polymorphic among M. piperita accessions, showing from 2 to 4 alleles with an average of2.33 alleles/SSR, and the polymorphic information content(PIC) value varied between 0.13 and 0.51(average 0.25). All the amplified SSRs showed transferability among four different species of Mentha, with a highest in Mentha arvensis(87.0%) and minimum in Mentha citrata(37.0%). The newly developed SSRs markers were found to be useful for diversity analysis, as they successfully differentiated among species and accessions of Mentha.展开更多
The continuous increase of global atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations brutally damages our environment. A series of methods have been developed to convert CO_(2) to valuable fuels and value-added chemicals to maintain t...The continuous increase of global atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations brutally damages our environment. A series of methods have been developed to convert CO_(2) to valuable fuels and value-added chemicals to maintain the equilibrium of carbon cycles. The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR) is one of the promising methods to produce fuels and chemicals, and it could offer sustainable paths to decrease carbon intensity and support renewable energy. Thus, significant research efforts and highly efficient catalysts are essential for converting CO_(2) into other valuable chemicals and fuels. Transition metal-based single atoms catalysts(TM-SACs) have recently received much attention and offer outstanding electrochemical applications with high activity and selectivity opportunities. By taking advantage of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts, TM-SACs are the new rising star for electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) to the value-added product with high selectivity. In recent years, enormous research effort has been made to synthesize different TM-SACs with different M–Nxsites and study the electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) to CO. This review has discussed the development and characterization of different TMSACs with various catalytic sites, fundamental understanding of the electrochemical process in CO_(2) RR,intrinsic catalytic activity, and molecular strategics of SACs responsible for CO_(2)RR. Furthermore, we extensively review previous studies on 1 st-row transition metals TM-SACs(Ni, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sn) and dual-atom catalysts(DACs) utilized for electrochemical CO_(2) conversions and highlight the opportunities and challenges.展开更多
Firedamp and coal dust explosion constitute a lion’s share in mine accidents in a global mining scenario.This paper reports a list of mine explosion disasters since last two decades,a critical review of the different...Firedamp and coal dust explosion constitute a lion’s share in mine accidents in a global mining scenario.This paper reports a list of mine explosion disasters since last two decades,a critical review of the different prevention and constructive measures,and its recent development to avoid firedamp and coal dust explosion.Preventive legislation in core coal-producing countries,viz.China,USA,Australia,South Africa,and India related to firedamp and coal dust explosion are critically analysed.Accidents occurred due to explosion after Nationalisation of Coal Mines(1973)in India are listed.Prevention and constructive measures adopted in India are critically analysed with respect to the global mining scenario.Measures like methane credit concept,classification of mines/seams with respect to explosion risk zone,deflagration index;installation of automatic fire warning devices,canopy air curtain technology,explosion-prevention measures,such as fire-retardant materials,inhibitors,extinguishing agent,dust suppressor,and active explosion barrier are discussed in detail to avoid explosion and thereby adhering to zero accident policy due to coal mine explosion.展开更多
Phyllanthus species plants are a rich source of phenolics and widely used due to their medicinal properties. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method was developed using high-pressure liquid...Phyllanthus species plants are a rich source of phenolics and widely used due to their medicinal properties. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method was developed using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-ESI-QTOFMS/MS) for the identification and characterization of quercetin, kaempferol, ellagic acid and their derivatives in ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species. The chromatographic separation was carried out on Thermo Betasil C_8 column(250 mm×4.5 mm, 5 μm) using 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as the mobile phase. The identification of diagnostic fragment ions and optimization of collision energies were carried out using 21 reference standards. Totally 51 compounds were identified which include 21 compounds identified and characterized unambiguously by comparison with their authentic standards and the remaining 30 were tentatively identified and characterized in ethanolic extracts of P. emblica, P. fraternus, P. amarus and P.niruri.展开更多
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant(No.2016R1A3B 1908249),funded by the Korean government.
