Today, most people know that physical activity(PA) is beneficial for their health ^(1,2)and aspire to engage in regular PA.^(3,4)However, despite their awareness of the importance of PA, it is evident that the transit...Today, most people know that physical activity(PA) is beneficial for their health ^(1,2)and aspire to engage in regular PA.^(3,4)However, despite their awareness of the importance of PA, it is evident that the transition from intention to action is challenging-a situation that has important public health implications. According to the World Health Organization,^(5)1 person dies every 6 s worldwide from causes related to physical inactivity, which underscores the urgency of addressing this situation.展开更多
In slowly deforming intraplate regions,identifying active faults is challenging due to their low slip rates or concealment by recent sedimentation and anthropogenic activity,requiring significant time and resources.We...In slowly deforming intraplate regions,identifying active faults is challenging due to their low slip rates or concealment by recent sedimentation and anthropogenic activity,requiring significant time and resources.We focus on the structural features and spatial extent of a buried active reverse fault,central South Korea.Our approach integrates the structural and paleoseismic records from the fault exposure with 2D and 3D electrical resistivity surveys.In the road construction area,electrical resistivity differentiates the fault’s hanging wall from the footwall in granitic bedrock.展开更多
Objectives:People living with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome(ME/CFS)may face unique barriers to physical activity.Active video games may overcome these barriers and increase physical activity.The p...Objectives:People living with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome(ME/CFS)may face unique barriers to physical activity.Active video games may overcome these barriers and increase physical activity.The primary aim of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of active video games to increase physical activity levels of people with ME/CFS.Methods:A mixed method design was employed.Adults living with ME/CFS were randomised to a six-month intervention of(1)pacing,(2)pacing and conventional physical activity,or(3)pacing and active video gaming.Feasibility and acceptability were determined through semi-structured interviews.Health-related outcomes(e.g.,physical activity,blood samples,quality of life,and functioning)were also collected.Results:Fifteen people were assigned an intervention group with 12 completing.Three themes were identified from post-intervention interviews(1)positivity led to overall acceptability,(2)flexibility enabled participant autonomy,and(3)knowledge was gained about the self.No changes were seen in physical activity levels.An active video gaming intervention is acceptable but not feasible for people living with ME/CFS.Conclusions:Taken together,results suggest that physical activity can be managed safely by some people living with ME/CFS.Trial registration ACTRN12616000285459.展开更多
Background There is a lack of research examining the interplay between objectively measured physical activity volume and intensity with life expectancy.The purpose of the study was to investigate the interplay between...Background There is a lack of research examining the interplay between objectively measured physical activity volume and intensity with life expectancy.The purpose of the study was to investigate the interplay between objectively measured PA volume and intensity profiles with modeled life expectancy in women and men within the UK Biobank cohort study and interpret findings in relation to brisk walking.Methods Individuals from UK Biobank with wrist-worn accelerometer data were included.The average acceleration and intensity gradient were extracted to describe the physical activity volume and intensity profile.Mortality data were obtained from national registries.Adjusted life expectancies were estimated using parametric flexible survival models.Results 40,953(57.1%)women(median age=61.9 years)and 30,820(42.9%)men(63.1 years)were included.Over a median follow-up of 6.9 years,there were 1719(2.4%)deaths(733 in women;986 in men).At 60 years,life expectancy was progressively longer for higher physical activity volume and intensity profiles,reaching 95.6 years in women and 94.5 years in men at the 90th centile for both volume and intensity,corresponding to 3.4 additional years(95%confidence interval(95%CI):2.4-4.4)in women and 4.6 additional years(95%CI:3.6-5.6)in men compared to those at the 10th centiles.An additional 10-min or 30-min daily brisk walk was associated with 0.9(95%CI:0.5-1.3)and 1.4 years(95%CI:0.9-1.9)longer life expectancy,respectively,in inactive women;and 1.4 years(95%CI:1.0-1.8)and 2.5(95%CI:1.9-3.1)in inactive men.Conclusion Higher physical activity volumes were associated with longer life expectancy,with a higher physical activity intensity profile further adding to a longer life.Adding as little as a 10-min brisk walk to daily activity patterns may result in a meaningful benefit to life expectancy.展开更多
An electronic circular dichroism(ECD)-based chiroptical sensing method has been developed forβ-andγ-chiral primary amines via a C-H activation reaction.With the addition of Pd(OAc)_(2),the flexible remote chiral pri...An electronic circular dichroism(ECD)-based chiroptical sensing method has been developed forβ-andγ-chiral primary amines via a C-H activation reaction.With the addition of Pd(OAc)_(2),the flexible remote chiral primary amine fragment in the bidentate ligand intermediate was fixed to form a cyclopalladium complex,producing an intense ECD response.The correlation between the sign of Cotton effects and the absolute configuration of substrates was proposed,together with theoretical verification using timedependent density functional theory(TDDFT).Chiroptical sensing of an important drug raw material was performed to provide rapid and accurate information on the absolute optical purity.This work introduces an alternative perspective of C-H activation reaction as well as a feasible chiroptical sensing method of remote chiral amines.展开更多
Background Higher accelerometer-assessed volume and intensity of physical activity(PA)have been associated with a longer life expectancy but can be difficult to translate into recommended doses of PA.We aimed to:(a)im...Background Higher accelerometer-assessed volume and intensity of physical activity(PA)have been associated with a longer life expectancy but can be difficult to translate into recommended doses of PA.We aimed to:(a)improve interpretability by producing UK Biobank age-referenced centiles for PA volume and intensity;(b)inform public-health messaging by examining how adding recommended quantities of moderate and vigorous PA affect PA volume and intensity.Methods 92,480 UK Biobank participants aged 43-80 years with wrist-worn accelerometer data were included.Average acceleration and intensity gradient were derived as proxies for PA volume and intensity.We generated sex-specific centile curves using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape(GAMLSS)and modeled the effect of adding moderate(walking)or vigorous(running)activity on the combined change in the volume and intensity centiles(change in PA profile).Results In men,volume was lower as age increased while intensity was lower after age 55;in women,both volume and intensity were lower as age increased.Adding 150 min of moderate PA weekly(5×30 min walking)increased the PA profile by 4 percentage points.Defining moderate PA as brisk walking approximately doubled the increase(9 percentage points)while 75 min of vigorous PA weekly(5×15 min running)trebled the increase(13 percentage points).Conclusion These UK Biobank reference centiles provide a benchmark for interpretation of accelerometer data.Application of our translational methods demonstrate that meeting PA guidelines through shorter duration vigorous activity is more beneficial to the PA profile(volume and intensity)than longer duration moderate activity.展开更多
Device-based measurements are recommended to improve population-based physical activity(PA)surveillance.1,2However,implementation remains challenging due to lack of consensus on analytical methods,and the most widely ...Device-based measurements are recommended to improve population-based physical activity(PA)surveillance.1,2However,implementation remains challenging due to lack of consensus on analytical methods,and the most widely used“generic”(absolute intensity)cut-point approach has limited generalisability to population-level free-living data.Further,current methods generally fail to account for differences in people's physical capacity.展开更多
