In the urban environment,subsurface contamination is caused by municipal solid waste(MSW)and industrial and agricultural discharges.About 2.01 billion tons of MSW is generated globally each year,most of which is dispo...In the urban environment,subsurface contamination is caused by municipal solid waste(MSW)and industrial and agricultural discharges.About 2.01 billion tons of MSW is generated globally each year,most of which is disposed of in landfills.Countries in Asia and Pacific regions account for 43%of global waste generation,while India and China account for 27.45%of global waste generation.Most of the landfills operated in South-Asian countries are non-sanitary,leading to the percolation of leachate in the subsurface.Conventional hydrogeological and geochemical methods are primary indicators and detect high levels of critical parameters near landfills,indicating subsurface contamination from leachate.展开更多
The efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has progressed rapidly,exceeding 26%for single-junction devices and surpassing 34%in perovskite-silicon tandem configurations,establishing PSCs as a promising alternative ...The efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has progressed rapidly,exceeding 26%for single-junction devices and surpassing 34%in perovskite-silicon tandem configurations,establishing PSCs as a promising alternative to traditional photovoltaic technologies.However,their commercialization is constrained by significant stability challenges in outdoor environments.This review critically examines key cell-level issues affecting the long-term performance and reliability of PSCs,focusing on instabilities arising from the intrinsic phases of the perovskite absorber and external stress factors.Mitigation strategies to enhance stability are discussed,alongside recent advancements in charge transport layers,electrodes,and interfaces aimed at reducing environmental degradation and improving energy level alignment for efficient charge extraction.The importance of accelerated aging tests and the establishment of standardized protocols is underscored for accurately predicting device lifetimes and identifying failure mechanisms,thereby ensuring stability under real-world conditions.Furthermore,a comprehensive techno-economic analysis evaluates how advancements in materials and strategic innovations influence efficiency,durability,and cost,which are critical for the commercial adoption of PSCs.This review delineates the essential steps required to transition PSC technology from laboratory-scale research to widespread commercialization within the global photovoltaic industry.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the associations between Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein allelic families(Pfmsp1,Pfmsp2),infection clonality and drug-resistant haplotypes(Pfcrt,Pfdhfr,Pfdhps,Pfmdr1 and Pfkelc...Objective:To investigate the associations between Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein allelic families(Pfmsp1,Pfmsp2),infection clonality and drug-resistant haplotypes(Pfcrt,Pfdhfr,Pfdhps,Pfmdr1 and Pfkelch13)in malaria samples collected over 30 years in India.Methods:Infection clonality was assessed using Pfmsp1(K1,MAD20,RO33)and Pfmsp2(IC/3D7,FC27)allelic families.Five key drug resistance genes were analysed by PCR and Sanger sequencing.Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate associations between specific Pfmsp allelic families,infection clonality and drug-resistant haplotypes.Results:Significant associations were observed between Pfmsp allelic families,infection clonality and resistant haplotypes across four genes(Pfcrt,Pfdhfr,Pfdhps and Pfmdr1).For Pfcrt,K1(P=0.026)and IC/3D7(P<0.001)alleles were significantly associated with wild-type CVMNK haplotype,while FC27 allele was linked to SVMNT haplotype(P=0.005).Similarly,Pfmdr1 FC27 allele was significantly associated with NFSND haplotype(P=0.034)and IC/3D7 allele with NYSND haplotype(P<0.001).Analyses revealed that both K1 and RO33 alleles were associated with resistant Pfdhfr and Pfdhps haplotypes,whereas MAD20 was exclusively associated with resistant Pfdhps(P<0.001)haplotypes.Additionally,Pfdhfr and Pfdhps haplotypes exhibited distinct associations with both Pfmsp2 allelic families.Conclusions:The findings suggest potential associations between antigenic diversity markers and drug-resistant haplotypes,and some patterns may reflect shared ancestral origins,though the basis of certain associations remains unclear.Further studies with larger datasets are needed to validate these observations and elucidate the genetic and ecological factors underlying these relationships.展开更多
Malaria continues to pose a significant global health challenge despite a significant achievement in control and elimination in certain areas.Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management a...Malaria continues to pose a significant global health challenge despite a significant achievement in control and elimination in certain areas.Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management and control,and finally leading to elimination.However,microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests(RDTs)have traditionally been the primary malaria diagnostic tools used globally,with certain shortcomings,including their limited sensitivity,specificity,and inability to identify asymptomatic infections.Serological markers have emerged as promising alternatives in malaria serosurveillance,particularly in countries where targets have already been set for elimination.This review highlights the advantages of serological markers over conventional diagnostic techniques and discusses some of the most promising serological markers against Plasmodium species-specific antigens.The implementation of serosurveillance,coupled with the utilization of these serological markers represents a transformative shift in malaria surveillance.By capitalizing on the immune memory of individuals,serosurveillance also enables the identification of recent and past infections.This approach is particularly valuable in low-transmission settings and for tracking changes in malaria prevalence over time.While recognizing the use of serological markers across various global contexts,this review predominantly emphasizes their significance within the framework of India.展开更多
The stress-strain behavior of confined concrete under heating and residual conditions has been preliminarily addressed in previous research;however,its behavior at subsequent cooling temperatures after being heated to...The stress-strain behavior of confined concrete under heating and residual conditions has been preliminarily addressed in previous research;however,its behavior at subsequent cooling temperatures after being heated to peak temperature has yet to be thoroughly investigated.It is crucial for determining confined concrete structures’post-fire performance and burnout resistance.The paper presents the fundamental behavior of the confined concrete constitutive parameters and stress-strain curve at subsequent cooling temperatures after being heated to peak temperature.The study includes the stress-stress relationship of a 200 mm diameter cylinder with two distinct confinement spacings of 60 mm and 120 mm.The constitutive parameters for confined concrete were initially determined for a peak heating temperature of 750℃ and then modified to establish the stress-strain relationship for successive cooling temperatures of 500℃,250℃,and ambient temperature.The study results show that confinement has a considerable impact on compressive strength,stiffness,and ductility at ambient and fire conditions.After being heated to peak temperature,the confined concrete compressive strength recovers during successive cooling temperatures,with the recovery dependent on confinement spacing.The established stress-strain relationship can assist in better comprehending structural performance and capacity degradation for different tie spacings,and is useful for the analysis and design of confined RC(reinforced concrete)elements during and after a fire.展开更多