文摘The efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has progressed rapidly,exceeding 26%for single-junction devices and surpassing 34%in perovskite-silicon tandem configurations,establishing PSCs as a promising alternative to traditional photovoltaic technologies.However,their commercialization is constrained by significant stability challenges in outdoor environments.This review critically examines key cell-level issues affecting the long-term performance and reliability of PSCs,focusing on instabilities arising from the intrinsic phases of the perovskite absorber and external stress factors.Mitigation strategies to enhance stability are discussed,alongside recent advancements in charge transport layers,electrodes,and interfaces aimed at reducing environmental degradation and improving energy level alignment for efficient charge extraction.The importance of accelerated aging tests and the establishment of standardized protocols is underscored for accurately predicting device lifetimes and identifying failure mechanisms,thereby ensuring stability under real-world conditions.Furthermore,a comprehensive techno-economic analysis evaluates how advancements in materials and strategic innovations influence efficiency,durability,and cost,which are critical for the commercial adoption of PSCs.This review delineates the essential steps required to transition PSC technology from laboratory-scale research to widespread commercialization within the global photovoltaic industry.
文摘Malaria continues to pose a significant global health challenge despite a significant achievement in control and elimination in certain areas.Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management and control,and finally leading to elimination.However,microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests(RDTs)have traditionally been the primary malaria diagnostic tools used globally,with certain shortcomings,including their limited sensitivity,specificity,and inability to identify asymptomatic infections.Serological markers have emerged as promising alternatives in malaria serosurveillance,particularly in countries where targets have already been set for elimination.This review highlights the advantages of serological markers over conventional diagnostic techniques and discusses some of the most promising serological markers against Plasmodium species-specific antigens.The implementation of serosurveillance,coupled with the utilization of these serological markers represents a transformative shift in malaria surveillance.By capitalizing on the immune memory of individuals,serosurveillance also enables the identification of recent and past infections.This approach is particularly valuable in low-transmission settings and for tracking changes in malaria prevalence over time.While recognizing the use of serological markers across various global contexts,this review predominantly emphasizes their significance within the framework of India.
文摘The stress-strain behavior of confined concrete under heating and residual conditions has been preliminarily addressed in previous research;however,its behavior at subsequent cooling temperatures after being heated to peak temperature has yet to be thoroughly investigated.It is crucial for determining confined concrete structures’post-fire performance and burnout resistance.The paper presents the fundamental behavior of the confined concrete constitutive parameters and stress-strain curve at subsequent cooling temperatures after being heated to peak temperature.The study includes the stress-stress relationship of a 200 mm diameter cylinder with two distinct confinement spacings of 60 mm and 120 mm.The constitutive parameters for confined concrete were initially determined for a peak heating temperature of 750℃ and then modified to establish the stress-strain relationship for successive cooling temperatures of 500℃,250℃,and ambient temperature.The study results show that confinement has a considerable impact on compressive strength,stiffness,and ductility at ambient and fire conditions.After being heated to peak temperature,the confined concrete compressive strength recovers during successive cooling temperatures,with the recovery dependent on confinement spacing.The established stress-strain relationship can assist in better comprehending structural performance and capacity degradation for different tie spacings,and is useful for the analysis and design of confined RC(reinforced concrete)elements during and after a fire.
基金fellowship received from the Department of Science and Technology(DST)under a unique scheme,“Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research(INSPIRE),”under the file number 20190000871,during the present work。
文摘The present study investigates the influence of embedment depth of isolated footing supporting moment-resisting frame buildings through scaled-down tests.These experiments utilize scaled models representing different building aspect ratios and footing embedment depths.All the model tests are subjected to scaled-down input ground motions of different intensities and magnitudes.These model tests are performed in laminar shear containers through shake table testing.The results obtained for different cases of soil-foundation-structure systems and fixed-base conditions are expressed in terms of natural frequency,peak spectral acceleration,frequency response,lateral deformation,inter-storey drifts,and rocking of the foundation.The analysis reveals that the natural frequency of the coupled system on isolated footings diminishes by 27.52%–58.21%relative to fixed-base conditions,highlighting the significance of accounting for soil-foundation-structure interaction effects.Moreover,a notable increase of 52.97%in the natural frequency of the coupled system is observed as the embedment depth of the footing increases from 0.75 to 6.Additionally,the study demonstrates that the inter-storey drift of the 5-storey building remains well within acceptable limits under dense soil conditions.Consequently,within the parameter range explored in this research,the study concludes that soil-foundation-structure interaction effects are insignificant for low-rise buildings(H≤15 m)supported on isolated footings during seismic events.
基金ISRO-RESPOND GAP3332 and PMN-MOES GAP2175 Project support this work.NIO-PMN and MOES-NCPOR supported the deep-sea and Antarctica micrometeorite collections,respectively.