Background:A shift from self-reports to wearable sensors for global physical activity(PA)surveillance has been recommended.The conventional use of a generic cut-point to assess moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA)is problema...Background:A shift from self-reports to wearable sensors for global physical activity(PA)surveillance has been recommended.The conventional use of a generic cut-point to assess moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA)is problematic as these cut-points are often derived from non-representative samples under non-ecological laboratory conditions.This study aimed to develop age-and sex-(age-sex)specific cut-points for MVPA based on population-standardized values as a feasible approach to assess the adherence to PA guidelines and to investigate its associations with all-cause mortality.Methods:A total of 7601 participants(20-85+years)were drawn from the 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys(NHANES).Minutes per week of MVPA were assessed with a hip-worn accelerometer.Counts per minute(CPM)were used to define an age-sex specific target intensity,representing the intensity each person should be able to reach based on their age and sex.Age-sex specific MVPA cut-points were defined as any activity above 40%of the target intensity.These population-and free-living-based age-sex specific cut-points overcome many of the limitations of the standard generic cut-point approach.For comparison,we also calculated MVPA with a generic cut-point of 1952 CPM.Both approaches were compared for assessing adherence to PA guidelines and association of MVPA with allcause mortality(ascertained through December 2015).Results:Both approaches indicated that 37%of the sample met the 150+min/week guideline.The generic cut-point approach showed a trend to inactivity with age,which was less pronounced using the age-sex specific cut-points.Overall mortality rates were comparable using generic cutpoint(hazard ratio(HR)=0.61,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.50-0.73)or age-sex specific cut-points(HR=0.57,95%CI:0.50-0.66)for the entire sample.The generic cut-point method revealed an age-and sex-related gap in the benefits of achieving 150+min/week of MVPA,with older adults showing an 18%greater reduction in mortality rates than younger adults,and a larger difference in women than in men.This disparity disappeared when using age-sex specific cut-points.Conclusion:Our findings underscore the value of age-sex specific cut-points for global PA surveillance.MVPA defined with age-sex specific thresholds was associated with all-cause mortality and the dose-response was similar for all ages and sexes.This aligns with the single recommendation of accumulating 150+min/week MVPA for all adults,irrespective of age and sex.This study serves as a proof of concept to develop this methodology for PA surveillance over more advanced open-source acceleration metrics and other national and international cohorts.展开更多
Background:High adiposity and low physical activity are associated with cancer risk.Whether different amounts and intensities of physical activity can mitigate this association is unclear.We aimed to examine the indep...Background:High adiposity and low physical activity are associated with cancer risk.Whether different amounts and intensities of physical activity can mitigate this association is unclear.We aimed to examine the independent and combined associations of adiposity and devicemeasured physical activity levels of different intensities with cancer incidence and mortality.Methods:This prospective cohort study included data from 70,747 UK Biobank participants(mean age=61.6±7.9 years,mean±SD;56.4%women)with wrist-worn accelerometer measurements of physical activity and without chronic diseases or mobility limitations.Physical activity exposures included min per week of light intensity physical activity(LPA),moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity(MVPA),and vigorous intensity physical activity(VPA),along with total weekly volume.Body mass index(BMI)was calculated from anthropometric measurements.Participants were categorized into 9 groups based on joint tertiles of physical activity and BMI categories(normal weight,overweight,and obesity).Secondary analyses included adiposity using bio-impedance and waist circumference measurements.The outcome was incidence and death from cancer retrieved from national registries.Associations between adiposity,physical activity,and cancer hazard were calculated as subdistribution hazard ratios.A secondary analysis focused on cancer types strongly associated with physical activity.Results:We observed 2625 events(2572 non-fatal and 53 fatal)during a median follow-up of 6.1 years.Compared with the referent(normal weight and high physical activity),overweight and obesity were associated with a 6%to 36%higher cancer hazard across physical activity intensities.However,high MVPA and VPA(approximately 500 min and 32 min per week in the top tertiles,respectively)attenuated the hazard associated with overweight and obesity.Being normal weight was not associated with a higher cancer hazard regardless of physical activity level.The results were similar,although more pronounced,when modeling cancer types strongly associated with physical activity as the outcome.Conclusion:High MVPA and VPA levels may attenuate the association of overweight and obesity with cancer hazard,but maintaining a normal weight seems comparatively more important than physical activity to reduce the hazard.Maintaining a healthy body weight and engaging in physical activity is needed to minimize risk of some cancer types.展开更多
On the slices of sensorimotor and frontal cortex in layer V of guinea pigs the diversity of neuronal spontaneous activity, the mechanism of its origin and functional specificity were studied. In both regions, neurons ...On the slices of sensorimotor and frontal cortex in layer V of guinea pigs the diversity of neuronal spontaneous activity, the mechanism of its origin and functional specificity were studied. In both regions, neurons that did not have spontaneous activity predominated (39% in the sensorimotor cortex and 32% in the frontal cortex) over neurons with any other firing levels. The iontophoretic application of the excitatory transmitter, glutamate, caused activation spike reactions in all registered neurons;moreover, short-term activation reactions to glutamate had a significantly longer after-discharge in neurons of the frontal cortex (up to 2500 ms and more) compared to reactions of neurons of the sensorimotor region. This means that postexcitatory hyperpolarization in nerve cells of the frontal cortex is less expressed and, therefore, they have a lower density of K+ channels on their membranes. With an increase in the level of spontaneous activity, K+ membrane permeability decreases, which is confirmed by the appearance of a long activation reaction to acetylcholine (which blocks K+ channels), exactly when spontaneous firing appears in “silent” neurons. Despite the fact that spontaneous activity is formed by glutamatergic excitation, its considerable diversity is associated with the structural and membrane characteristics of neurons, which determine the different degrees of EPSPs attenuation on the way of moving along dendrites. Acetylcholine regulates this process in different ways, in accordance with different states of K+ membrane permeability. Therefore, the lower content of K+ channels on the membranes of neurons of the frontal cortex does not allow regulating spontaneous activity in the same range as occurs in neurons of the sensorimotor region. The presence of a high proportion of spontaneously inactive neurons in the cortex (higher in the sensorimotor cortex) suggests that cortical neurons are generally characterized by a high density of K+ channels and a significant increase in firing response to acetylcholine, while spontaneously active neurons cannot control the spontaneous activity in a wide range.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the in vitro anti-diabetic effects of Bryonia dioica roots extracts,in-cluding water-acetone extracts and their ethyl acetate and butanol fractions,and chloroform-methanol extracts.Methods The to...Objective To evaluate the in vitro anti-diabetic effects of Bryonia dioica roots extracts,in-cluding water-acetone extracts and their ethyl acetate and butanol fractions,and chloroform-methanol extracts.Methods The total phenolic,flavonoid,flavonol,and saponin contents in the Bryonia dioica root extracts(chloroform-methanol extracts,water-acetone extracts and their ethyl acetate and butanol fractions)were determined using colorimetric methods with Folin-Ciocalteu,aluminum trichloride,and vanillin reagents,respectively.The in vitro anti-diabetic activity was evaluated by measuring the half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC_(50))values of these root extracts againstα-amylase andα-glucosidase activities,evaluating their effects onα-amy-lase kinetics,quantifying the inhibition of bovine serum albumin(BSA)glycation using fluo-rometry to assess advanced glycation end products(AGE)production,and determining glu-cose uptake by isolated rat hemidiaphragm.Additionally,molecular docking analysis was conducted to investigate the binding affinity and interaction types between Bryonia dioica lig-ands(cucurbitacin