The present study investigates the influence of embedment depth of isolated footing supporting moment-resisting frame buildings through scaled-down tests.These experiments utilize scaled models representing different ...The present study investigates the influence of embedment depth of isolated footing supporting moment-resisting frame buildings through scaled-down tests.These experiments utilize scaled models representing different building aspect ratios and footing embedment depths.All the model tests are subjected to scaled-down input ground motions of different intensities and magnitudes.These model tests are performed in laminar shear containers through shake table testing.The results obtained for different cases of soil-foundation-structure systems and fixed-base conditions are expressed in terms of natural frequency,peak spectral acceleration,frequency response,lateral deformation,inter-storey drifts,and rocking of the foundation.The analysis reveals that the natural frequency of the coupled system on isolated footings diminishes by 27.52%–58.21%relative to fixed-base conditions,highlighting the significance of accounting for soil-foundation-structure interaction effects.Moreover,a notable increase of 52.97%in the natural frequency of the coupled system is observed as the embedment depth of the footing increases from 0.75 to 6.Additionally,the study demonstrates that the inter-storey drift of the 5-storey building remains well within acceptable limits under dense soil conditions.Consequently,within the parameter range explored in this research,the study concludes that soil-foundation-structure interaction effects are insignificant for low-rise buildings(H≤15 m)supported on isolated footings during seismic events.展开更多
Extraterrestrial phenomena have influenced Earth’s processes throughout geological history.Evaluating the impact of extraterrestrial material on the environment is crucial for understanding the evolution of Earth and...Extraterrestrial phenomena have influenced Earth’s processes throughout geological history.Evaluating the impact of extraterrestrial material on the environment is crucial for understanding the evolution of Earth and life.This study incorporates the investigation of micrometeorites(MMs),abundant cosmic materials on Earth,to understand their influence on the chemical composition and biogeochemistry of the ocean.Comprehensive etching and flux analyses reveal that∼95%of cosmic spherules(CSs)entering seawater are etched or wholly dissolved,supplying nutrients to phytoplankton.Barred spherules show the highest degree of etching(∼19%),followed by porphyritic(∼17%),glass(∼15%),cryptocrystalline(∼12%),scoriaceous(∼10%),G-type(∼9%),and I-type(∼6%).Annually,∼3080 tonnes(t)of olivine from MMs dissolve into seawater,contributing∼495 t of Mg^(2+),∼1110 t of Fe^(2+),and∼1928 t of silicic acid.This signifies that over the Indian Ocean’s∼40 Myr history,∼23 Gt of olivine from CSs has dissolved,providing nutrients to seawater and sequestering∼7 Gt of CO_(2).The world ocean during this time has sequestered∼35 Gt of CO_(2),with fluctuations influenced by extraterrestrial activity.For instance,the Veritas event,lasting∼1.5 Myr,sequestered∼6 Gt of CO_(2)from the atmosphere.A robust flux calculation based on∼2 t of deep-sea sediments from 3610 MMs provides a more accurate estimate of the time-averaged flux of∼229 t yr^(−1).These comprehensive analyses reveal MM’s original characteristics,post-deposition processes,geological record and their overall impact on Earth’s marine environments,thereby contributing to our knowledge of the interconnection between terrestrial and extraterrestrial processes.展开更多
Fluoride(F^(-))and arsenic,present as As(Ⅲ)and As(Ⅴ),are widespread toxins in groundwater across India,as well as in other countries or regions like Pakistan,China,Kenya,Africa,Thailand,and Latin America.Their prese...Fluoride(F^(-))and arsenic,present as As(Ⅲ)and As(Ⅴ),are widespread toxins in groundwater across India,as well as in other countries or regions like Pakistan,China,Kenya,Africa,Thailand,and Latin America.Their presence in water resources poses significant environmental and health risks,including fluorosis and arsenicosis.To address this issue,this study developed an integrated process combining biosorbents and ultrafiltration(UF)for the removal of F^(-),As,and turbidity from contaminated water.Laboratory-scale adsorption experiments were conducted using low-cost biosorbents with different biosorbent dosages,specifically Moringa oleifera seed powder(MSP)and sorghum bicolor husk(SBH),along with sand as a binding medium.F^(-)and As concentrations ranging from 2 to 10 mg/L and 3 to 12 mg/L,respectively,were investigated.Biosorbents and their different combinations were tested to determine their efficacy in removing dissolved F^(-)and As.The results showed that a blend of 10-g/L MSP with SBH achieved the highest F^(-)(97.20%)and As(78.63%)removal efficiencies.Subsequent treatment with a UF membrane effectively reduced turbidity and colloidal impurities in the treated water,achieving a maximum turbidity removal efficiency of 95.40%.Equilibrium kinetic and isotherm models were employed to analyze the experimental data,demonstrating good fit.Preliminary cost analysis indicated that the hybrid technology is economically viable and suitable for the separation of hazardous contaminants from aqueous solutions.This study underscores the potential of inexpensive biosorption technologies in providing clean and safe drinking water,particularly in industrial,rural,and urban areas.展开更多
Founder events influence recessive diseases in highly endogamous populations.Several Indian populations have experienced significant founder events due to strict endogamy.However,the clinical implications of it remain...Founder events influence recessive diseases in highly endogamous populations.Several Indian populations have experienced significant founder events due to strict endogamy.However,the clinical implications of it remain underexplored.Therefore,we perform whole-exome sequencing of 281 individuals from four South Indian populations,characterized by high IBD scores.Our study reveals a high inbreeding rate of 59%across the populations.We identify∼29.2%of the variants that are exclusively present in a single population and uncover 1284 unreported exonic variants,underscoring the underrepresentation of Indian populations in global databases.Among these,23 are predicted to be deleterious,all of which are present in a heterozygous state;they may be pathogenic when homozygous,an expected phenomenon in endogamous populations.Approximately 16%-33%of the identified pathogenic variants showed significantly higher occurrence rates compared with the South Asian populations from 1000 Genomes dataset.Pharmacogenomic analysis revealed distinct allele frequencies of variants in CYP450 and non-CYP450 genes,highlighting heterogeneous drug responses and associated risks.We report a high prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Reddy population,linked to the HLA-B∗27:04 allele and strong founder effect.Our findings highlight the need for extensive genomic research in understudied Indian populations for a better understanding of disease risk and evolving strategies for precision and preventive medicine.展开更多
Air pollution is fourth major cause of death worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that particulate matter(PM)may affect kidneys,and the effect may be size and composition dependent.In this study,PM_(0.1),PM_(2.5),and PM...Air pollution is fourth major cause of death worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that particulate matter(PM)may affect kidneys,and the effect may be size and composition dependent.In this study,PM_(0.1),PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)were collected from ambient air and given to BALB/c male mice at 0.25 mg/m^(3) concentration in whole-body inhalation chamber for 28days(6 h/day,5 days/week)to assess their effect on kidney.Physico-chemical characterization of PM particles by SEM,ICP-MS and HPLC showed their various shapes along with the presence of metals and poly aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).Following PM exposure,increased serum creatinine levels were observed in animals along with dilated tubules,protein cast deposition,necrosis,immune infiltration,collagen deposition,and shrunken glomeruli in kidney.Immunofluorescence staining showed higher expressions of kidney injury molecule1(KIM-1),cystatin C,β2 microglobulin(β2M),and alpha smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)and fibronectin,suggesting renal injury and fibrosis.PM exposure also increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content and decreased superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2)activity,which in turn leads to induction of inflammation.Mechanistically,PM exposure further inhibited the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signalling and induced kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B(NF-κB).Interestingly,the effect of PM_(2.5)was more severe than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10),leading to higher levels of proinflammatory NF-κB and greater Nrf2 inhibition.Overall,our findings suggested that inhalation exposure to size-segregated PM can cause kidney damage and fibrosis,and PM_(2.5)showed higher toxicity than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10).展开更多