文摘Extraterrestrial phenomena have influenced Earth’s processes throughout geological history.Evaluating the impact of extraterrestrial material on the environment is crucial for understanding the evolution of Earth and life.This study incorporates the investigation of micrometeorites(MMs),abundant cosmic materials on Earth,to understand their influence on the chemical composition and biogeochemistry of the ocean.Comprehensive etching and flux analyses reveal that∼95%of cosmic spherules(CSs)entering seawater are etched or wholly dissolved,supplying nutrients to phytoplankton.Barred spherules show the highest degree of etching(∼19%),followed by porphyritic(∼17%),glass(∼15%),cryptocrystalline(∼12%),scoriaceous(∼10%),G-type(∼9%),and I-type(∼6%).Annually,∼3080 tonnes(t)of olivine from MMs dissolve into seawater,contributing∼495 t of Mg^(2+),∼1110 t of Fe^(2+),and∼1928 t of silicic acid.This signifies that over the Indian Ocean’s∼40 Myr history,∼23 Gt of olivine from CSs has dissolved,providing nutrients to seawater and sequestering∼7 Gt of CO_(2).The world ocean during this time has sequestered∼35 Gt of CO_(2),with fluctuations influenced by extraterrestrial activity.For instance,the Veritas event,lasting∼1.5 Myr,sequestered∼6 Gt of CO_(2)from the atmosphere.A robust flux calculation based on∼2 t of deep-sea sediments from 3610 MMs provides a more accurate estimate of the time-averaged flux of∼229 t yr^(−1).These comprehensive analyses reveal MM’s original characteristics,post-deposition processes,geological record and their overall impact on Earth’s marine environments,thereby contributing to our knowledge of the interconnection between terrestrial and extraterrestrial processes.
文摘Fluoride(F^(-))and arsenic,present as As(Ⅲ)and As(Ⅴ),are widespread toxins in groundwater across India,as well as in other countries or regions like Pakistan,China,Kenya,Africa,Thailand,and Latin America.Their presence in water resources poses significant environmental and health risks,including fluorosis and arsenicosis.To address this issue,this study developed an integrated process combining biosorbents and ultrafiltration(UF)for the removal of F^(-),As,and turbidity from contaminated water.Laboratory-scale adsorption experiments were conducted using low-cost biosorbents with different biosorbent dosages,specifically Moringa oleifera seed powder(MSP)and sorghum bicolor husk(SBH),along with sand as a binding medium.F^(-)and As concentrations ranging from 2 to 10 mg/L and 3 to 12 mg/L,respectively,were investigated.Biosorbents and their different combinations were tested to determine their efficacy in removing dissolved F^(-)and As.The results showed that a blend of 10-g/L MSP with SBH achieved the highest F^(-)(97.20%)and As(78.63%)removal efficiencies.Subsequent treatment with a UF membrane effectively reduced turbidity and colloidal impurities in the treated water,achieving a maximum turbidity removal efficiency of 95.40%.Equilibrium kinetic and isotherm models were employed to analyze the experimental data,demonstrating good fit.Preliminary cost analysis indicated that the hybrid technology is economically viable and suitable for the separation of hazardous contaminants from aqueous solutions.This study underscores the potential of inexpensive biosorption technologies in providing clean and safe drinking water,particularly in industrial,rural,and urban areas.
基金supported by the DBT JRF-SRF research fellowship.KT was supported the J C Bose Fellowship from Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB),Department of Science and Technology,Government of India(JCB/2019/000027)CSIR Bhatnagar Fellowship,from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSiR),Ministry of Science and Technology,Government of India.
文摘Founder events influence recessive diseases in highly endogamous populations.Several Indian populations have experienced significant founder events due to strict endogamy.However,the clinical implications of it remain underexplored.Therefore,we perform whole-exome sequencing of 281 individuals from four South Indian populations,characterized by high IBD scores.Our study reveals a high inbreeding rate of 59%across the populations.We identify∼29.2%of the variants that are exclusively present in a single population and uncover 1284 unreported exonic variants,underscoring the underrepresentation of Indian populations in global databases.Among these,23 are predicted to be deleterious,all of which are present in a heterozygous state;they may be pathogenic when homozygous,an expected phenomenon in endogamous populations.Approximately 16%-33%of the identified pathogenic variants showed significantly higher occurrence rates compared with the South Asian populations from 1000 Genomes dataset.Pharmacogenomic analysis revealed distinct allele frequencies of variants in CYP450 and non-CYP450 genes,highlighting heterogeneous drug responses and associated risks.We report a high prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Reddy population,linked to the HLA-B∗27:04 allele and strong founder effect.Our findings highlight the need for extensive genomic research in understudied Indian populations for a better understanding of disease risk and evolving strategies for precision and preventive medicine.