B,bryogénin,vitexin,and isovitexin)and target enzymes,and a phyto-chemical-targets interaction network was constructed.Results Forα-amylase inhibition,ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated the most potent activi-ty(IC_(50)=145.95μg/mL),followed by chloroform-methanol extract(IC_(50)=300.86μg/mL).Water-acetone root extracts and their ethyl acetate and butanol fractions inhibited theα-glucosidase activity with IC50 values ranging from 562.88 to 583.90μg/mL.Both ethyl acetate and butanol fractions strongly inhibited non-enzymatic BSA glycation(IC_(50)=318.26 and 323.12μg/mL,respectively).The incubation of isolated rat hemidiaphragms with the ethyl acetate fraction(5 mg/mL)significantly increased glucose uptake(35.16%;P<0.0001),exceeding the effects of insulin(29.27%),chloroform-methanol extract(24.07%),and catechin(15.27%).Molecular docking revealed that cucurbitacin B exhibited the strongest docking scores againstα-amylase(-16.4 kcal/mol),andα-glucosidase(-14.2 kcal/mol).Compared with other ligands,isovitexin formed the maximum number of hydrogen bonds with theα-amylase active site residues(Asp300,Asp197,and Glu233),α-glucosidase residues(Ser13,Arg44,Met86,Gly10,Asp39,and Tyr131)and other residues(Arg195,Trp59,His299,and Tyr62).Network analysis identified 36 overlapping targets between Bryonia dioica phyto-chemicals and type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated genes,with cucurbitacins and polyphenols interacting withα-amylase,α-glucosidase,and Glut4 translocation pathway targets.Conclusion Bryonia dioica root extracts demonstrated promising in vitro anti-diabetic activi-ty through multiple mechanisms,including the inhibitory effect on digestive enzymes,pro-tein antiglycation potential,and enhancement of glucose uptake,suggesting their potential as a source for anti-diabetic drugs development.展开更多
Inhibitors of pancreatic a-amylase offer an effective strategy to lower the levels of postprandial hyperglycemia by controlof starch breakdown. Among 86 fungal endophytes isolated from 15 medicinal plants Aspergillus ...Inhibitors of pancreatic a-amylase offer an effective strategy to lower the levels of postprandial hyperglycemia by controlof starch breakdown. Among 86 fungal endophytes isolated from 15 medicinal plants Aspergillus terreus-AFl04S, Aspergillusegypticus-HT166S and Penicillium sp.-CC200 exhibited strong pancreatic amylase inhibitory potential were selected. Endophyteswere subjected to ethyl acetate extraction and tested for a-amylase inhibition, in order to assess and evaluate their inhibitory potentialon pancreatic a-amylase. Analysis showed concentration dependent enzyme inhibition up to 83% with half inhibition （IC50） valuesfor less 25 mg.mL1, which is lower than acarbose as control. It was observed 3-fold increasing of Vmax and maintenance Km atcontrol level in the presence of extracts A. terreus-AFl04S and Penicillium sp.-CC200, while in presence of extract A.egypticus-HT166S Km was doubled, and Vmax was maintained at the control level. Kinetic studies allow proposing the competitivemode of a-amylase inhibition by extracts A. egypticus-HT166S and uncompetitive inhibition by extracts A, terreus-AFl04S andPenicillium sp.-CC200.展开更多
Purpose:To identify co-produced multi-stakeholder perspectives important for successful widespread physically active learning(PAL) adoption and implementation.Methods:A total of 35 stakeholders(policymakers n=9;commer...Purpose:To identify co-produced multi-stakeholder perspectives important for successful widespread physically active learning(PAL) adoption and implementation.Methods:A total of 35 stakeholders(policymakers n=9;commercial education sector,n=8;teachers,n=3;researchers,n=15) attended a design thinking PAL workshop.Participants formed 5 multi-disciplinary groups with at least 1 representative from each stakeholder group.Each group,facilitated by a researcher,undertook 2 tasks:(1) using Post-it Notes,the following question was answered:within the school day,what are the opportunities for learning combined with movement?and(2) structured as a washing-line task,the following question was answered:how can we establish PAL as the norm?All discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed.Inductive analyses were conducted by 4 authors.After the analyses were complete,the main themes and subthemes were assigned to 4 predetermined categories:(1) PAL design and implementation,(2) priorities for practice,(3) priorities for policy,and(4) priorities for research.Results:The following were the main themes for PAL implementation:opportunities for PAL within the school day,delivery environments,learning approaches,and the intensity of PAL.The main themes for the priorities for practice included teacher confidence and competence,resources to support delivery,and community of practice.The main themes for the policy for priorities included self-governance,the Office for Standards in Education,Children’s Services,and Skill,policy investment in initial teacher training,and curriculum reform.The main themes for the research priorities included establishing a strong evidence base,school-based PAL implementation,and a whole-systems approach.Conclusion:The present study is the first to identify PAL implementation factors using a combined multi-stakeholder perspective.To achieve wider PAL adoption and implementation,future interventions should be evidence based and address implementation factors at the classroom level(e.g.,approaches and delivery environments),school level(e.g.,communities of practice),and policy level(e.g.,initial teacher training).展开更多
Purpose: Physical activity(PA) and fundamental motor skills are important components of current and future trajectories of health in young children. This study examined the effects of a 5-week motor skill intervention...Purpose: Physical activity(PA) and fundamental motor skills are important components of current and future trajectories of health in young children. This study examined the effects of a 5-week motor skill intervention on preschoolers' motor skill competence and their PA behaviors while participating in the motor skill intervention or outdoor free play(recess).Methods: A total of 102 preschoolers served as participants and were part of a motor skill intervention group(n = 64) or a control/outdoor free play group(n = 38). Children's motor skills were assessed before and after the intervention using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 rd edition. PA during the motor skill intervention and outdoor free play was assessed using accelerometers both immediately before the start(baseline, Week 0 or Week 1) and end(late, Week 5 or Week 6) of the intervention.Results: All children significantly improved their motor skills from baseline to late assessment(p < 0.05). Children in the motor skill intervention demonstrated greater rates of change(p < 0.001) and scored higher on all motor skills at the late assessment compared with the control group(p < 0.001). There was no effect of group(control vs. intervention), but there was a significant effect of sex on children's PA during outdoor free play at baseline(p < 0.05). Similarly, there was no effect of group on PA during days with the movement program(intervention vs. outdoor free play) at either time point, but boys were more active than girls at the late assessment(p < 0.05). Last, children in the intervention engaged in more PA while participating in the intervention toward the end of the intervention than at the beginning.Conclusion: The 5-week motor skill intervention was effective at improving preschoolers' motor skills and rates of change in motor skills were higher for children who completed the intervention compared with children in the control group. Preschoolers in the intervention did demonstrate PA changes while participating in the intervention, but these changes did not translate outside of the intervention setting.展开更多
Using viscose fiber (VF) as starting material and common steam as activating agent, formation of oxygen structures in activated carbon fiber is investigated. In the preparation of samples, VF was first heated at tempe...Using viscose fiber (VF) as starting material and common steam as activating agent, formation of oxygen structures in activated carbon fiber is investigated. In the preparation of samples, VF was first heated at temperatures between 450℃ and 900℃ in N_2 artmosphere. Then, in a successive activation stage, the product carbonized at 600℃ was activated in steam at 450-900℃ for 30 min, and at 600℃ for 5-30 min. The other carbonization products were activated at 600 and 900℃ for 30 min respectively. The products activated at 900℃ were then activated at 450℃ for 30 min again. The starting materiah carbonized products and all activation products were examined by FT-IR spectroscopy and some products were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). And the yields of the carbonized and activated products were calculated. By analysing these spectra, the amount of oxygen-containing functional groups of the activated products attained under various activation time, various activation temperature and various previous carbonization temperature was determined.展开更多
