Using a procedure based on interpolation via continued fractions supplemented by statistical sampling,we analyze proton magnetic form factor data obtained via electron+proton scattering on Q^(2)∈[0.027,0.55]GeV^(2)wi...Using a procedure based on interpolation via continued fractions supplemented by statistical sampling,we analyze proton magnetic form factor data obtained via electron+proton scattering on Q^(2)∈[0.027,0.55]GeV^(2)with the goal of determining the proton magnetic radius.The approach avoids assumptions about the function form used for data interpolation and ensuing extrapolation onto Q^(2)■0 for extraction of the form factor slope.In this way,we find r_(M)=0.817(27)fm.Regarding the difference between proton electric and magnetic radii calculated in this way,extant data are seen to be compatible with the possibility that the slopes of the proton Dirac and Pauli form factors,F1,2(Q^(2)),are not truly independent observables;to wit,the difference F_(1)’(0)-F_(2)’(0)/κp=[1+Kp]/[4 m_(p)^(2)],viz.,the proton Foldy term.展开更多
Conceptually,radii are amongst the simplest Poincaré-invariant properties that can be associated with hadrons and light nuclei.Accurate values of these quantities are necessary so that one may judge the character...Conceptually,radii are amongst the simplest Poincaré-invariant properties that can be associated with hadrons and light nuclei.Accurate values of these quantities are necessary so that one may judge the character of putative solutions to the strong interaction problem within the Standard Model.However,limiting their ability to serve in this role,recent measurements and new analyses of older data have revealed uncertainties and imprecisions in the radii of the proton,pion,kaon,and deuteron.In the context of radius measurement using electron+hadron elastic scattering,the past decade has shown that reliable extraction requires minimisation of bias associated with practitioner-dependent choices of data fitting functions.Different answers to that challenge have been offered;and this perspective describes the statistical Schlessinger point method(SPM),in unifying applications to proton,pion,kaon,and deuteron radii.Grounded in analytic function theory,independent of assumptions about underlying dynamics,free from practitioner-induced bias,and applicable in the same form to diverse systems and observables,the SPM returns an objective expression of the information contained in any data under consideration.Its robust nature and versatility make it suitable for use in many branches of experiment and theory.展开更多
Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B±section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections：
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the ...The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on： Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews （and errata） are also available on the Particle Data Group website： http ：//pdg. lbl. gov.展开更多
33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such appl...33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such applications will be provided. The detector techniques which are specific to non-accelerator particle physics experiments are the subject of Chap.展开更多
1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on par...1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on particle properties, called the ＂Particle Listings.＂ These Listings include 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, in addition to the 32,153 measurements from 8,944 papers that first appeared in previous editions [1].展开更多
Written by R.L. Kelly （LBNL）. The most commonly used SU（3） isoscalar factors, corresponding to the singlet, octet, and deeuplet content of 8 8 and 10 8, are shown at the right. The notation uses particle nam...Written by R.L. Kelly （LBNL）. The most commonly used SU（3） isoscalar factors, corresponding to the singlet, octet, and deeuplet content of 8 8 and 10 8, are shown at the right. The notation uses particle names to identify the coefficients, so that the pattern of relative couplings may be seen at a glance. We illustrate the use of the coefficients below.展开更多
CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl （LBNL）. There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.＊ Fig. l（a） shows the mass sp...CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl （LBNL）. There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.＊ Fig. l（a） shows the mass spectrum,展开更多
Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers （MSU） and F. Zimmermann （CERN）.29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the pr...Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers （MSU） and F. Zimmermann （CERN）.29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the product of the cross section of interest,展开更多
Revised October 2013 by J.J. Beatty （Ohio State Univ.）, J. Matthews （Louisiana State Univ.）, and S.P. Wakely （Univ. of Chicago）; revised August 2009 by T.K. Gaisser and T. Stanev （Bartol Research Inst., Univ. o...Revised October 2013 by J.J. Beatty （Ohio State Univ.）, J. Matthews （Louisiana State Univ.）, and S.P. Wakely （Univ. of Chicago）; revised August 2009 by T.K. Gaisser and T. Stanev （Bartol Research Inst., Univ. of Delaware）.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12135007 and 11805097)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.BK20180323)STRONG-2020,“the strong interaction at the frontier of knowledge:fundamental research and applications”which received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme(Grant No.824093)。
