Case Letter Severe trauma has high morbidity and mortality rates,being the leading cause of death in young adults.Among all traumas,tra ffi c injuries are particularly lethal.^([1-2]) The injury severity score(ISS) ca...Case Letter Severe trauma has high morbidity and mortality rates,being the leading cause of death in young adults.Among all traumas,tra ffi c injuries are particularly lethal.^([1-2]) The injury severity score(ISS) can be used to assess trauma severity,with ISS of<9,9–15,16–24,and≥25 indicating minor,moderate,severe,and critical trauma,respectively.The ISS is correlated with mortality,morbidity,and hospitalization duration after injury.^([3-4]) Here,we report one patient who was admitted to our emergency intensive care unit(EICU) due to traumatic liver rupture and traumatic myocardial infarction complicated with inferior vena cava(IVC) thrombosis.展开更多
Human endogenous retroviruses(HERVs) are retroviruses that infected human genome millions of years ago and have persisted throughout human evolution. About 8% of our genome is composed of HERVs, most of which are nonf...Human endogenous retroviruses(HERVs) are retroviruses that infected human genome millions of years ago and have persisted throughout human evolution. About 8% of our genome is composed of HERVs, most of which are nonfunctional because of epigenetic control or deactivating mutations. However, a correlation between HERVs and human cancer has been described and many tumors, such as melanoma, breast cancer, germ cell tumors, renal cancer or ovarian cancer, express HERV proteins, mainly HERV-K(HML6) and HERV-K(HML2). Although the causative role of HERVs in cancer is controversial, data from animal models demonstrated that endogenous retroviruses are potentially oncogenic. HERV protein expression in human cells generates an immune response by activating innate and adaptive immunities. Some HERV-derived peptides have antigenic properties. For example, HERV-K(HML-6) encodes the HER-K MEL peptide recognized by CD8+ lymphocytes. In addition, HERVs are twoedged immunomodulators. HERVs show immunosuppressive activity. The presence of genomic retroviral elements in host-cell cytosol may activate an interferon type I response. Therefore, targeting HERVs through cellular vaccines or immunomodulatory drugs combined with checkpoint inhibitors is attracting interest because they could be active in human tumors.展开更多
Background: India has scaled up ART programme very rapidly. Though there are reports on retention of patients in the national programme, data on transfer out patients within the ART centers are scanty in India. Method...Background: India has scaled up ART programme very rapidly. Though there are reports on retention of patients in the national programme, data on transfer out patients within the ART centers are scanty in India. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients receiving antiretroviral treatment between January 2006 and July 2013. The patients who were transferred out from the ART center at National AIDS Research Institute in Pune were included in the study. The data on whether they reached the respective ART centers were collected either by making telephonic calls to the patients and/or to the respective ART centers. Results: Of the total 3015 patients ever started on treatment from the ART center, 158 (5.24%) were transferred out to other ART centers. Of these, 123 (77.8%) patients reached other centres and they were “transferred in”. However, 15 (9.5%) did not reach to respective ART centers and information could not be obtained for 20 (12.7%) transferred out patients. The analysis showed that those who were not living with their partners were 4.53 times more likely to not to reach the preferred ART centre after taking transfer [OR, 95% CI: (1.24 - 16.51), p = 0.022]. Conclusion: Our data suggest that significant number of transfer out patients is lost in HIV treatment cascade. Considering the total PLHIV on treatment in the country, this group adds significantly to the burden of lost to follow up patients. It is important to strengthen the system of tracking the transfer out patients in the programme which will help in patching an important leak in the cascade of HIV care.展开更多
Under India’s National AIDS Control Program (NACP), WHO recommended strategy of using three rapid tests is adopted for diagnosis of HIV in an asymptomatic individual. Since the NACP has a stringent kit evaluation pro...Under India’s National AIDS Control Program (NACP), WHO recommended strategy of using three rapid tests is adopted for diagnosis of HIV in an asymptomatic individual. Since the NACP has a stringent kit evaluation procedure and due to the availability of newer third generation Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) it may be possible to adapt two test strategy for HIV diagnosis instead of the recommended three test strategy. The authors reviewed programmatic data on HIV testing to explore whether use of two rapid tests for HIV diagnosis as against three tests could be a feasible approach without compromising the quality and readability of testing. Data on the HIV diagnosis performed on serum specimens collected for the period of one year (2011-12) from 82 Integrated Testing and Counselling Centers (ICTCs) or Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission Centers (PPTCTs) associated with State reference Laboratories (SRLs) was analysed. Out of 654258 results that were analysed 25168 (3.84%) specimens were positives. It was observed that both two and three test algorithms provided similar results for majority (>99%) of the HIV positive specimens. Discordance was observed in labelling of specimen with inconclusive status (N = 21), however the true status of these samples could not be obtained. The analysis indicated that the use of two test algorithm will have programmatic benefits in terms of reduced financial burden to the programme and ease of procurement, shipment and storage before and after distribution without comprising the quality of the testing. The prospective study would confirm this observation.展开更多