Following the 2008 Wenchuan M8 earthquake,the seismic risk of the northeastern section of the Longmenshan fault zone and the adjacent Hanzhong basin has become an issue that receives much concern.It is facing,however,...Following the 2008 Wenchuan M8 earthquake,the seismic risk of the northeastern section of the Longmenshan fault zone and the adjacent Hanzhong basin has become an issue that receives much concern.It is facing,however,the problem of a lack of sufficient data because of little previous work in these regions.The northeastern section of the Longmenshan fault zone includes three major faults：the Qingchuan fault,Chaba-Lin＇ansi fault,and Liangshan south margin fault,with the Hanzhong basin at the northern end.This paper presents investigations of the geometry,motion nature,and activity ages of these three faults,and reveals that they are strike slip with normal faulting,with latest activity in the Late Pleistocene.It implies that this section of the Longmenshan fault zone has been in an extensional setting,probably associated with the influence of the Hanzhong basin.Through analysis of the tectonic relationship between the Longmenshan fault zone and the Hanzhong basin,this work verifies that the Qingchuan fault played an important role in the evolution of the Hanzhong basin,and further studies the evolution model of this basin.Finally,with consideration of the tectonic setting of the Longmenshan fault zone and the Hanzhong basin as well as seismicity of surrounding areas,this work suggests that this region has no tectonic conditions for great earthquakes and only potential strong events in the future.展开更多
Background:While the relationship between sedentary time and adiposity markers may be independent of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity(MVPA) among adolescents,little is known about the role of light-int...Background:While the relationship between sedentary time and adiposity markers may be independent of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity(MVPA) among adolescents,little is known about the role of light-intensity physical activity(LIPA) in this relationship.The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine whether device-measured LIPA and MVPA moderate the associations between objectively measured sitting time and adiposity markers(body mass index(BMI)) and waist circumference(WC)) among adolescents.Methods:This study included accelerometer and inclinometer data obtained from 219 adolescents(age=14.9±1.6 years,mean± SD),collected during 2014 and 2015 in Melbourne,Australia.ActiGraph GT3 X accelerometers were used to determine time spent in total-LIPA(101 counts/min to 3.99 metabolic equivalents(METs)) was dichotomized into low-LIPA(101-799 counts/min) and high LIPA(800 counts/min to 3.99 METs),and MVPA(> 4 METs).The average time spent sitting was obtained from activPAL inclinometers.Anthropometric measures were assessed by trained staff.Interactions between sitting and total-LIPA,low-LIPA,high-LIPA,and MVPA on BMI z-score(zBMI) and WC z-score(zWC),respectively,were examined using linear regression,adjusting for age and sex;and moderation by total-LIPA,low-LIPA,high-LIPA,and MVPA were examined by adding interaction terms.Significant interaction effects were probed by comparing associations at the mean and at 1 SD below and above the mean.Results:Total-LIPA significantly moderated the association between sitting time and zBMI,and low-LIPA significantly moderated the association between sitting time and zBMI and zWC.No other associations were found for total-LIPA,high-LIPA,or MVPA.Specifically,at high levels of total-LIPA(+1 SD),there is a negative association between sitting time and zBMI.In addition,at high levels of low-LIPA(+1 SD),there is a negative association between sitting time and zBMI and zWC.Conclusion:Associations between sitting and adiposity depended on time spent in total-LIPA and low-LIPA,but not high-LIPA or MVPA.Results suggest that increasing time spent in LIP A may provide protection from the deleterious effects of sitting on adiposity markers among adolescents.Experimental evidence is needed to support these conclusions.展开更多
The Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB)spans three terrain steps in China and features diverse topography that is characterized by significant differences in geological structure and presentday crustal deformation.Activ...The Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB)spans three terrain steps in China and features diverse topography that is characterized by significant differences in geological structure and presentday crustal deformation.Active faults and seismic activity are important geological factors for the planning and development of the YREB.In this paper,the spatial distribution and activity of 165 active faults that exist along the YREB have been compiled from previous findings,using both remote-sensing data and geological survey results.The crustal stability of seven particularly noteworthy typical active fault zones and their potential effects on the crustal stability of the urban agglomerations are analyzed.The main active fault zones in the western YREB,together with the neighboring regional active faults,make up an arc fault block region comprising primarily of Sichuan-Yunnan and a“Sichuan-Yunnan arc rotational-shear active tectonic system”strong deformation region that features rotation,shear and extensional deformation.The active faults in the central-eastern YREB,with seven NE-NNE and seven NW-NWW active faults(the“7-longitudinal,7-horizontal”pattern),macroscopically make up a“chessboard tectonic system”medium-weak deformation region in the geomechanical tectonic system.They are also the main geological constraints for the crustal stability of the YREB.展开更多
Magnetohydrodynamics is one of the major disciplines in solar physics. Vigorous magnetohydrodynamic process is taking place in the solar convection zone and atmosphere. It controls the generating and structuring of th...Magnetohydrodynamics is one of the major disciplines in solar physics. Vigorous magnetohydrodynamic process is taking place in the solar convection zone and atmosphere. It controls the generating and structuring of the solar mag- netic fields, causes the accumulation of magnetic non-potential energy in the solar atmosphere and triggers the explosive magnetic energy release, manifested as vi- olent solar flares and coronal mass ejections. Nowadays detailed observations in solar astrophysics from space and on the ground urge a great need for the studies of magnetohydrodynamics and plasma physics to achieve better understanding of the mechanism or mechanisms of solar activity. On the other hand, the spectac- ular solar activity always serves as a great laboratory of magnetohydrodynamics. In this article, we reviewed a few key unresolved problems in solar activity studies and discussed the relevant issues in solar magnetohydrodynamics.展开更多
Although the observed progress in the cardiovascular disease treatment, the incidence of new and recurrent coronary artery disease remains elevated and constitutes the leading cause of death in the developed countries...Although the observed progress in the cardiovascular disease treatment, the incidence of new and recurrent coronary artery disease remains elevated and constitutes the leading cause of death in the developed countries. Three-quarters of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases could be prevented with adequate changes in lifestyle, including increased daily physical activity. New evidence confirms that there is an inverse dose-response relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular disease and mortality risk. However, participation in moderate to vigorous physical activity may not fully attenuate the independent effect of sedentary activities on increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Physical activity also plays an important role in secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases by reducing the impact of the disease, slowing its progress and preventing recurrence. Nonetheless, most of eligible cardiovascular patients still do not benefit from secondary prevention/cardiac rehabilitation programs. The present review draws attention to the importance of physical activity in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. It also addresses the mechanisms by which physical activity and regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health and reduce the burden of the disease.展开更多
基金supported by The Shenzhen Educational Research Funding(zdzb2014)The Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(202307313000096)+4 种基金The Social Science Foundation from the China's Ministry of Education(23YJA880093)The Post-Doctoral Fellowship(2022M711174)The National Center for Mental Health(Z014)BC is supported by the Chaires de recherche Rennes Métropole(23C 0909)SM is supported by the National Insti-tutes of Health(R01AG72445).