文摘Using a procedure based on interpolation via continued fractions supplemented by statistical sampling,we analyze proton magnetic form factor data obtained via electron+proton scattering on Q^(2)∈[0.027,0.55]GeV^(2)with the goal of determining the proton magnetic radius.The approach avoids assumptions about the function form used for data interpolation and ensuing extrapolation onto Q^(2)■0 for extraction of the form factor slope.In this way,we find r_(M)=0.817(27)fm.Regarding the difference between proton electric and magnetic radii calculated in this way,extant data are seen to be compatible with the possibility that the slopes of the proton Dirac and Pauli form factors,F1,2(Q^(2)),are not truly independent observables;to wit,the difference F_(1)’(0)-F_(2)’(0)/κp=[1+Kp]/[4 m_(p)^(2)],viz.,the proton Foldy term.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12135007)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20220122)STRONG-2020"The strong interaction at the frontier of knowledge:fundamental research and applications"which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme(824093)。
文摘Conceptually,radii are amongst the simplest Poincaré-invariant properties that can be associated with hadrons and light nuclei.Accurate values of these quantities are necessary so that one may judge the character of putative solutions to the strong interaction problem within the Standard Model.However,limiting their ability to serve in this role,recent measurements and new analyses of older data have revealed uncertainties and imprecisions in the radii of the proton,pion,kaon,and deuteron.In the context of radius measurement using electron+hadron elastic scattering,the past decade has shown that reliable extraction requires minimisation of bias associated with practitioner-dependent choices of data fitting functions.Different answers to that challenge have been offered;and this perspective describes the statistical Schlessinger point method(SPM),in unifying applications to proton,pion,kaon,and deuteron radii.Grounded in analytic function theory,independent of assumptions about underlying dynamics,free from practitioner-induced bias,and applicable in the same form to diverse systems and observables,the SPM returns an objective expression of the information contained in any data under consideration.Its robust nature and versatility make it suitable for use in many branches of experiment and theory.
文摘Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B±section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections：
基金supported by the Director,Office of Science,Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231the U.S.National Science Foundation under Agreement No.PHY-0652989+3 种基金the European Laboratory for Particle Physics(CERN)an implementing arrangement between the governments of Japan(MEXT:Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology)and the United States(DOE)on cooperative research and developmentthe Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics(INFN)B.C.F.was supported by the U.S.National Science Foundation Grant PHY-1214082
文摘The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on： Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews （and errata） are also available on the Particle Data Group website： http ：//pdg. lbl. gov.
文摘33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such applications will be provided. The detector techniques which are specific to non-accelerator particle physics experiments are the subject of Chap.
基金supported by PAPIIT(DGAPA-UNAM) project IN106913 and CONACyT(Mexico) project 151234support by the Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics(MITP) where part of this work was completed.A.F.is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant no. PHY-1212635
文摘Revised November 2013 by J. Erler （U. Mexico） and A. Freit＆s （Pittsburgh U.）.10.1 Introduction 10.2 Renormalization and radiative corrections
基金supported by the Director,Office of Science,Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231by the U.S.National Science Foundation under Agreement No.PHY-0652989+2 种基金by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics(CERN)by an implementing arrangement between the governments of Japan(MEXT:Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports, Science and Technology) and the United States(DOE) on cooperative research and developmentby the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics(INFN)
文摘1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on particle properties, called the ＂Particle Listings.＂ These Listings include 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, in addition to the 32,153 measurements from 8,944 papers that first appeared in previous editions [1].
文摘Written by R.L. Kelly （LBNL）. The most commonly used SU（3） isoscalar factors, corresponding to the singlet, octet, and deeuplet content of 8 8 and 10 8, are shown at the right. The notation uses particle names to identify the coefficients, so that the pattern of relative couplings may be seen at a glance. We illustrate the use of the coefficients below.
文摘CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl （LBNL）. There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.＊ Fig. l（a） shows the mass spectrum,
文摘Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers （MSU） and F. Zimmermann （CERN）.29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the product of the cross section of interest,
文摘Revised October 2013 by J.J. Beatty （Ohio State Univ.）, J. Matthews （Louisiana State Univ.）, and S.P. Wakely （Univ. of Chicago）; revised August 2009 by T.K. Gaisser and T. Stanev （Bartol Research Inst., Univ. of Delaware）.