EST sequences of Mentha piperita available in the public domain(NCBI) were exploited to develop SSR markers. A total of 1316 ESTs were assembled into 155 contigs and 653 singletons and of these, 110 sequences were fou...EST sequences of Mentha piperita available in the public domain(NCBI) were exploited to develop SSR markers. A total of 1316 ESTs were assembled into 155 contigs and 653 singletons and of these, 110 sequences were found to contain 130 SSRs, with a frequency of1 SSR/3.4 kb. Dinucleotide repeat SSRs were most frequent(72.3%) with the AG/CT(43.8%)repeat motif followed by AT/AT(16.2%). Primers were successfully designed for 68SSR-containing sequences(62.0%). The 68 primers amplified 13 accessions of M. piperita and 54 produced clear amplicons of the expected size. Of these 54, 33(61%) were found to be polymorphic among M. piperita accessions, showing from 2 to 4 alleles with an average of2.33 alleles/SSR, and the polymorphic information content(PIC) value varied between 0.13 and 0.51(average 0.25). All the amplified SSRs showed transferability among four different species of Mentha, with a highest in Mentha arvensis(87.0%) and minimum in Mentha citrata(37.0%). The newly developed SSRs markers were found to be useful for diversity analysis, as they successfully differentiated among species and accessions of Mentha.展开更多
The continuous increase of global atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations brutally damages our environment. A series of methods have been developed to convert CO_(2) to valuable fuels and value-added chemicals to maintain t...The continuous increase of global atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations brutally damages our environment. A series of methods have been developed to convert CO_(2) to valuable fuels and value-added chemicals to maintain the equilibrium of carbon cycles. The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR) is one of the promising methods to produce fuels and chemicals, and it could offer sustainable paths to decrease carbon intensity and support renewable energy. Thus, significant research efforts and highly efficient catalysts are essential for converting CO_(2) into other valuable chemicals and fuels. Transition metal-based single atoms catalysts(TM-SACs) have recently received much attention and offer outstanding electrochemical applications with high activity and selectivity opportunities. By taking advantage of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts, TM-SACs are the new rising star for electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) to the value-added product with high selectivity. In recent years, enormous research effort has been made to synthesize different TM-SACs with different M–Nxsites and study the electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) to CO. This review has discussed the development and characterization of different TMSACs with various catalytic sites, fundamental understanding of the electrochemical process in CO_(2) RR,intrinsic catalytic activity, and molecular strategics of SACs responsible for CO_(2)RR. Furthermore, we extensively review previous studies on 1 st-row transition metals TM-SACs(Ni, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sn) and dual-atom catalysts(DACs) utilized for electrochemical CO_(2) conversions and highlight the opportunities and challenges.展开更多
Firedamp and coal dust explosion constitute a lion’s share in mine accidents in a global mining scenario.This paper reports a list of mine explosion disasters since last two decades,a critical review of the different...Firedamp and coal dust explosion constitute a lion’s share in mine accidents in a global mining scenario.This paper reports a list of mine explosion disasters since last two decades,a critical review of the different prevention and constructive measures,and its recent development to avoid firedamp and coal dust explosion.Preventive legislation in core coal-producing countries,viz.China,USA,Australia,South Africa,and India related to firedamp and coal dust explosion are critically analysed.Accidents occurred due to explosion after Nationalisation of Coal Mines(1973)in India are listed.Prevention and constructive measures adopted in India are critically analysed with respect to the global mining scenario.Measures like methane credit concept,classification of mines/seams with respect to explosion risk zone,deflagration index;installation of automatic fire warning devices,canopy air curtain technology,explosion-prevention measures,such as fire-retardant materials,inhibitors,extinguishing agent,dust suppressor,and active explosion barrier are discussed in detail to avoid explosion and thereby adhering to zero accident policy due to coal mine explosion.展开更多
Phyllanthus species plants are a rich source of phenolics and widely used due to their medicinal properties. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method was developed using high-pressure liquid...Phyllanthus species plants are a rich source of phenolics and widely used due to their medicinal properties. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method was developed using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-ESI-QTOFMS/MS) for the identification and characterization of quercetin, kaempferol, ellagic acid and their derivatives in ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species. The chromatographic separation was carried out on Thermo Betasil C_8 column(250 mm×4.5 mm, 5 μm) using 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as the mobile phase. The identification of diagnostic fragment ions and optimization of collision energies were carried out using 21 reference standards. Totally 51 compounds were identified which include 21 compounds identified and characterized unambiguously by comparison with their authentic standards and the remaining 30 were tentatively identified and characterized in ethanolic extracts of P. emblica, P. fraternus, P. amarus and P.niruri.展开更多
Delayed diagnosis of cancer using conventional diagnostic modalities needs to be addressed to reduce the mortality rate of cancer.Recently,2 D nanomaterial-enabled advanced biosensors have shown potential towards the ...Delayed diagnosis of cancer using conventional diagnostic modalities needs to be addressed to reduce the mortality rate of cancer.Recently,2 D nanomaterial-enabled advanced biosensors have shown potential towards the early diagnosis of cancer.The high surface area,surface functional groups availability,and excellent electrical conductivity of MXene make it the 2 D material of choice for the fabrication of advanced electrochemical biosensors for disease diagnostics.MXene-enabled electrochemical aptasensors have shown great promise for the detection of cancer biomarkers with a femtomolar limit of detection.Additionally,the stability,ease of synthesis,good reproducibility,and high specificity offered by MXene-enabled aptasensors hold promise to be the mainstream diagnostic approach.In this review,the design and fabrication of MXene-based electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of cancer biomarkers have been discussed.Besides,various synthetic processes and useful properties of MXenes which can be tuned and optimized easily and efficiently to fabricate sensitive biosensors have been elucidated.Further,futuristic sensing applications along with challenges will be deliberated herein.展开更多