文摘Today, most people know that physical activity(PA) is beneficial for their health ^(1,2)and aspire to engage in regular PA.^(3,4)However, despite their awareness of the importance of PA, it is evident that the transition from intention to action is challenging-a situation that has important public health implications. According to the World Health Organization,^(5)1 person dies every 6 s worldwide from causes related to physical inactivity, which underscores the urgency of addressing this situation.
基金supported by a grant(2022-MOIS62-001)for National Disaster Risk Analysis and Management Technology in Earthquakes funded by the Ministry of Interior and Safety(MOIS,South Korea).
文摘In slowly deforming intraplate regions,identifying active faults is challenging due to their low slip rates or concealment by recent sedimentation and anthropogenic activity,requiring significant time and resources.We focus on the structural features and spatial extent of a buried active reverse fault,central South Korea.Our approach integrates the structural and paleoseismic records from the fault exposure with 2D and 3D electrical resistivity surveys.In the road construction area,electrical resistivity differentiates the fault’s hanging wall from the footwall in granitic bedrock.
基金funded by the Mason Foundation National Medical Program(MAS2015F053).
文摘Objectives:People living with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome(ME/CFS)may face unique barriers to physical activity.Active video games may overcome these barriers and increase physical activity.The primary aim of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of active video games to increase physical activity levels of people with ME/CFS.Methods:A mixed method design was employed.Adults living with ME/CFS were randomised to a six-month intervention of(1)pacing,(2)pacing and conventional physical activity,or(3)pacing and active video gaming.Feasibility and acceptability were determined through semi-structured interviews.Health-related outcomes(e.g.,physical activity,blood samples,quality of life,and functioning)were also collected.Results:Fifteen people were assigned an intervention group with 12 completing.Three themes were identified from post-intervention interviews(1)positivity led to overall acceptability,(2)flexibility enabled participant autonomy,and(3)knowledge was gained about the self.No changes were seen in physical activity levels.An active video gaming intervention is acceptable but not feasible for people living with ME/CFS.Conclusions:Taken together,results suggest that physical activity can be managed safely by some people living with ME/CFS.Trial registration ACTRN12616000285459.
基金funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)the Applied Research Collaborations East Midlands (ARC-EM)supported by a UKRI project grant (MR/T031816/1)。
文摘Background There is a lack of research examining the interplay between objectively measured physical activity volume and intensity with life expectancy.The purpose of the study was to investigate the interplay between objectively measured PA volume and intensity profiles with modeled life expectancy in women and men within the UK Biobank cohort study and interpret findings in relation to brisk walking.Methods Individuals from UK Biobank with wrist-worn accelerometer data were included.The average acceleration and intensity gradient were extracted to describe the physical activity volume and intensity profile.Mortality data were obtained from national registries.Adjusted life expectancies were estimated using parametric flexible survival models.Results 40,953(57.1%)women(median age=61.9 years)and 30,820(42.9%)men(63.1 years)were included.Over a median follow-up of 6.9 years,there were 1719(2.4%)deaths(733 in women;986 in men).At 60 years,life expectancy was progressively longer for higher physical activity volume and intensity profiles,reaching 95.6 years in women and 94.5 years in men at the 90th centile for both volume and intensity,corresponding to 3.4 additional years(95%confidence interval(95%CI):2.4-4.4)in women and 4.6 additional years(95%CI:3.6-5.6)in men compared to those at the 10th centiles.An additional 10-min or 30-min daily brisk walk was associated with 0.9(95%CI:0.5-1.3)and 1.4 years(95%CI:0.9-1.9)longer life expectancy,respectively,in inactive women;and 1.4 years(95%CI:1.0-1.8)and 2.5(95%CI:1.9-3.1)in inactive men.Conclusion Higher physical activity volumes were associated with longer life expectancy,with a higher physical activity intensity profile further adding to a longer life.Adding as little as a 10-min brisk walk to daily activity patterns may result in a meaningful benefit to life expectancy.
基金supported by the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS,No.2023-I2M-2-009).
文摘An electronic circular dichroism(ECD)-based chiroptical sensing method has been developed forβ-andγ-chiral primary amines via a C-H activation reaction.With the addition of Pd(OAc)_(2),the flexible remote chiral primary amine fragment in the bidentate ligand intermediate was fixed to form a cyclopalladium complex,producing an intense ECD response.The correlation between the sign of Cotton effects and the absolute configuration of substrates was proposed,together with theoretical verification using timedependent density functional theory(TDDFT).Chiroptical sensing of an important drug raw material was performed to provide rapid and accurate information on the absolute optical purity.This work introduces an alternative perspective of C-H activation reaction as well as a feasible chiroptical sensing method of remote chiral amines.
基金supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC EM, (IS-BRC-1215-20010))funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre (IS-BRC-1215-20011)supported by a UKRI research grant (EP/X042464/1)。
文摘Background Higher accelerometer-assessed volume and intensity of physical activity(PA)have been associated with a longer life expectancy but can be difficult to translate into recommended doses of PA.We aimed to:(a)improve interpretability by producing UK Biobank age-referenced centiles for PA volume and intensity;(b)inform public-health messaging by examining how adding recommended quantities of moderate and vigorous PA affect PA volume and intensity.Methods 92,480 UK Biobank participants aged 43-80 years with wrist-worn accelerometer data were included.Average acceleration and intensity gradient were derived as proxies for PA volume and intensity.We generated sex-specific centile curves using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape(GAMLSS)and modeled the effect of adding moderate(walking)or vigorous(running)activity on the combined change in the volume and intensity centiles(change in PA profile).Results In men,volume was lower as age increased while intensity was lower after age 55;in women,both volume and intensity were lower as age increased.Adding 150 min of moderate PA weekly(5×30 min walking)increased the PA profile by 4 percentage points.Defining moderate PA as brisk walking approximately doubled the increase(9 percentage points)while 75 min of vigorous PA weekly(5×15 min running)trebled the increase(13 percentage points).Conclusion These UK Biobank reference centiles provide a benchmark for interpretation of accelerometer data.Application of our translational methods demonstrate that meeting PA guidelines through shorter duration vigorous activity is more beneficial to the PA profile(volume and intensity)than longer duration moderate activity.
文摘Device-based measurements are recommended to improve population-based physical activity(PA)surveillance.1,2However,implementation remains challenging due to lack of consensus on analytical methods,and the most widely used“generic”(absolute intensity)cut-point approach has limited generalisability to population-level free-living data.Further,current methods generally fail to account for differences in people's physical capacity.
基金supported in part by the intramural research programs at the National Institute on Aging and National Cancer Institute(USA)supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science,Innovation and Universities under Beatriz Galindo's 2022 fellowship program(BG22/00075).
