In the frame of the Sino-ltalian Cooperation Program for Environmental Protection, jointly launched in the year 2000 by the Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea （IMETS） and the China State Environm...In the frame of the Sino-ltalian Cooperation Program for Environmental Protection, jointly launched in the year 2000 by the Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea （IMETS） and the China State Environmental Protection Administration （SEPA）, experimental trials were carried out in Qingzhou city （Shandong Province, China） during 2001-2003 to test several methyl bromide alternative methods to control soilborne diseases in greenhouse tomatoes. Grafting tomatoes on resistant rootstock （Lyeopersicon lycopersicum × L. hirsutum）, metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films; metham sodium applied at low rate under virtually impermeable films and soil sotarization combined with biocontrol agents were the alternatives tested and compared to methyl bromide applied under virtually impermeable plastic films too. Collected data show that resistant rootstock （Lycopersicon tycopersicum × L. hirsutum） introduced from Italy is a promising alternative to methyl bromide for local tomato cultivars. Metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films is an effective alternative. Moreovez virtually impermeable films demonstrate the help to reduce methyl bromide and metham sodium rates. Finally soil solarization combined with biocontrol agents does not provide satisfactory results in terms of disease control.展开更多
Grapevine may be affected simultaneously by several pathogens whose complex interplay is largely unknown.We studied the effects of infection by two grapevine viruses on powdery mildew and downy mildew development and ...Grapevine may be affected simultaneously by several pathogens whose complex interplay is largely unknown.We studied the effects of infection by two grapevine viruses on powdery mildew and downy mildew development and the molecular modifications induced in grapevines by their multiple interactions.Grapevine fanleaf virus(GFLV)and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus(GRSPaV)were transmitted by in vitro-grafting to Vitis vinifera cv Nebbiolo and Chardonnay virus-free plantlets regenerated by somatic embryogenesis.Grapevines were then artificially inoculated in the greenhouse with either Plasmopara viticola or Erysiphe necator spores.GFLV-infected plants showed a reduction in severity of the diseases caused by powdery and downy mildews in comparison to virus-free plants.GFLV induced the overexpression of stilbene synthase genes,pathogenesis-related proteins,and influenced the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in grapevine.These transcriptional changes suggest improved innate plant immunity,which makes the GFLV-infected grapevines less susceptible to other biotic attacks.This,however,cannot be extrapolated to GRSPaV as it was unable to promote protection against the fungal/oomycete pathogens.In these multiple interactions,the grapevine genotype seemed to have a crucial role:in‘Nebbiolo’,the virus-induced molecular changes were different from those observed in‘Chardonnay’,suggesting that different metabolic pathways may be involved in protection against fungal/oomycete pathogens.These results indicate that complex interactions do exist between grapevine and its different pathogens and represent the first study on a topic that still is largely unexplored.展开更多
基金supported by the Italian Ministry for the Environment,Territory and Sea and State Environmental Protection Administration of China under the project of "Transfer of alternative technologies to the use of methyl bromide and capacity-building in the soil fumigation sector in China"
文摘In the frame of the Sino-ltalian Cooperation Program for Environmental Protection, jointly launched in the year 2000 by the Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea （IMETS） and the China State Environmental Protection Administration （SEPA）, experimental trials were carried out in Qingzhou city （Shandong Province, China） during 2001-2003 to test several methyl bromide alternative methods to control soilborne diseases in greenhouse tomatoes. Grafting tomatoes on resistant rootstock （Lyeopersicon lycopersicum × L. hirsutum）, metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films; metham sodium applied at low rate under virtually impermeable films and soil sotarization combined with biocontrol agents were the alternatives tested and compared to methyl bromide applied under virtually impermeable plastic films too. Collected data show that resistant rootstock （Lycopersicon tycopersicum × L. hirsutum） introduced from Italy is a promising alternative to methyl bromide for local tomato cultivars. Metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films is an effective alternative. Moreovez virtually impermeable films demonstrate the help to reduce methyl bromide and metham sodium rates. Finally soil solarization combined with biocontrol agents does not provide satisfactory results in terms of disease control.
基金supported by the SAFEGRAPE project(Sustainable grapevine protection against fungal pathogens)funded by Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Cuneo.
文摘Grapevine may be affected simultaneously by several pathogens whose complex interplay is largely unknown.We studied the effects of infection by two grapevine viruses on powdery mildew and downy mildew development and the molecular modifications induced in grapevines by their multiple interactions.Grapevine fanleaf virus(GFLV)and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus(GRSPaV)were transmitted by in vitro-grafting to Vitis vinifera cv Nebbiolo and Chardonnay virus-free plantlets regenerated by somatic embryogenesis.Grapevines were then artificially inoculated in the greenhouse with either Plasmopara viticola or Erysiphe necator spores.GFLV-infected plants showed a reduction in severity of the diseases caused by powdery and downy mildews in comparison to virus-free plants.GFLV induced the overexpression of stilbene synthase genes,pathogenesis-related proteins,and influenced the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in grapevine.These transcriptional changes suggest improved innate plant immunity,which makes the GFLV-infected grapevines less susceptible to other biotic attacks.This,however,cannot be extrapolated to GRSPaV as it was unable to promote protection against the fungal/oomycete pathogens.In these multiple interactions,the grapevine genotype seemed to have a crucial role:in‘Nebbiolo’,the virus-induced molecular changes were different from those observed in‘Chardonnay’,suggesting that different metabolic pathways may be involved in protection against fungal/oomycete pathogens.These results indicate that complex interactions do exist between grapevine and its different pathogens and represent the first study on a topic that still is largely unexplored.