The presence of toxic mercury (Ⅱ) in water is an ever-growing problem on earth that has various harmful effect on human health and aquatic living organisms.Therefore,detection of mercury (Ⅱ) in water is very much cr...The presence of toxic mercury (Ⅱ) in water is an ever-growing problem on earth that has various harmful effect on human health and aquatic living organisms.Therefore,detection of mercury (Ⅱ) in water is very much crucial and several researches are going on in this topic.Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as an effective device for sensing of toxic heavy metal ions in water.The tunable functionalities with large surface area of highly semiconducting MOFs enhance its activity towards fluorescence sensing.In this study,we are reporting one highly selective and sensitive luminescent sensor for the detection of mercury (Ⅱ) in water.A series of binary MOF composites were synthesized using in-situ solvothermal synthetic technique for fluorescence sensing of Hg^(2+)in water.The welldistributed graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots on porous zirconium-based MOF improve Hg^(2+)sensing activity in water owing to their great electronic and optical properties.The binary MOF composite (2) i.e.,the sensor exhibited excellent limit of detection (LOD) value of 2.4 nmol/L for Hg^(2+).The sensor also exhibited excellent performance for mercury (Ⅱ)detection in real water samples.The characterizations of the synthesized materials were done using various spectroscopic techniques and the fluorescence sensing mechanism was studied.展开更多
In the recent decades,effects of blast loads on natural and man-made structures have gained considerable attention due to increase in threat from various man-made activities.Site-specific empirical relationships for c...In the recent decades,effects of blast loads on natural and man-made structures have gained considerable attention due to increase in threat from various man-made activities.Site-specific empirical relationships for calculation of blast-induced vibration parameters like peak particle velocity(PPV)and peak particle displacement(PPD)are commonly used for estimation of blast loads in design.However,these relation-ships are not able to consider the variation in rock parameters and uncertainty of in situ conditions.In this paper,a total of 1089 published blast data of various researchers in different rock sites have been collected and used to propose generalized empirical model for PPV by considering the effects of rock parameters like unit weight,rock quality designation(ROD),geological strength index(GSI),and uniaxial compressive strength(UCS).The proposed PPV model has a good correlation coefficient and hence it can be directly used in prediction of blast-induced vibrations in rocks.Standard errors and coefficient of correlations of the predicted blast-induced vibration parameters are obtained with respect to the observed field data.The proposed empirical model for PPV has also been compared with the empirical models available for blast vibrations predictions given by other researchers and found to be in good agreement with specific cases.展开更多
The electrolysis of water for hydrogen generation has shown immense promise as an energy conversion technology for the green energy economy.Two concurrently occurring electrochemical reactions in water electrolysis(hy...The electrolysis of water for hydrogen generation has shown immense promise as an energy conversion technology for the green energy economy.Two concurrently occurring electrochemical reactions in water electrolysis(hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions)are sluggish in nature and therefore the employment of electrocatalysts is highly essential.Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts(Pt,Ru O_(2),Ir O_(2),etc.)have shown superior activity towards these reactions.However,their lower natural abundance and inferior stability make the cost to performance ratio of water electrolysis too high.Thus,huge amount of research efforts are being carried out to develop electrocatalysts consisting of earth abundant elements(transition metals,carbon etc.)as the replacement of these noble-metal-based materials.Transition metal compounds,carbonaceous and hybrid materials have shown promise as efficient electrocatalysts but there is still huge gap between the activities of these materials and the noble-metal-based electrocatalysts.Several strategies like morphology modulation,elemental doping,defect engineering etc.are being deployed to enhance the activity of these noble-metal-free electrocatalysts.This review summarizes these strategies and thoroughly discusses the reason behind the changes in activity of the electrocatalysts owing to these modifications.Finally,the remaining research gaps and future prospects in this field are also discussed in detail.展开更多
Rauwolfia species(Apocynaceae) are medicinal plants well known worldwide due to its potent bioactive monoterpene indole alkaloids(MIAs) such as reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine.Reserpine,ajmalici...Rauwolfia species(Apocynaceae) are medicinal plants well known worldwide due to its potent bioactive monoterpene indole alkaloids(MIAs) such as reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine.Reserpine,ajmalicine and ajmaline are powerful antihypertensive,tranquilizing agents used in hypertension.Yohimbine is an aphrodisiac used in dietary supplements.As there is no report on the comparative and comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the roots of Rauwolfia species,we have developed an efficient and reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method for ethanolic root extract of Rauwolfia species to elucidate the fragmentation pathways for dereplication of bioactive MIAs using highperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS/MS) in positive ion mode.We identified and established diagnostic fragment ions and fragmentation pathways using reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine.The MS/MS spectra of reserpine,ajmalicine,and ajmaline showed C-ring-cleavage whereas E-ring cleavage was observed in serpentine via Retro Diels Alder(RDA).A total of 47 bioactive MIAs were identified and characterized on the basis of their molecular formula,exact mass measurements and MS/MS analysis.Reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine were unambiguously identified by comparison with their authentic standards and other 42 MIAs were tentatively identified and characterized from the roots of Rauwolfia hookeri,Rauwolfia micrantha,Rauwolfia serpentina,Rauwolfia verticillata,Rauwolfia tetraphylla and Rauwolfia vomitoria.Application of LC–MS followed by principal component analysis(PCA) has been successfully used to discriminate among six Rauwolfia species.展开更多
Thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimeter(TGA/DSC)technique along with basic coal characteristics study is carried out for eighty coal samples of Indian coalfields,to determine spontaneous combustio...Thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimeter(TGA/DSC)technique along with basic coal characteristics study is carried out for eighty coal samples of Indian coalfields,to determine spontaneous combustion propensity behaviour of coal.TGA study of coal samples indicates that there is an increase in the mass of coal samples in the temperature range 150-350℃,which may be due to oxygen adsorption and absorption.The correlation and principal component analysis states that the component of proximate analysis(M_(ad),VM_(d),FR,and VR)have an acceptable correlation with the TGA experiments results i.e.,Tgsh and Tgign.Multiple fixed nonlinear regression analysis shows that thermogravimetry(TG)experiment results Tgign may be the best index to categorise/classify the coal as per their susceptibility towards spontaneous combustion.The authors proposed four groups of classification as per their propensity towards spontaneous combustion depending upon the moisture(M_(ad)),volatile matter(VM_(d)),and TG ignition temperature from differential thermogravimetric(DTG)curve(Tgign)using hierarchal clustering analysis.The coal samples of different seams from Indian coalfield may be classified into four different clusters,viz.very highly/extremely susceptible(Tgign<260℃),highly susceptible(260℃≤Tgign<290℃),moderately susceptible(290℃≤Tgign≤320℃),and poorly susceptible(Tgign>320℃).The field observations and TGA/DSC experiment results with the following statistical analysis substantiate a similar assessment.展开更多
基金support to bring out this publication(NGRI/Lib/2023/Pub-104)the Department of Science and Technology(DST),Government of India,for the INSPIRE fellowship(IF220569)+1 种基金carried out as a part of the project[GAP-861-28(TA)]supported by the Ministry of Earth Sciences(MoES),India,tenable at CSIR-NGRI,Hyderabad.