文摘Background:A shift from self-reports to wearable sensors for global physical activity(PA)surveillance has been recommended.The conventional use of a generic cut-point to assess moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA)is problematic as these cut-points are often derived from non-representative samples under non-ecological laboratory conditions.This study aimed to develop age-and sex-(age-sex)specific cut-points for MVPA based on population-standardized values as a feasible approach to assess the adherence to PA guidelines and to investigate its associations with all-cause mortality.Methods:A total of 7601 participants(20-85+years)were drawn from the 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys(NHANES).Minutes per week of MVPA were assessed with a hip-worn accelerometer.Counts per minute(CPM)were used to define an age-sex specific target intensity,representing the intensity each person should be able to reach based on their age and sex.Age-sex specific MVPA cut-points were defined as any activity above 40%of the target intensity.These population-and free-living-based age-sex specific cut-points overcome many of the limitations of the standard generic cut-point approach.For comparison,we also calculated MVPA with a generic cut-point of 1952 CPM.Both approaches were compared for assessing adherence to PA guidelines and association of MVPA with allcause mortality(ascertained through December 2015).Results:Both approaches indicated that 37%of the sample met the 150+min/week guideline.The generic cut-point approach showed a trend to inactivity with age,which was less pronounced using the age-sex specific cut-points.Overall mortality rates were comparable using generic cutpoint(hazard ratio(HR)=0.61,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.50-0.73)or age-sex specific cut-points(HR=0.57,95%CI:0.50-0.66)for the entire sample.The generic cut-point method revealed an age-and sex-related gap in the benefits of achieving 150+min/week of MVPA,with older adults showing an 18%greater reduction in mortality rates than younger adults,and a larger difference in women than in men.This disparity disappeared when using age-sex specific cut-points.Conclusion:Our findings underscore the value of age-sex specific cut-points for global PA surveillance.MVPA defined with age-sex specific thresholds was associated with all-cause mortality and the dose-response was similar for all ages and sexes.This aligns with the single recommendation of accumulating 150+min/week MVPA for all adults,irrespective of age and sex.This study serves as a proof of concept to develop this methodology for PA surveillance over more advanced open-source acceleration metrics and other national and international cohorts.
基金funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities under application 33.50.460A.752by the European Union Next Generation EU/PRTR through a Margarita Salas contract of the University of Vigosupported by the Government of Andalusia, Research Talent Recruitment Programme (EMERGIA 2020/00158)。
文摘Background:High adiposity and low physical activity are associated with cancer risk.Whether different amounts and intensities of physical activity can mitigate this association is unclear.We aimed to examine the independent and combined associations of adiposity and devicemeasured physical activity levels of different intensities with cancer incidence and mortality.Methods:This prospective cohort study included data from 70,747 UK Biobank participants(mean age=61.6±7.9 years,mean±SD;56.4%women)with wrist-worn accelerometer measurements of physical activity and without chronic diseases or mobility limitations.Physical activity exposures included min per week of light intensity physical activity(LPA),moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity(MVPA),and vigorous intensity physical activity(VPA),along with total weekly volume.Body mass index(BMI)was calculated from anthropometric measurements.Participants were categorized into 9 groups based on joint tertiles of physical activity and BMI categories(normal weight,overweight,and obesity).Secondary analyses included adiposity using bio-impedance and waist circumference measurements.The outcome was incidence and death from cancer retrieved from national registries.Associations between adiposity,physical activity,and cancer hazard were calculated as subdistribution hazard ratios.A secondary analysis focused on cancer types strongly associated with physical activity.Results:We observed 2625 events(2572 non-fatal and 53 fatal)during a median follow-up of 6.1 years.Compared with the referent(normal weight and high physical activity),overweight and obesity were associated with a 6%to 36%higher cancer hazard across physical activity intensities.However,high MVPA and VPA(approximately 500 min and 32 min per week in the top tertiles,respectively)attenuated the hazard associated with overweight and obesity.Being normal weight was not associated with a higher cancer hazard regardless of physical activity level.The results were similar,although more pronounced,when modeling cancer types strongly associated with physical activity as the outcome.Conclusion:High MVPA and VPA levels may attenuate the association of overweight and obesity with cancer hazard,but maintaining a normal weight seems comparatively more important than physical activity to reduce the hazard.Maintaining a healthy body weight and engaging in physical activity is needed to minimize risk of some cancer types.
文摘On the slices of sensorimotor and frontal cortex in layer V of guinea pigs the diversity of neuronal spontaneous activity, the mechanism of its origin and functional specificity were studied. In both regions, neurons that did not have spontaneous activity predominated (39% in the sensorimotor cortex and 32% in the frontal cortex) over neurons with any other firing levels. The iontophoretic application of the excitatory transmitter, glutamate, caused activation spike reactions in all registered neurons;moreover, short-term activation reactions to glutamate had a significantly longer after-discharge in neurons of the frontal cortex (up to 2500 ms and more) compared to reactions of neurons of the sensorimotor region. This means that postexcitatory hyperpolarization in nerve cells of the frontal cortex is less expressed and, therefore, they have a lower density of K+ channels on their membranes. With an increase in the level of spontaneous activity, K+ membrane permeability decreases, which is confirmed by the appearance of a long activation reaction to acetylcholine (which blocks K+ channels), exactly when spontaneous firing appears in “silent” neurons. Despite the fact that spontaneous activity is formed by glutamatergic excitation, its considerable diversity is associated with the structural and membrane characteristics of neurons, which determine the different degrees of EPSPs attenuation on the way of moving along dendrites. Acetylcholine regulates this process in different ways, in accordance with different states of K+ membrane permeability. Therefore, the lower content of K+ channels on the membranes of neurons of the frontal cortex does not allow regulating spontaneous activity in the same range as occurs in neurons of the sensorimotor region. The presence of a high proportion of spontaneously inactive neurons in the cortex (higher in the sensorimotor cortex) suggests that cortical neurons are generally characterized by a high density of K+ channels and a significant increase in firing response to acetylcholine, while spontaneously active neurons cannot control the spontaneous activity in a wide range.
