This study used multinomial logistic regression and Bayesian belief networks(BBN)to analyze factors influenc-ing the functionality of the community-based rural drinking water supply and sanitation program(PAMSIMAS)in ...This study used multinomial logistic regression and Bayesian belief networks(BBN)to analyze factors influenc-ing the functionality of the community-based rural drinking water supply and sanitation program(PAMSIMAS)in Indonesia.28,936 PAMSIMAS projects in 33 provinces in Indonesia were analyzed.The data indicates that 85.4%of the water supply systems were fully functioning,9.1%were partially functioning,and 5.5%were not functioning.In the regression analysis,good management is positively associated with functionality and a high investment per capita is negatively associated with the functionality.The latter suggests the need for comprehen-sive economic analysis in the feasibility study in scattered housing sites and remote-undeveloped areas.We also found that high community participation at the beginning of the project was associated with the not functioning system,while women’s participation was positively associated with the functionality.Furthermore,the household connection is more likely to be functioning than communal connection.BBN analysis shows if the beneficiaries do not pay for water,the probability of not functioning systems is 20 times higher than systems with fee collec-tion.Moreover,the combination of strong management,strong financial status,and household connection rather than communal connection increases the probability of fully functioning to 98%.Improvement of data collection is also necessary to monitor the current conditions of all PAMSIMAS systems in Indonesia.This study offers a country-level perspective for better implementation of the community-based rural water supply and sanitation program in developing countries.展开更多
Understanding the nature of the mysterious pseudogap phenomenon is one of the most important issues associated with cuprate high-T_(c) superconductors.Here,we report 17O nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) studies on two ...Understanding the nature of the mysterious pseudogap phenomenon is one of the most important issues associated with cuprate high-T_(c) superconductors.Here,we report 17O nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) studies on two planar oxygen sites in stoichio?metric cuprate YBa_(2)Cu_(4)O_(8) to investigate the symmetry breaking inside the pseudogap phase.We observe that the Knight shifts of the two oxygen sites are identical at high temperatures but different below T_(nem) ~185 K,which is close to the pseudogap temperature T^(*).Our result provides a microscopic evidence for intra-unit-cell electronic nematicity.The difference in quadrupole resonance frequency between the two oxygen sites is unchanged below T_(nem),which suggests that the observed nematicity does not directly stem from the local charge density modulation.Furthermore,a short-range charge density wave(CDW) order is observed below T=150 K.The additional broadening in the 17O-NMR spectra because of this CDW order is determined to be inequivalent for the two oxygen sites,which is similar to that observed in case of nematicity.These results suggest a possible connection between nematicity,CDW order,and pseudogap.展开更多
文摘This study used multinomial logistic regression and Bayesian belief networks(BBN)to analyze factors influenc-ing the functionality of the community-based rural drinking water supply and sanitation program(PAMSIMAS)in Indonesia.28,936 PAMSIMAS projects in 33 provinces in Indonesia were analyzed.The data indicates that 85.4%of the water supply systems were fully functioning,9.1%were partially functioning,and 5.5%were not functioning.In the regression analysis,good management is positively associated with functionality and a high investment per capita is negatively associated with the functionality.The latter suggests the need for comprehen-sive economic analysis in the feasibility study in scattered housing sites and remote-undeveloped areas.We also found that high community participation at the beginning of the project was associated with the not functioning system,while women’s participation was positively associated with the functionality.Furthermore,the household connection is more likely to be functioning than communal connection.BBN analysis shows if the beneficiaries do not pay for water,the probability of not functioning systems is 20 times higher than systems with fee collec-tion.Moreover,the combination of strong management,strong financial status,and household connection rather than communal connection increases the probability of fully functioning to 98%.Improvement of data collection is also necessary to monitor the current conditions of all PAMSIMAS systems in Indonesia.This study offers a country-level perspective for better implementation of the community-based rural water supply and sanitation program in developing countries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11974405, 11674377, and 11634015)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant Nos. 2016YFA0300502, and 2017YFA0302904)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB33010100)。
文摘Understanding the nature of the mysterious pseudogap phenomenon is one of the most important issues associated with cuprate high-T_(c) superconductors.Here,we report 17O nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) studies on two planar oxygen sites in stoichio?metric cuprate YBa_(2)Cu_(4)O_(8) to investigate the symmetry breaking inside the pseudogap phase.We observe that the Knight shifts of the two oxygen sites are identical at high temperatures but different below T_(nem) ~185 K,which is close to the pseudogap temperature T^(*).Our result provides a microscopic evidence for intra-unit-cell electronic nematicity.The difference in quadrupole resonance frequency between the two oxygen sites is unchanged below T_(nem),which suggests that the observed nematicity does not directly stem from the local charge density modulation.Furthermore,a short-range charge density wave(CDW) order is observed below T=150 K.The additional broadening in the 17O-NMR spectra because of this CDW order is determined to be inequivalent for the two oxygen sites,which is similar to that observed in case of nematicity.These results suggest a possible connection between nematicity,CDW order,and pseudogap.