基金supported by the institutional fund MLP004 and Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB)(No.CRG/2021/002625)financial assistance from DBT-JRF,Department of Biotechnology,Gov of India,New Delhi India(DBT/2018/1111)。
文摘Air pollution is fourth major cause of death worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that particulate matter(PM)may affect kidneys,and the effect may be size and composition dependent.In this study,PM_(0.1),PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)were collected from ambient air and given to BALB/c male mice at 0.25 mg/m^(3) concentration in whole-body inhalation chamber for 28days(6 h/day,5 days/week)to assess their effect on kidney.Physico-chemical characterization of PM particles by SEM,ICP-MS and HPLC showed their various shapes along with the presence of metals and poly aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).Following PM exposure,increased serum creatinine levels were observed in animals along with dilated tubules,protein cast deposition,necrosis,immune infiltration,collagen deposition,and shrunken glomeruli in kidney.Immunofluorescence staining showed higher expressions of kidney injury molecule1(KIM-1),cystatin C,β2 microglobulin(β2M),and alpha smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)and fibronectin,suggesting renal injury and fibrosis.PM exposure also increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content and decreased superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2)activity,which in turn leads to induction of inflammation.Mechanistically,PM exposure further inhibited the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signalling and induced kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B(NF-κB).Interestingly,the effect of PM_(2.5)was more severe than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10),leading to higher levels of proinflammatory NF-κB and greater Nrf2 inhibition.Overall,our findings suggested that inhalation exposure to size-segregated PM can cause kidney damage and fibrosis,and PM_(2.5)showed higher toxicity than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10).
基金Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR)for providing the fellowship under CSIR-SRF scheme(P81101)。
文摘Vehicular emissions are considered one of the major anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases and poor air quality in metropolitan cities.This study aims to see the correlation of CO_(2),CH_(4),and CO through monitoring over a period from December 2020 to October 2021 covering three seasons’winter,summer,and monsoon at two different traffic locations of Delhi having different traffic volumes,road patterns,and traffic management.The annual average morning concentration of CO_(2),CH_(4)and CO was found(533±105),(7.3±3.1),(10.7±3.0)ppm at Najafgarh and(480±70),(5.2±1.8),(7.8±2.8)ppm at Rajendra Place,respectively.A relationship between concentration of all three gases and meteorological parameters such as temperature,humidity,wind speed and wind direction has also been investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient and pollution rose diagram.A comparable pattern in concentration was observed for all three gases in spatial(location)and temporal(diurnal)distribution.The concentration trend of CO_(2)in different seasons is winter>summer>monsoon,while in the case of CH_(4)winter=summer>monsoon but not any seasonal trend was noted in CO case.It is observed that CO_(2)has a good relation with CO(a tracer for vehicular emission)in terms of diurnal variation,whereas,CH_(4)does not represent a relation with CO and CO_(2)diurnally,suggesting that vehicles are the source of CO_(2)but not much contributing to other greenhouse gases like CH_(4).
基金the financial support for this research by the Australian Research Council(ARC)through the Discovery Project DP210101862.
文摘Cellular materials are gaining significant attention in product development due to their unique characteristics,offering superior mechanical performance and functionalities while minimizing material usage and environmental impact.This review article provides an overview of additive manufacturing(AM)technolo-gies for producing aluminum-based cellular materials,focusing on laser AM techniques including laser powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition.The article explores the classification of cellular mate-rials into stochastic foams and nonstochastic lattice structures and discusses conventional manufacturing methods and their limitations.It then examines the emergence of AM as a solution to these limitations,offering advantages such as design customization and optimization,shorter lead times,and the ability to manufacture complex architectures.The article highlights the current research status on AM of cellular materials including lattice shapes,design methods,and AM techniques.It further addresses the current status of AM of aluminum alloys,emphasizing the challenges and advances in producing aluminum-based cellular materials using AM.