文摘Objective To evaluate the in vitro anti-diabetic effects of Bryonia dioica roots extracts,in-cluding water-acetone extracts and their ethyl acetate and butanol fractions,and chloroform-methanol extracts.Methods The total phenolic,flavonoid,flavonol,and saponin contents in the Bryonia dioica root extracts(chloroform-methanol extracts,water-acetone extracts and their ethyl acetate and butanol fractions)were determined using colorimetric methods with Folin-Ciocalteu,aluminum trichloride,and vanillin reagents,respectively.The in vitro anti-diabetic activity was evaluated by measuring the half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC_(50))values of these root extracts againstα-amylase andα-glucosidase activities,evaluating their effects onα-amy-lase kinetics,quantifying the inhibition of bovine serum albumin(BSA)glycation using fluo-rometry to assess advanced glycation end products(AGE)production,and determining glu-cose uptake by isolated rat hemidiaphragm.Additionally,molecular docking analysis was conducted to investigate the binding affinity and interaction types between Bryonia dioica lig-ands(cucurbitacin B,bryogénin,vitexin,and isovitexin)and target enzymes,and a phyto-chemical-targets interaction network was constructed.Results Forα-amylase inhibition,ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated the most potent activi-ty(IC_(50)=145.95μg/mL),followed by chloroform-methanol extract(IC_(50)=300.86μg/mL).Water-acetone root extracts and their ethyl acetate and butanol fractions inhibited theα-glucosidase activity with IC50 values ranging from 562.88 to 583.90μg/mL.Both ethyl acetate and butanol fractions strongly inhibited non-enzymatic BSA glycation(IC_(50)=318.26 and 323.12μg/mL,respectively).The incubation of isolated rat hemidiaphragms with the ethyl acetate fraction(5 mg/mL)significantly increased glucose uptake(35.16%;P<0.0001),exceeding the effects of insulin(29.27%),chloroform-methanol extract(24.07%),and catechin(15.27%).Molecular docking revealed that cucurbitacin B exhibited the strongest docking scores againstα-amylase(-16.4 kcal/mol),andα-glucosidase(-14.2 kcal/mol).Compared with other ligands,isovitexin formed the maximum number of hydrogen bonds with theα-amylase active site residues(Asp300,Asp197,and Glu233),α-glucosidase residues(Ser13,Arg44,Met86,Gly10,Asp39,and Tyr131)and other residues(Arg195,Trp59,His299,and Tyr62).Network analysis identified 36 overlapping targets between Bryonia dioica phyto-chemicals and type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated genes,with cucurbitacins and polyphenols interacting withα-amylase,α-glucosidase,and Glut4 translocation pathway targets.Conclusion Bryonia dioica root extracts demonstrated promising in vitro anti-diabetic activi-ty through multiple mechanisms,including the inhibitory effect on digestive enzymes,pro-tein antiglycation potential,and enhancement of glucose uptake,suggesting their potential as a source for anti-diabetic drugs development.
文摘Inhibitors of pancreatic a-amylase offer an effective strategy to lower the levels of postprandial hyperglycemia by controlof starch breakdown. Among 86 fungal endophytes isolated from 15 medicinal plants Aspergillus terreus-AFl04S, Aspergillusegypticus-HT166S and Penicillium sp.-CC200 exhibited strong pancreatic amylase inhibitory potential were selected. Endophyteswere subjected to ethyl acetate extraction and tested for a-amylase inhibition, in order to assess and evaluate their inhibitory potentialon pancreatic a-amylase. Analysis showed concentration dependent enzyme inhibition up to 83% with half inhibition （IC50） valuesfor less 25 mg.mL1, which is lower than acarbose as control. It was observed 3-fold increasing of Vmax and maintenance Km atcontrol level in the presence of extracts A. terreus-AFl04S and Penicillium sp.-CC200, while in presence of extract A.egypticus-HT166S Km was doubled, and Vmax was maintained at the control level. Kinetic studies allow proposing the competitivemode of a-amylase inhibition by extracts A. egypticus-HT166S and uncompetitive inhibition by extracts A, terreus-AFl04S andPenicillium sp.-CC200.
基金supported by an internal research grant from the School of Sport,Leeds Beckett University
文摘Purpose:To identify co-produced multi-stakeholder perspectives important for successful widespread physically active learning(PAL) adoption and implementation.Methods:A total of 35 stakeholders(policymakers n=9;commercial education sector,n=8;teachers,n=3;researchers,n=15) attended a design thinking PAL workshop.Participants formed 5 multi-disciplinary groups with at least 1 representative from each stakeholder group.Each group,facilitated by a researcher,undertook 2 tasks:(1) using Post-it Notes,the following question was answered:within the school day,what are the opportunities for learning combined with movement?and(2) structured as a washing-line task,the following question was answered:how can we establish PAL as the norm?All discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed.Inductive analyses were conducted by 4 authors.After the analyses were complete,the main themes and subthemes were assigned to 4 predetermined categories:(1) PAL design and implementation,(2) priorities for practice,(3) priorities for policy,and(4) priorities for research.Results:The following were the main themes for PAL implementation:opportunities for PAL within the school day,delivery environments,learning approaches,and the intensity of PAL.The main themes for the priorities for practice included teacher confidence and competence,resources to support delivery,and community of practice.The main themes for the policy for priorities included self-governance,the Office for Standards in Education,Children’s Services,and Skill,policy investment in initial teacher training,and curriculum reform.The main themes for the research priorities included establishing a strong evidence base,school-based PAL implementation,and a whole-systems approach.Conclusion:The present study is the first to identify PAL implementation factors using a combined multi-stakeholder perspective.To achieve wider PAL adoption and implementation,future interventions should be evidence based and address implementation factors at the classroom level(e.g.,approaches and delivery environments),school level(e.g.,communities of practice),and policy level(e.g.,initial teacher training).
文摘Purpose: Physical activity(PA) and fundamental motor skills are important components of current and future trajectories of health in young children. This study examined the effects of a 5-week motor skill intervention on preschoolers' motor skill competence and their PA behaviors while participating in the motor skill intervention or outdoor free play(recess).Methods: A total of 102 preschoolers served as participants and were part of a motor skill intervention group(n = 64) or a control/outdoor free play group(n = 38). Children's motor skills were assessed before and after the intervention using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 rd edition. PA during the motor skill intervention and outdoor free play was assessed using accelerometers both immediately before the start(baseline, Week 0 or Week 1) and end(late, Week 5 or Week 6) of the intervention.Results: All children significantly improved their motor skills from baseline to late assessment(p < 0.05). Children in the motor skill intervention demonstrated greater rates of change(p < 0.001) and scored higher on all motor skills at the late assessment compared with the control group(p < 0.001). There was no effect of group(control vs. intervention), but there was a significant effect of sex on children's PA during outdoor free play at baseline(p < 0.05). Similarly, there was no effect of group on PA during days with the movement program(intervention vs. outdoor free play) at either time point, but boys were more active than girls at the late assessment(p < 0.05). Last, children in the intervention engaged in more PA while participating in the intervention toward the end of the intervention than at the beginning.Conclusion: The 5-week motor skill intervention was effective at improving preschoolers' motor skills and rates of change in motor skills were higher for children who completed the intervention compared with children in the control group. Preschoolers in the intervention did demonstrate PA changes while participating in the intervention, but these changes did not translate outside of the intervention setting.
文摘Using viscose fiber (VF) as starting material and common steam as activating agent, formation of oxygen structures in activated carbon fiber is investigated. In the preparation of samples, VF was first heated at temperatures between 450℃ and 900℃ in N_2 artmosphere. Then, in a successive activation stage, the product carbonized at 600℃ was activated in steam at 450-900℃ for 30 min, and at 600℃ for 5-30 min. The other carbonization products were activated at 600 and 900℃ for 30 min respectively. The products activated at 900℃ were then activated at 450℃ for 30 min again. The starting materiah carbonized products and all activation products were examined by FT-IR spectroscopy and some products were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). And the yields of the carbonized and activated products were calculated. By analysing these spectra, the amount of oxygen-containing functional groups of the activated products attained under various activation time, various activation temperature and various previous carbonization temperature was determined.