This paper examines whether truckers have been over-stigmatized as HIV carriers in the country. Data were taken from cross-sectional surveys of clients of female sex workers conducted in 2006-2007 in 12 districts of t...This paper examines whether truckers have been over-stigmatized as HIV carriers in the country. Data were taken from cross-sectional surveys of clients of female sex workers conducted in 2006-2007 in 12 districts of the country. A total 4822 clients of female sex workers were covered in the survey. Low-income skilled/semi-skilled men, including non-agricultural/casual labor, and petty businessmen/small shop owners, have the largest share in the clients’ population. There was no significant difference between truckers and other sub-group of clients’ population in terms of consistent condom use with female sex workers and prevalence of HIV or STI. These evidences suggest that the contribution of truckers in HIV epidemic in India might to similar to other sub-groups of clients’ population. Thus, truckers might have been over-stigmatized as HIV carriers in the country. However, there is no doubt that truckers constitute an extremely important target group for the HIV prevention programs and these efforts must be continued to prevent new HIV infections in the country.展开更多
Background: HIV infected individuals are at increased risk of developing psychiatric comorbidities, particularly depression. Coping with a disease associated with significant morbidity, mortality and financial stress ...Background: HIV infected individuals are at increased risk of developing psychiatric comorbidities, particularly depression. Coping with a disease associated with significant morbidity, mortality and financial stress is likely to result in psychiatric morbidity even among caregivers, especially family members. However, there is scarcity of such data in HIV uninfected caregiver spouses. Material and Methods: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), a diagnostic tool that measures depressive symptoms, was administered to HIV uninfected caregiver spouses of HIV infected individuals (n = 55) and HIV seronegative individuals from general population (n = 63) with similar demographic profile. Chisquare test was used for categorical data. Results: Caregiver spouses exhibited higher depressive symptoms on the BDI-II (mean score 5.25 vs. 3.03;p = 0.029) as compared to others. The scores tended to be higher on the majority of the items, with sadness (p = 0.032), punishment feeling (p = 0.024) and crying (p = 0.037) being statistically significant. Conclusions: Our results indicate that it is important to address the mental health needs of the spouses of HIV infected individuals as they may play a major role in their care and support in the Indian展开更多
Antigen-presenting cells(APCs)may be resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection but still contribute to viral pathogenesis.Lectins such as sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 1(Siglec-1/CD169)mediate the attachment of viruses t...Antigen-presenting cells(APCs)may be resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection but still contribute to viral pathogenesis.Lectins such as sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 1(Siglec-1/CD169)mediate the attachment of viruses to APCs.Here,we show that APCs effectively capture SARS-CoV-2 within compartments via recognition of Siglec-1.This receptor interacts with sialylated gangliosides on membranes of SARS-CoV-2 variants.展开更多
文摘Case Letter Severe trauma has high morbidity and mortality rates,being the leading cause of death in young adults.Among all traumas,tra ffi c injuries are particularly lethal.^([1-2]) The injury severity score(ISS) can be used to assess trauma severity,with ISS of<9,9–15,16–24,and≥25 indicating minor,moderate,severe,and critical trauma,respectively.The ISS is correlated with mortality,morbidity,and hospitalization duration after injury.^([3-4]) Here,we report one patient who was admitted to our emergency intensive care unit(EICU) due to traumatic liver rupture and traumatic myocardial infarction complicated with inferior vena cava(IVC) thrombosis.
文摘Human endogenous retroviruses(HERVs) are retroviruses that infected human genome millions of years ago and have persisted throughout human evolution. About 8% of our genome is composed of HERVs, most of which are nonfunctional because of epigenetic control or deactivating mutations. However, a correlation between HERVs and human cancer has been described and many tumors, such as melanoma, breast cancer, germ cell tumors, renal cancer or ovarian cancer, express HERV proteins, mainly HERV-K(HML6) and HERV-K(HML2). Although the causative role of HERVs in cancer is controversial, data from animal models demonstrated that endogenous retroviruses are potentially oncogenic. HERV protein expression in human cells generates an immune response by activating innate and adaptive immunities. Some HERV-derived peptides have antigenic properties. For example, HERV-K(HML-6) encodes the HER-K MEL peptide recognized by CD8+ lymphocytes. In addition, HERVs are twoedged immunomodulators. HERVs show immunosuppressive activity. The presence of genomic retroviral elements in host-cell cytosol may activate an interferon type I response. Therefore, targeting HERVs through cellular vaccines or immunomodulatory drugs combined with checkpoint inhibitors is attracting interest because they could be active in human tumors.