基金financial support from The Director, CSIR-IICT (MS No. IICT/Pubs./2024/043) Hyderabad, IndiaUniversity Grant Commission (UGC) Faculty Research Program, New Delhi, India (F.4-5(50-FRP) (IV-Cycle)/2017(BSR)) for an award of Professorship。
文摘As the climate crisis continues to escalate, there has been a growing emphasis on the development of electrode materials that are environmentally friendly and sustainable. Biomolecules, such as proteins,peptides, and amino acids, have emerged as promising alternatives to metal oxide and metal hydroxide-based energy storage systems. These biomolecules offer several advantages, such as high safety, non-toxicity, abundant raw material sources, and ease of device fabrication. In this review, we highlighted the recent advancements in amino acid, peptide, and protein-based materials for lithiumion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. We delve into the synthetic strategies employed and their impact on factors such as active potential window, solubility in the electrolyte, and electrochemical performance. Our focus is on the development, composition, and performance of biomolecules, as well as the various approaches taken for their application in batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Finally, we discuss key considerations that must be taken into account to promote the design, synthesis and development for future practical applications of lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.
基金the Ministry of Earth Sciences,Govt of India,for the financial support[MoES/P.O.(Seismo)/1(374)/2019]and Dr.Sukanta Roy,Project Director,MoES-BGRL,Karad,for providing samples.
文摘The Koyna-Warna seismogenic region overlying the Deccan volcanic province of Western India has been experiencing the recurrence of earthquakes since 1967 soon after the impoundment of the Koyna Dam.A large number of small to medium-magnitude shallow focus earthquakes(>100,000)have been detected in this intraplate region during the last six decades.In the present study,the core samples recovered from the borehole‘KBH3’drilled upto 1134 m depth in the pre-Deccan granitoids basement rocks of this region have been subjected to mineralogical and geochemical studies.
基金supported by the Department of Biotechnology,Government of India,New Delhi.Grant Number-BT/Ag/Network/Linseed/2019-20.
文摘Diversity information mining about a crop for different attributes is an essential step for effective breeding programs.The present investigation evaluates the quantum of genetic variability and determines the relationship among the important agro-economic traits based on two years of phenotypic data of 210 accessions of linseed.The traits,capsule weight per plant,capsule per plant,husk weight per plant,and seed weight per plant exhibited comparatively higher genetic coefficient of variation(GCV)and phenotypic coefficient of variation(PCV).In contrast,oil content and seed per capsule exhibited a lower value.The high magnitude of broad sense heritability was observed for all traits except seeds per capsule and husk weight per plant.The trait,capsules per plant,plant height,and days to 50%flowering showed high genetic advance coupled with high heritability.Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 210 accessions into six distinct clusters.Out of 210,144(68.57%)accessions were grouped into three clusters(I,II,and III),in which cluster-III was the largest,containing 64 accessions followed by cluster II and cluster-I.The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters-I and V(127.85),while the lowest was between clusters-II and IV(27.09).The positive correlation of capsule weight per plant with the seed weight per plant and a negative correlation with the days to 50%flowering indicates that high yielding linseed varieties with early flowering/maturity could be developed through direct and indirect selection.Further,seed yield and oil content could be enhanced together as indicated by ghe positive association among these two important traits.In this study,high yielding accessions with moderate to high oil content such as GP36,GP31,GP14,GP54,GP26,GP24,GP34,GP21,GP37 and GP27 and early flowering(less than 70 days)accessions such as GP2,GP26,GP27,CG33,CG44,CG42,CG132,and CG31 identified as potential genetic materials that could be exploited for developing early maturing varieties with high yield.In addition,information’s on various genetic parameters will help breeders to devise suitable breeding methodology for linseed genetic improvement for targeted traits.