基金supported by the Key Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period (Grant No. 2012BAK15B01-03)the National Science & Technology Major Project (Grant No. 2011ZX06002-010-15)
文摘Following the 2008 Wenchuan M8 earthquake,the seismic risk of the northeastern section of the Longmenshan fault zone and the adjacent Hanzhong basin has become an issue that receives much concern.It is facing,however,the problem of a lack of sufficient data because of little previous work in these regions.The northeastern section of the Longmenshan fault zone includes three major faults：the Qingchuan fault,Chaba-Lin＇ansi fault,and Liangshan south margin fault,with the Hanzhong basin at the northern end.This paper presents investigations of the geometry,motion nature,and activity ages of these three faults,and reveals that they are strike slip with normal faulting,with latest activity in the Late Pleistocene.It implies that this section of the Longmenshan fault zone has been in an extensional setting,probably associated with the influence of the Hanzhong basin.Through analysis of the tectonic relationship between the Longmenshan fault zone and the Hanzhong basin,this work verifies that the Qingchuan fault played an important role in the evolution of the Hanzhong basin,and further studies the evolution model of this basin.Finally,with consideration of the tectonic setting of the Longmenshan fault zone and the Hanzhong basin as well as seismicity of surrounding areas,this work suggests that this region has no tectonic conditions for great earthquakes and only potential strong events in the future.
基金funded by the National Institutes for Health (NIH) (R01 HL 111378)AMCA is supported by a Deakin University Postgraduate Research Scholarship (DUPRS)+5 种基金JS was supported by a NHMRC Principal Research Fellowship (APP1026216) during this researchDWD is supported by an NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship (APP1078360)the Victorian Government’s Operational Infrastructure Support ProgramLA is supported by an Alfred Deakin Postdoctoral Research Fellowshipsupported by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Future Leader Fellowship (Award ID 100046) during this researchJS,DWD,and AT received funding support from an NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence Grant (APP1057608)。
文摘Background:While the relationship between sedentary time and adiposity markers may be independent of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity(MVPA) among adolescents,little is known about the role of light-intensity physical activity(LIPA) in this relationship.The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine whether device-measured LIPA and MVPA moderate the associations between objectively measured sitting time and adiposity markers(body mass index(BMI)) and waist circumference(WC)) among adolescents.Methods:This study included accelerometer and inclinometer data obtained from 219 adolescents(age=14.9±1.6 years,mean± SD),collected during 2014 and 2015 in Melbourne,Australia.ActiGraph GT3 X accelerometers were used to determine time spent in total-LIPA(101 counts/min to 3.99 metabolic equivalents(METs)) was dichotomized into low-LIPA(101-799 counts/min) and high LIPA(800 counts/min to 3.99 METs),and MVPA(> 4 METs).The average time spent sitting was obtained from activPAL inclinometers.Anthropometric measures were assessed by trained staff.Interactions between sitting and total-LIPA,low-LIPA,high-LIPA,and MVPA on BMI z-score(zBMI) and WC z-score(zWC),respectively,were examined using linear regression,adjusting for age and sex;and moderation by total-LIPA,low-LIPA,high-LIPA,and MVPA were examined by adding interaction terms.Significant interaction effects were probed by comparing associations at the mean and at 1 SD below and above the mean.Results:Total-LIPA significantly moderated the association between sitting time and zBMI,and low-LIPA significantly moderated the association between sitting time and zBMI and zWC.No other associations were found for total-LIPA,high-LIPA,or MVPA.Specifically,at high levels of total-LIPA(+1 SD),there is a negative association between sitting time and zBMI.In addition,at high levels of low-LIPA(+1 SD),there is a negative association between sitting time and zBMI and zWC.Conclusion:Associations between sitting and adiposity depended on time spent in total-LIPA and low-LIPA,but not high-LIPA or MVPA.Results suggest that increasing time spent in LIP A may provide protection from the deleterious effects of sitting on adiposity markers among adolescents.Experimental evidence is needed to support these conclusions.
基金This research is funded by the China Geological Survey project(DD20160268).
文摘The Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB)spans three terrain steps in China and features diverse topography that is characterized by significant differences in geological structure and presentday crustal deformation.Active faults and seismic activity are important geological factors for the planning and development of the YREB.In this paper,the spatial distribution and activity of 165 active faults that exist along the YREB have been compiled from previous findings,using both remote-sensing data and geological survey results.The crustal stability of seven particularly noteworthy typical active fault zones and their potential effects on the crustal stability of the urban agglomerations are analyzed.The main active fault zones in the western YREB,together with the neighboring regional active faults,make up an arc fault block region comprising primarily of Sichuan-Yunnan and a“Sichuan-Yunnan arc rotational-shear active tectonic system”strong deformation region that features rotation,shear and extensional deformation.The active faults in the central-eastern YREB,with seven NE-NNE and seven NW-NWW active faults(the“7-longitudinal,7-horizontal”pattern),macroscopically make up a“chessboard tectonic system”medium-weak deformation region in the geomechanical tectonic system.They are also the main geological constraints for the crustal stability of the YREB.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(11173033,11221063,2011CB811401,11221063,and 11373004)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the CAS(KJCX2EW-T07)
文摘Magnetohydrodynamics is one of the major disciplines in solar physics. Vigorous magnetohydrodynamic process is taking place in the solar convection zone and atmosphere. It controls the generating and structuring of the solar mag- netic fields, causes the accumulation of magnetic non-potential energy in the solar atmosphere and triggers the explosive magnetic energy release, manifested as vi- olent solar flares and coronal mass ejections. Nowadays detailed observations in solar astrophysics from space and on the ground urge a great need for the studies of magnetohydrodynamics and plasma physics to achieve better understanding of the mechanism or mechanisms of solar activity. On the other hand, the spectac- ular solar activity always serves as a great laboratory of magnetohydrodynamics. In this article, we reviewed a few key unresolved problems in solar activity studies and discussed the relevant issues in solar magnetohydrodynamics.
基金supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology,(UID/DTP/04045/2013)by the European Regional Develop-ment Fund,through COMPETE 2020(POCI--01--0145-FEDER--006969)+4 种基金funded by the European Regional Development Fund,through NORTE 2020(NORTE--01--0145--FEDER--000016)The European Regional Development Fund through the Operational Competitiveness Programthe Foun-dation for Science and Technology(FCT)of Portugal support the research unit CIAFEL within the projects FCOMP--01--0124--FEDER--020180(References FCT:PTDC/DES/122763/2010)and UID/DTP/00617/2013supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology(REF:UID/BIM/04501/2013)FEDER/Compete2020 funds
文摘Although the observed progress in the cardiovascular disease treatment, the incidence of new and recurrent coronary artery disease remains elevated and constitutes the leading cause of death in the developed countries. Three-quarters of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases could be prevented with adequate changes in lifestyle, including increased daily physical activity. New evidence confirms that there is an inverse dose-response relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular disease and mortality risk. However, participation in moderate to vigorous physical activity may not fully attenuate the independent effect of sedentary activities on increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Physical activity also plays an important role in secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases by reducing the impact of the disease, slowing its progress and preventing recurrence. Nonetheless, most of eligible cardiovascular patients still do not benefit from secondary prevention/cardiac rehabilitation programs. The present review draws attention to the importance of physical activity in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. It also addresses the mechanisms by which physical activity and regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health and reduce the burden of the disease.