文摘In the urban environment,subsurface contamination is caused by municipal solid waste(MSW)and industrial and agricultural discharges.About 2.01 billion tons of MSW is generated globally each year,most of which is disposed of in landfills.Countries in Asia and Pacific regions account for 43%of global waste generation,while India and China account for 27.45%of global waste generation.Most of the landfills operated in South-Asian countries are non-sanitary,leading to the percolation of leachate in the subsurface.Conventional hydrogeological and geochemical methods are primary indicators and detect high levels of critical parameters near landfills,indicating subsurface contamination from leachate.
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant(No.2016R1A3B 1908249),funded by the Korean government.
文摘The efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has progressed rapidly,exceeding 26%for single-junction devices and surpassing 34%in perovskite-silicon tandem configurations,establishing PSCs as a promising alternative to traditional photovoltaic technologies.However,their commercialization is constrained by significant stability challenges in outdoor environments.This review critically examines key cell-level issues affecting the long-term performance and reliability of PSCs,focusing on instabilities arising from the intrinsic phases of the perovskite absorber and external stress factors.Mitigation strategies to enhance stability are discussed,alongside recent advancements in charge transport layers,electrodes,and interfaces aimed at reducing environmental degradation and improving energy level alignment for efficient charge extraction.The importance of accelerated aging tests and the establishment of standardized protocols is underscored for accurately predicting device lifetimes and identifying failure mechanisms,thereby ensuring stability under real-world conditions.Furthermore,a comprehensive techno-economic analysis evaluates how advancements in materials and strategic innovations influence efficiency,durability,and cost,which are critical for the commercial adoption of PSCs.This review delineates the essential steps required to transition PSC technology from laboratory-scale research to widespread commercialization within the global photovoltaic industry.
文摘Objective:To investigate the associations between Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein allelic families(Pfmsp1,Pfmsp2),infection clonality and drug-resistant haplotypes(Pfcrt,Pfdhfr,Pfdhps,Pfmdr1 and Pfkelch13)in malaria samples collected over 30 years in India.Methods:Infection clonality was assessed using Pfmsp1(K1,MAD20,RO33)and Pfmsp2(IC/3D7,FC27)allelic families.Five key drug resistance genes were analysed by PCR and Sanger sequencing.Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate associations between specific Pfmsp allelic families,infection clonality and drug-resistant haplotypes.Results:Significant associations were observed between Pfmsp allelic families,infection clonality and resistant haplotypes across four genes(Pfcrt,Pfdhfr,Pfdhps and Pfmdr1).For Pfcrt,K1(P=0.026)and IC/3D7(P<0.001)alleles were significantly associated with wild-type CVMNK haplotype,while FC27 allele was linked to SVMNT haplotype(P=0.005).Similarly,Pfmdr1 FC27 allele was significantly associated with NFSND haplotype(P=0.034)and IC/3D7 allele with NYSND haplotype(P<0.001).Analyses revealed that both K1 and RO33 alleles were associated with resistant Pfdhfr and Pfdhps haplotypes,whereas MAD20 was exclusively associated with resistant Pfdhps(P<0.001)haplotypes.Additionally,Pfdhfr and Pfdhps haplotypes exhibited distinct associations with both Pfmsp2 allelic families.Conclusions:The findings suggest potential associations between antigenic diversity markers and drug-resistant haplotypes,and some patterns may reflect shared ancestral origins,though the basis of certain associations remains unclear.Further studies with larger datasets are needed to validate these observations and elucidate the genetic and ecological factors underlying these relationships.
文摘Malaria continues to pose a significant global health challenge despite a significant achievement in control and elimination in certain areas.Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management and control,and finally leading to elimination.However,microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests(RDTs)have traditionally been the primary malaria diagnostic tools used globally,with certain shortcomings,including their limited sensitivity,specificity,and inability to identify asymptomatic infections.Serological markers have emerged as promising alternatives in malaria serosurveillance,particularly in countries where targets have already been set for elimination.This review highlights the advantages of serological markers over conventional diagnostic techniques and discusses some of the most promising serological markers against Plasmodium species-specific antigens.The implementation of serosurveillance,coupled with the utilization of these serological markers represents a transformative shift in malaria surveillance.By capitalizing on the immune memory of individuals,serosurveillance also enables the identification of recent and past infections.This approach is particularly valuable in low-transmission settings and for tracking changes in malaria prevalence over time.While recognizing the use of serological markers across various global contexts,this review predominantly emphasizes their significance within the framework of India.
文摘The stress-strain behavior of confined concrete under heating and residual conditions has been preliminarily addressed in previous research;however,its behavior at subsequent cooling temperatures after being heated to peak temperature has yet to be thoroughly investigated.It is crucial for determining confined concrete structures’post-fire performance and burnout resistance.The paper presents the fundamental behavior of the confined concrete constitutive parameters and stress-strain curve at subsequent cooling temperatures after being heated to peak temperature.The study includes the stress-stress relationship of a 200 mm diameter cylinder with two distinct confinement spacings of 60 mm and 120 mm.The constitutive parameters for confined concrete were initially determined for a peak heating temperature of 750℃ and then modified to establish the stress-strain relationship for successive cooling temperatures of 500℃,250℃,and ambient temperature.The study results show that confinement has a considerable impact on compressive strength,stiffness,and ductility at ambient and fire conditions.After being heated to peak temperature,the confined concrete compressive strength recovers during successive cooling temperatures,with the recovery dependent on confinement spacing.The established stress-strain relationship can assist in better comprehending structural performance and capacity degradation for different tie spacings,and is useful for the analysis and design of confined RC(reinforced concrete)elements during and after a fire.