文摘Opencast coal mining produces trash of soil and rock containing various minerals,that are usually dumped nearby the abandoned sites which causes severe environmental concern including the production of acid mine drainage(AMD)through oxidation pyrite minerals.The current study entailed assessing the potential production of AMD from an opencast coal mining region in Northeast part of India.In order to have a comprehensive overview of the AMD problem in Makum coalfield,the physico-chemical,geochemical,and petrological characteristics of the coal and overburden(OB)samples collected from the Makum coalfield(Northeast India)were thoroughly investigated.The maceral compositions reveal that coal features all three groups of macerals(liptinite,vitrinite,and inertinite),with a high concentration of liptinite indicating the coal of perhydrous,thereby rendering it more reactive.Pyrite(FeS_(2))oxidation kinetics were studied by conducting the aqueous leaching experiments of coal and(OB)samples to interpret the chemical weathering under controlled laboratory conditions of various temperature and time periods,and to replicate the actual mine site leaching.Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES)was operated to detect the disposal of some precarious elements from coal and OB samples to the leachates during our controlled leaching experiment.The Rare earth element(REE)enrichment in the samples shows the anthropogenic incorporation of the REE in the coal and OB.These experiments reveal the change in conductivity,acid producing tendency,total dissolved solid(TDS),total Iron(Fe)and dissolved Sulfate(SO_(4)^(2−))ions on progress of the leaching experiments.Moreover,the discharge of FeS_(2) via atmospheric oxidation in laboratory condition undergoes a significant growth with the rise of temperature of the reaction systems in the environment and follows pseudo first order kinetics.A bio-remediative strategies is also reported in this paper to mitigate AMD water by employing size-segregated powdered limestone and water hyacinth plant in an indigenously developed site-specific prototype station.Apart from neutralisation of AMD water,this eco-friendly AMD remediation strategy demonstrates a reduction in PHEs concentrations in the treated AMD water.
基金Ministry of Earth Science(Govt.of India)(GPP-0364).
文摘In coal mining areas,the ambient atmospheric and aqueous oxidation of pyrite minerals(FeS2)associated with coal as well as the other accompanying strata is significant in understanding the extent of acid mine drainage(AMD),the cause of severe environmental pollution.Therefore,in this paper,the oxidation kinetics of the coal-associated pyrite(CAPy)present in a coal sample(TpHM1)has been studied via aqueous leaching depyritization experiments at variety of temperatures and time intervals without the incorporation of any oxidizer.The outcomes obtained are juxtaposed with the standard pyrite mineral(SPM)oxidation at the same experimental conditions.Also,the coal and SPM slurry residues and filtrates obtained after aqueous leaching at 25℃ and 90℃ for 0 h and 24 h,respectively,were extensively analyzed through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM),Powder X-ray diffraction(P-XRD),and X-ray-photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)for evaluation of the mineralogical composition and proportions of iron and sulfur components during progression of the oxidation reaction.Both the reactions obey pseudo first-order kinetics during pyrite(FeS_(2))oxidation but a significant difference in the experimentally found activation energies(E_(a))and rate constants(k)values of oxidation kinetics of both CAPy and SPM may be attributed to the varied geochemical compositions of the coal associated pyrite(CAPy).The rate constant for CAPy is much greater than that of SPM implying a higher Ea around 10.838 kJ/mol for SPM as compared to 1.941 kJ/mol for CAPy.The CAPy in coal(TpHM1)is more susceptible to atmospheric oxidation than that of SPM,leading to the formation of acid mine drainage with lower pH.In this paper,the pH values on the basis of stoichiometric pyrite oxidation reaction were calculated and compared with the pH values obtained after aqueous leaching of CAPy to interpret the extent of acid formation and pyrite dissolution.Hence,with the assistance of the current study,further studies on the effects of mineral impurities,whereabouts of pyrite minerals in coal seams,the significance of compositional differences in the CAPy,the effect of metal oxides,and the role of alkalinity producing neutralizing agents of coal in the oxidative dissolution process of pyrite can be investigated.
文摘Adopting digital twin technology in the chemical industry is reshaping process optimisation,operational efficiency,and safety management.By leveraging data from sensors and control systems,the digital twins provide actionable insights,enabling more precise control over chemical reactions,improved quality assurance,and reduced environmental impact.Additionally,the ability to simulate“what-if”scenarios accelerates the innovation cycle and supports compliance with stringent regulatory standards.This research article explores the implementation and impact of digital twins in chemical manufacturing environments.It examines how digital twins enable continuous monitoring and control by mirroring chemical processes,predicting equipment failures,and simulating complex reactions under various conditions.The study highlights the benefits of digital twins,including improved process efficiency,enhanced product quality,and reduced environmental and operational risks.The research also addresses challenges and limitations,such as data integration complexities and the need for high-fidelity models.By providing a comprehensive analysis of current applications and future prospects,this paper aims to advance the understanding of digital twins'role in driving innovation and sustainability within the chemical industry.