文摘Background: India has scaled up ART programme very rapidly. Though there are reports on retention of patients in the national programme, data on transfer out patients within the ART centers are scanty in India. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients receiving antiretroviral treatment between January 2006 and July 2013. The patients who were transferred out from the ART center at National AIDS Research Institute in Pune were included in the study. The data on whether they reached the respective ART centers were collected either by making telephonic calls to the patients and/or to the respective ART centers. Results: Of the total 3015 patients ever started on treatment from the ART center, 158 (5.24%) were transferred out to other ART centers. Of these, 123 (77.8%) patients reached other centres and they were “transferred in”. However, 15 (9.5%) did not reach to respective ART centers and information could not be obtained for 20 (12.7%) transferred out patients. The analysis showed that those who were not living with their partners were 4.53 times more likely to not to reach the preferred ART centre after taking transfer [OR, 95% CI: (1.24 - 16.51), p = 0.022]. Conclusion: Our data suggest that significant number of transfer out patients is lost in HIV treatment cascade. Considering the total PLHIV on treatment in the country, this group adds significantly to the burden of lost to follow up patients. It is important to strengthen the system of tracking the transfer out patients in the programme which will help in patching an important leak in the cascade of HIV care.
文摘Under India’s National AIDS Control Program (NACP), WHO recommended strategy of using three rapid tests is adopted for diagnosis of HIV in an asymptomatic individual. Since the NACP has a stringent kit evaluation procedure and due to the availability of newer third generation Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) it may be possible to adapt two test strategy for HIV diagnosis instead of the recommended three test strategy. The authors reviewed programmatic data on HIV testing to explore whether use of two rapid tests for HIV diagnosis as against three tests could be a feasible approach without compromising the quality and readability of testing. Data on the HIV diagnosis performed on serum specimens collected for the period of one year (2011-12) from 82 Integrated Testing and Counselling Centers (ICTCs) or Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission Centers (PPTCTs) associated with State reference Laboratories (SRLs) was analysed. Out of 654258 results that were analysed 25168 (3.84%) specimens were positives. It was observed that both two and three test algorithms provided similar results for majority (>99%) of the HIV positive specimens. Discordance was observed in labelling of specimen with inconclusive status (N = 21), however the true status of these samples could not be obtained. The analysis indicated that the use of two test algorithm will have programmatic benefits in terms of reduced financial burden to the programme and ease of procurement, shipment and storage before and after distribution without comprising the quality of the testing. The prospective study would confirm this observation.
文摘This paper examines whether truckers have been over-stigmatized as HIV carriers in the country. Data were taken from cross-sectional surveys of clients of female sex workers conducted in 2006-2007 in 12 districts of the country. A total 4822 clients of female sex workers were covered in the survey. Low-income skilled/semi-skilled men, including non-agricultural/casual labor, and petty businessmen/small shop owners, have the largest share in the clients’ population. There was no significant difference between truckers and other sub-group of clients’ population in terms of consistent condom use with female sex workers and prevalence of HIV or STI. These evidences suggest that the contribution of truckers in HIV epidemic in India might to similar to other sub-groups of clients’ population. Thus, truckers might have been over-stigmatized as HIV carriers in the country. However, there is no doubt that truckers constitute an extremely important target group for the HIV prevention programs and these efforts must be continued to prevent new HIV infections in the country.
文摘Background: HIV infected individuals are at increased risk of developing psychiatric comorbidities, particularly depression. Coping with a disease associated with significant morbidity, mortality and financial stress is likely to result in psychiatric morbidity even among caregivers, especially family members. However, there is scarcity of such data in HIV uninfected caregiver spouses. Material and Methods: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), a diagnostic tool that measures depressive symptoms, was administered to HIV uninfected caregiver spouses of HIV infected individuals (n = 55) and HIV seronegative individuals from general population (n = 63) with similar demographic profile. Chisquare test was used for categorical data. Results: Caregiver spouses exhibited higher depressive symptoms on the BDI-II (mean score 5.25 vs. 3.03;p = 0.029) as compared to others. The scores tended to be higher on the majority of the items, with sadness (p = 0.032), punishment feeling (p = 0.024) and crying (p = 0.037) being statistically significant. Conclusions: Our results indicate that it is important to address the mental health needs of the spouses of HIV infected individuals as they may play a major role in their care and support in the Indian
基金The authors also acknowledge the crowdfunding initiative#Yomecorono(https://www.yomecorono.com).N.I.-U.is supported by the grant PID2020-117145RB-I00 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and InnovationJ.M.-P.is supported by the grant PID2019-109870RB-I00 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and in part also by Grifols.The C.R.laboratory is funded by RTI2018-094445-B100(MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE)+1 种基金The NHP study was primarily supported by a YNPRC Coronavirus Pilot Research Project Program grant to M.Pa.under award P51 OD11132,Emergent Venture Fast grant program to M.Pa.under awards#2206 and#2144,and William and Lula Pitts Foundation(to M.Pa.)X.M.-T.is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund under agreement BES-2017-082900.The funders had no role in the study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript.
文摘Antigen-presenting cells(APCs)may be resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection but still contribute to viral pathogenesis.Lectins such as sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 1(Siglec-1/CD169)mediate the attachment of viruses to APCs.Here,we show that APCs effectively capture SARS-CoV-2 within compartments via recognition of Siglec-1.This receptor interacts with sialylated gangliosides on membranes of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