基金fellowship received from the Department of Science and Technology(DST)under a unique scheme,“Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research(INSPIRE),”under the file number 20190000871,during the present work。
文摘The present study investigates the influence of embedment depth of isolated footing supporting moment-resisting frame buildings through scaled-down tests.These experiments utilize scaled models representing different building aspect ratios and footing embedment depths.All the model tests are subjected to scaled-down input ground motions of different intensities and magnitudes.These model tests are performed in laminar shear containers through shake table testing.The results obtained for different cases of soil-foundation-structure systems and fixed-base conditions are expressed in terms of natural frequency,peak spectral acceleration,frequency response,lateral deformation,inter-storey drifts,and rocking of the foundation.The analysis reveals that the natural frequency of the coupled system on isolated footings diminishes by 27.52%–58.21%relative to fixed-base conditions,highlighting the significance of accounting for soil-foundation-structure interaction effects.Moreover,a notable increase of 52.97%in the natural frequency of the coupled system is observed as the embedment depth of the footing increases from 0.75 to 6.Additionally,the study demonstrates that the inter-storey drift of the 5-storey building remains well within acceptable limits under dense soil conditions.Consequently,within the parameter range explored in this research,the study concludes that soil-foundation-structure interaction effects are insignificant for low-rise buildings(H≤15 m)supported on isolated footings during seismic events.
基金ISRO-RESPOND GAP3332 and PMN-MOES GAP2175 Project support this work.NIO-PMN and MOES-NCPOR supported the deep-sea and Antarctica micrometeorite collections,respectively.
文摘Extraterrestrial phenomena have influenced Earth’s processes throughout geological history.Evaluating the impact of extraterrestrial material on the environment is crucial for understanding the evolution of Earth and life.This study incorporates the investigation of micrometeorites(MMs),abundant cosmic materials on Earth,to understand their influence on the chemical composition and biogeochemistry of the ocean.Comprehensive etching and flux analyses reveal that∼95%of cosmic spherules(CSs)entering seawater are etched or wholly dissolved,supplying nutrients to phytoplankton.Barred spherules show the highest degree of etching(∼19%),followed by porphyritic(∼17%),glass(∼15%),cryptocrystalline(∼12%),scoriaceous(∼10%),G-type(∼9%),and I-type(∼6%).Annually,∼3080 tonnes(t)of olivine from MMs dissolve into seawater,contributing∼495 t of Mg^(2+),∼1110 t of Fe^(2+),and∼1928 t of silicic acid.This signifies that over the Indian Ocean’s∼40 Myr history,∼23 Gt of olivine from CSs has dissolved,providing nutrients to seawater and sequestering∼7 Gt of CO_(2).The world ocean during this time has sequestered∼35 Gt of CO_(2),with fluctuations influenced by extraterrestrial activity.For instance,the Veritas event,lasting∼1.5 Myr,sequestered∼6 Gt of CO_(2)from the atmosphere.A robust flux calculation based on∼2 t of deep-sea sediments from 3610 MMs provides a more accurate estimate of the time-averaged flux of∼229 t yr^(−1).These comprehensive analyses reveal MM’s original characteristics,post-deposition processes,geological record and their overall impact on Earth’s marine environments,thereby contributing to our knowledge of the interconnection between terrestrial and extraterrestrial processes.
文摘Fluoride(F^(-))and arsenic,present as As(Ⅲ)and As(Ⅴ),are widespread toxins in groundwater across India,as well as in other countries or regions like Pakistan,China,Kenya,Africa,Thailand,and Latin America.Their presence in water resources poses significant environmental and health risks,including fluorosis and arsenicosis.To address this issue,this study developed an integrated process combining biosorbents and ultrafiltration(UF)for the removal of F^(-),As,and turbidity from contaminated water.Laboratory-scale adsorption experiments were conducted using low-cost biosorbents with different biosorbent dosages,specifically Moringa oleifera seed powder(MSP)and sorghum bicolor husk(SBH),along with sand as a binding medium.F^(-)and As concentrations ranging from 2 to 10 mg/L and 3 to 12 mg/L,respectively,were investigated.Biosorbents and their different combinations were tested to determine their efficacy in removing dissolved F^(-)and As.The results showed that a blend of 10-g/L MSP with SBH achieved the highest F^(-)(97.20%)and As(78.63%)removal efficiencies.Subsequent treatment with a UF membrane effectively reduced turbidity and colloidal impurities in the treated water,achieving a maximum turbidity removal efficiency of 95.40%.Equilibrium kinetic and isotherm models were employed to analyze the experimental data,demonstrating good fit.Preliminary cost analysis indicated that the hybrid technology is economically viable and suitable for the separation of hazardous contaminants from aqueous solutions.This study underscores the potential of inexpensive biosorption technologies in providing clean and safe drinking water,particularly in industrial,rural,and urban areas.
基金supported by the DBT JRF-SRF research fellowship.KT was supported the J C Bose Fellowship from Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB),Department of Science and Technology,Government of India(JCB/2019/000027)CSIR Bhatnagar Fellowship,from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSiR),Ministry of Science and Technology,Government of India.
文摘Founder events influence recessive diseases in highly endogamous populations.Several Indian populations have experienced significant founder events due to strict endogamy.However,the clinical implications of it remain underexplored.Therefore,we perform whole-exome sequencing of 281 individuals from four South Indian populations,characterized by high IBD scores.Our study reveals a high inbreeding rate of 59%across the populations.We identify∼29.2%of the variants that are exclusively present in a single population and uncover 1284 unreported exonic variants,underscoring the underrepresentation of Indian populations in global databases.Among these,23 are predicted to be deleterious,all of which are present in a heterozygous state;they may be pathogenic when homozygous,an expected phenomenon in endogamous populations.Approximately 16%-33%of the identified pathogenic variants showed significantly higher occurrence rates compared with the South Asian populations from 1000 Genomes dataset.Pharmacogenomic analysis revealed distinct allele frequencies of variants in CYP450 and non-CYP450 genes,highlighting heterogeneous drug responses and associated risks.We report a high prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Reddy population,linked to the HLA-B∗27:04 allele and strong founder effect.Our findings highlight the need for extensive genomic research in understudied Indian populations for a better understanding of disease risk and evolving strategies for precision and preventive medicine.