文摘EST sequences of Mentha piperita available in the public domain(NCBI) were exploited to develop SSR markers. A total of 1316 ESTs were assembled into 155 contigs and 653 singletons and of these, 110 sequences were found to contain 130 SSRs, with a frequency of1 SSR/3.4 kb. Dinucleotide repeat SSRs were most frequent(72.3%) with the AG/CT(43.8%)repeat motif followed by AT/AT(16.2%). Primers were successfully designed for 68SSR-containing sequences(62.0%). The 68 primers amplified 13 accessions of M. piperita and 54 produced clear amplicons of the expected size. Of these 54, 33(61%) were found to be polymorphic among M. piperita accessions, showing from 2 to 4 alleles with an average of2.33 alleles/SSR, and the polymorphic information content(PIC) value varied between 0.13 and 0.51(average 0.25). All the amplified SSRs showed transferability among four different species of Mentha, with a highest in Mentha arvensis(87.0%) and minimum in Mentha citrata(37.0%). The newly developed SSRs markers were found to be useful for diversity analysis, as they successfully differentiated among species and accessions of Mentha.
基金BRNS,Mumbai,India(No-2013/37P/67/BRNS),MNRE,New Delhi,India(No-102/87/2011-NT),and CSIR,New Delhi,India{YSP-02(P-81-113),OLP-95}for the financial supportUGC,New Delhi,for a fellowship。
文摘The continuous increase of global atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations brutally damages our environment. A series of methods have been developed to convert CO_(2) to valuable fuels and value-added chemicals to maintain the equilibrium of carbon cycles. The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR) is one of the promising methods to produce fuels and chemicals, and it could offer sustainable paths to decrease carbon intensity and support renewable energy. Thus, significant research efforts and highly efficient catalysts are essential for converting CO_(2) into other valuable chemicals and fuels. Transition metal-based single atoms catalysts(TM-SACs) have recently received much attention and offer outstanding electrochemical applications with high activity and selectivity opportunities. By taking advantage of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts, TM-SACs are the new rising star for electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) to the value-added product with high selectivity. In recent years, enormous research effort has been made to synthesize different TM-SACs with different M–Nxsites and study the electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) to CO. This review has discussed the development and characterization of different TMSACs with various catalytic sites, fundamental understanding of the electrochemical process in CO_(2) RR,intrinsic catalytic activity, and molecular strategics of SACs responsible for CO_(2)RR. Furthermore, we extensively review previous studies on 1 st-row transition metals TM-SACs(Ni, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sn) and dual-atom catalysts(DACs) utilized for electrochemical CO_(2) conversions and highlight the opportunities and challenges.
基金The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Coal,Government of India(No.CIL/R&D/01/60/2016)for financial support。
文摘Firedamp and coal dust explosion constitute a lion’s share in mine accidents in a global mining scenario.This paper reports a list of mine explosion disasters since last two decades,a critical review of the different prevention and constructive measures,and its recent development to avoid firedamp and coal dust explosion.Preventive legislation in core coal-producing countries,viz.China,USA,Australia,South Africa,and India related to firedamp and coal dust explosion are critically analysed.Accidents occurred due to explosion after Nationalisation of Coal Mines(1973)in India are listed.Prevention and constructive measures adopted in India are critically analysed with respect to the global mining scenario.Measures like methane credit concept,classification of mines/seams with respect to explosion risk zone,deflagration index;installation of automatic fire warning devices,canopy air curtain technology,explosion-prevention measures,such as fire-retardant materials,inhibitors,extinguishing agent,dust suppressor,and active explosion barrier are discussed in detail to avoid explosion and thereby adhering to zero accident policy due to coal mine explosion.
基金CSIR, New Delhi, India, for financial supportBK for NMPB grant GO/UP/03/09
文摘Phyllanthus species plants are a rich source of phenolics and widely used due to their medicinal properties. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method was developed using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-ESI-QTOFMS/MS) for the identification and characterization of quercetin, kaempferol, ellagic acid and their derivatives in ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species. The chromatographic separation was carried out on Thermo Betasil C_8 column(250 mm×4.5 mm, 5 μm) using 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as the mobile phase. The identification of diagnostic fragment ions and optimization of collision energies were carried out using 21 reference standards. Totally 51 compounds were identified which include 21 compounds identified and characterized unambiguously by comparison with their authentic standards and the remaining 30 were tentatively identified and characterized in ethanolic extracts of P. emblica, P. fraternus, P. amarus and P.niruri.