基金supported by the institutional fund MLP004 and Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB)(No.CRG/2021/002625)financial assistance from DBT-JRF,Department of Biotechnology,Gov of India,New Delhi India(DBT/2018/1111)。
文摘Air pollution is fourth major cause of death worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that particulate matter(PM)may affect kidneys,and the effect may be size and composition dependent.In this study,PM_(0.1),PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)were collected from ambient air and given to BALB/c male mice at 0.25 mg/m^(3) concentration in whole-body inhalation chamber for 28days(6 h/day,5 days/week)to assess their effect on kidney.Physico-chemical characterization of PM particles by SEM,ICP-MS and HPLC showed their various shapes along with the presence of metals and poly aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).Following PM exposure,increased serum creatinine levels were observed in animals along with dilated tubules,protein cast deposition,necrosis,immune infiltration,collagen deposition,and shrunken glomeruli in kidney.Immunofluorescence staining showed higher expressions of kidney injury molecule1(KIM-1),cystatin C,β2 microglobulin(β2M),and alpha smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)and fibronectin,suggesting renal injury and fibrosis.PM exposure also increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content and decreased superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2)activity,which in turn leads to induction of inflammation.Mechanistically,PM exposure further inhibited the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signalling and induced kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B(NF-κB).Interestingly,the effect of PM_(2.5)was more severe than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10),leading to higher levels of proinflammatory NF-κB and greater Nrf2 inhibition.Overall,our findings suggested that inhalation exposure to size-segregated PM can cause kidney damage and fibrosis,and PM_(2.5)showed higher toxicity than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10).
文摘EST sequences of Mentha piperita available in the public domain(NCBI) were exploited to develop SSR markers. A total of 1316 ESTs were assembled into 155 contigs and 653 singletons and of these, 110 sequences were found to contain 130 SSRs, with a frequency of1 SSR/3.4 kb. Dinucleotide repeat SSRs were most frequent(72.3%) with the AG/CT(43.8%)repeat motif followed by AT/AT(16.2%). Primers were successfully designed for 68SSR-containing sequences(62.0%). The 68 primers amplified 13 accessions of M. piperita and 54 produced clear amplicons of the expected size. Of these 54, 33(61%) were found to be polymorphic among M. piperita accessions, showing from 2 to 4 alleles with an average of2.33 alleles/SSR, and the polymorphic information content(PIC) value varied between 0.13 and 0.51(average 0.25). All the amplified SSRs showed transferability among four different species of Mentha, with a highest in Mentha arvensis(87.0%) and minimum in Mentha citrata(37.0%). The newly developed SSRs markers were found to be useful for diversity analysis, as they successfully differentiated among species and accessions of Mentha.
基金BRNS,Mumbai,India(No-2013/37P/67/BRNS),MNRE,New Delhi,India(No-102/87/2011-NT),and CSIR,New Delhi,India{YSP-02(P-81-113),OLP-95}for the financial supportUGC,New Delhi,for a fellowship。
文摘The continuous increase of global atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations brutally damages our environment. A series of methods have been developed to convert CO_(2) to valuable fuels and value-added chemicals to maintain the equilibrium of carbon cycles. The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR) is one of the promising methods to produce fuels and chemicals, and it could offer sustainable paths to decrease carbon intensity and support renewable energy. Thus, significant research efforts and highly efficient catalysts are essential for converting CO_(2) into other valuable chemicals and fuels. Transition metal-based single atoms catalysts(TM-SACs) have recently received much attention and offer outstanding electrochemical applications with high activity and selectivity opportunities. By taking advantage of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts, TM-SACs are the new rising star for electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) to the value-added product with high selectivity. In recent years, enormous research effort has been made to synthesize different TM-SACs with different M–Nxsites and study the electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) to CO. This review has discussed the development and characterization of different TMSACs with various catalytic sites, fundamental understanding of the electrochemical process in CO_(2) RR,intrinsic catalytic activity, and molecular strategics of SACs responsible for CO_(2)RR. Furthermore, we extensively review previous studies on 1 st-row transition metals TM-SACs(Ni, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sn) and dual-atom catalysts(DACs) utilized for electrochemical CO_(2) conversions and highlight the opportunities and challenges.
基金The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Coal,Government of India(No.CIL/R&D/01/60/2016)for financial support。
文摘Firedamp and coal dust explosion constitute a lion’s share in mine accidents in a global mining scenario.This paper reports a list of mine explosion disasters since last two decades,a critical review of the different prevention and constructive measures,and its recent development to avoid firedamp and coal dust explosion.Preventive legislation in core coal-producing countries,viz.China,USA,Australia,South Africa,and India related to firedamp and coal dust explosion are critically analysed.Accidents occurred due to explosion after Nationalisation of Coal Mines(1973)in India are listed.Prevention and constructive measures adopted in India are critically analysed with respect to the global mining scenario.Measures like methane credit concept,classification of mines/seams with respect to explosion risk zone,deflagration index;installation of automatic fire warning devices,canopy air curtain technology,explosion-prevention measures,such as fire-retardant materials,inhibitors,extinguishing agent,dust suppressor,and active explosion barrier are discussed in detail to avoid explosion and thereby adhering to zero accident policy due to coal mine explosion.
基金CSIR, New Delhi, India, for financial supportBK for NMPB grant GO/UP/03/09
文摘Phyllanthus species plants are a rich source of phenolics and widely used due to their medicinal properties. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method was developed using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-ESI-QTOFMS/MS) for the identification and characterization of quercetin, kaempferol, ellagic acid and their derivatives in ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species. The chromatographic separation was carried out on Thermo Betasil C_8 column(250 mm×4.5 mm, 5 μm) using 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as the mobile phase. The identification of diagnostic fragment ions and optimization of collision energies were carried out using 21 reference standards. Totally 51 compounds were identified which include 21 compounds identified and characterized unambiguously by comparison with their authentic standards and the remaining 30 were tentatively identified and characterized in ethanolic extracts of P. emblica, P. fraternus, P. amarus and P.niruri.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
文摘Delayed diagnosis of cancer using conventional diagnostic modalities needs to be addressed to reduce the mortality rate of cancer.Recently,2 D nanomaterial-enabled advanced biosensors have shown potential towards the early diagnosis of cancer.The high surface area,surface functional groups availability,and excellent electrical conductivity of MXene make it the 2 D material of choice for the fabrication of advanced electrochemical biosensors for disease diagnostics.MXene-enabled electrochemical aptasensors have shown great promise for the detection of cancer biomarkers with a femtomolar limit of detection.Additionally,the stability,ease of synthesis,good reproducibility,and high specificity offered by MXene-enabled aptasensors hold promise to be the mainstream diagnostic approach.In this review,the design and fabrication of MXene-based electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of cancer biomarkers have been discussed.Besides,various synthetic processes and useful properties of MXenes which can be tuned and optimized easily and efficiently to fabricate sensitive biosensors have been elucidated.Further,futuristic sensing applications along with challenges will be deliberated herein.
文摘The presence of toxic mercury (Ⅱ) in water is an ever-growing problem on earth that has various harmful effect on human health and aquatic living organisms.Therefore,detection of mercury (Ⅱ) in water is very much crucial and several researches are going on in this topic.Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as an effective device for sensing of toxic heavy metal ions in water.The tunable functionalities with large surface area of highly semiconducting MOFs enhance its activity towards fluorescence sensing.In this study,we are reporting one highly selective and sensitive luminescent sensor for the detection of mercury (Ⅱ) in water.A series of binary MOF composites were synthesized using in-situ solvothermal synthetic technique for fluorescence sensing of Hg^(2+)in water.The welldistributed graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots on porous zirconium-based MOF improve Hg^(2+)sensing activity in water owing to their great electronic and optical properties.The binary MOF composite (2) i.e.,the sensor exhibited excellent limit of detection (LOD) value of 2.4 nmol/L for Hg^(2+).The sensor also exhibited excellent performance for mercury (Ⅱ)detection in real water samples.The characterizations of the synthesized materials were done using various spectroscopic techniques and the fluorescence sensing mechanism was studied.
文摘In the recent decades,effects of blast loads on natural and man-made structures have gained considerable attention due to increase in threat from various man-made activities.Site-specific empirical relationships for calculation of blast-induced vibration parameters like peak particle velocity(PPV)and peak particle displacement(PPD)are commonly used for estimation of blast loads in design.However,these relation-ships are not able to consider the variation in rock parameters and uncertainty of in situ conditions.In this paper,a total of 1089 published blast data of various researchers in different rock sites have been collected and used to propose generalized empirical model for PPV by considering the effects of rock parameters like unit weight,rock quality designation(ROD),geological strength index(GSI),and uniaxial compressive strength(UCS).The proposed PPV model has a good correlation coefficient and hence it can be directly used in prediction of blast-induced vibrations in rocks.Standard errors and coefficient of correlations of the predicted blast-induced vibration parameters are obtained with respect to the observed field data.The proposed empirical model for PPV has also been compared with the empirical models available for blast vibrations predictions given by other researchers and found to be in good agreement with specific cases.
文摘The electrolysis of water for hydrogen generation has shown immense promise as an energy conversion technology for the green energy economy.Two concurrently occurring electrochemical reactions in water electrolysis(hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions)are sluggish in nature and therefore the employment of electrocatalysts is highly essential.Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts(Pt,Ru O_(2),Ir O_(2),etc.)have shown superior activity towards these reactions.However,their lower natural abundance and inferior stability make the cost to performance ratio of water electrolysis too high.Thus,huge amount of research efforts are being carried out to develop electrocatalysts consisting of earth abundant elements(transition metals,carbon etc.)as the replacement of these noble-metal-based materials.Transition metal compounds,carbonaceous and hybrid materials have shown promise as efficient electrocatalysts but there is still huge gap between the activities of these materials and the noble-metal-based electrocatalysts.Several strategies like morphology modulation,elemental doping,defect engineering etc.are being deployed to enhance the activity of these noble-metal-free electrocatalysts.This review summarizes these strategies and thoroughly discusses the reason behind the changes in activity of the electrocatalysts owing to these modifications.Finally,the remaining research gaps and future prospects in this field are also discussed in detail.
基金Council of Scientific Industrial Research,India for providing financial support
文摘Rauwolfia species(Apocynaceae) are medicinal plants well known worldwide due to its potent bioactive monoterpene indole alkaloids(MIAs) such as reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine.Reserpine,ajmalicine and ajmaline are powerful antihypertensive,tranquilizing agents used in hypertension.Yohimbine is an aphrodisiac used in dietary supplements.As there is no report on the comparative and comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the roots of Rauwolfia species,we have developed an efficient and reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method for ethanolic root extract of Rauwolfia species to elucidate the fragmentation pathways for dereplication of bioactive MIAs using highperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS/MS) in positive ion mode.We identified and established diagnostic fragment ions and fragmentation pathways using reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine.The MS/MS spectra of reserpine,ajmalicine,and ajmaline showed C-ring-cleavage whereas E-ring cleavage was observed in serpentine via Retro Diels Alder(RDA).A total of 47 bioactive MIAs were identified and characterized on the basis of their molecular formula,exact mass measurements and MS/MS analysis.Reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine were unambiguously identified by comparison with their authentic standards and other 42 MIAs were tentatively identified and characterized from the roots of Rauwolfia hookeri,Rauwolfia micrantha,Rauwolfia serpentina,Rauwolfia verticillata,Rauwolfia tetraphylla and Rauwolfia vomitoria.Application of LC–MS followed by principal component analysis(PCA) has been successfully used to discriminate among six Rauwolfia species.
基金M/s CIL R&D Board,Kolkata(CIL/R&D/01/60/2016)for their financial support.
文摘Thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimeter(TGA/DSC)technique along with basic coal characteristics study is carried out for eighty coal samples of Indian coalfields,to determine spontaneous combustion propensity behaviour of coal.TGA study of coal samples indicates that there is an increase in the mass of coal samples in the temperature range 150-350℃,which may be due to oxygen adsorption and absorption.The correlation and principal component analysis states that the component of proximate analysis(M_(ad),VM_(d),FR,and VR)have an acceptable correlation with the TGA experiments results i.e.,Tgsh and Tgign.Multiple fixed nonlinear regression analysis shows that thermogravimetry(TG)experiment results Tgign may be the best index to categorise/classify the coal as per their susceptibility towards spontaneous combustion.The authors proposed four groups of classification as per their propensity towards spontaneous combustion depending upon the moisture(M_(ad)),volatile matter(VM_(d)),and TG ignition temperature from differential thermogravimetric(DTG)curve(Tgign)using hierarchal clustering analysis.The coal samples of different seams from Indian coalfield may be classified into four different clusters,viz.very highly/extremely susceptible(Tgign<260℃),highly susceptible(260℃≤Tgign<290℃),moderately susceptible(290℃≤Tgign≤320℃),and poorly susceptible(Tgign>320℃).The field observations and TGA/DSC experiment results with the following statistical analysis substantiate a similar assessment.
