As balanced electron-rich P,C-chelating ligands,phosphine-phosphonium-ylides are considered for their ability to in situ promote palladium-catalysed direct C(sp^2)—H arylation.Using methyl phosphonium salts of 2,2’-...As balanced electron-rich P,C-chelating ligands,phosphine-phosphonium-ylides are considered for their ability to in situ promote palladium-catalysed direct C(sp^2)—H arylation.Using methyl phosphonium salts of 2,2’-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1’-binaphtyl("methyl-BINAPIUM")as ylide precursors under optimized reaction conditions,arylation of benzoxazole was found to proceed in moderate to high yield to give functional 2-aryl benzoxazoles.A strong anion effect of the non-salt free ylide was evidenced(TfO^->I^->PF6^-≈salt-free).This first example of phosphonium ylides as ligands in catalytic C-H activation extends the prospect of their general implementation in homogeneous transition metal catalysis.展开更多
From a mixture of α-,β-and y-himachalenes extracted from waste wood of Atlas cedar(Cedrus atlantica),cadalene(1,6-dimethyl-4-isopropylnaphthalene)and iso-cadalene(1,6-dimethyl-3-isopropylnaphthalene)were produced in...From a mixture of α-,β-and y-himachalenes extracted from waste wood of Atlas cedar(Cedrus atlantica),cadalene(1,6-dimethyl-4-isopropylnaphthalene)and iso-cadalene(1,6-dimethyl-3-isopropylnaphthalene)were produced in two steps with up to 71%±5%yield through the ar-himachalene intermediate using I2 and/or AlCl3 as reagents.The selectivity is shown to sharply depend on the operating conditions:while I2/AlCl3 in dichloromethane promotes the formation of cadalene,the formation of iso-cadalene is favored in the presence of AlCl3 in cyclohexane.The bicyclic aromatic compounds were thus obtained through unique rearrangements involving sequential C—C bond cleavage/fo rmation and hydride transfer processes.In the absence of AlCl3 or I2,dihydrocurcumene was also found to be formed with up to 70%selectivity.A tentative mechanism is proposed and discussed.展开更多
Photoactive aluminum doped ZnO(AlZnO)was synthesized by sol-gel method.After that,AlZnO photocatalyst was deposited on five carbon-based materials(CBMs)using ultrasonic route followed by solid-state mixing using ball ...Photoactive aluminum doped ZnO(AlZnO)was synthesized by sol-gel method.After that,AlZnO photocatalyst was deposited on five carbon-based materials(CBMs)using ultrasonic route followed by solid-state mixing using ball mill.The CBMs used were poly aniline(PANI),carbon nitride(CN),carbon nanotubes(CNT),graphene(G),and carbon nanofibers(CNF).The crystal phases,elemental compositions,morphological,and optical properties of the AlZnO@CBMs composites were investigated.Experimental results revealed that two of AlZnO@CBMs composites exhibited superior bleaching efficiency(100%removal)and photocatalytic stability(three cycles)for 50μmol/L Methylene Blue(MB)contaminated water after 60 min irradiation in visible light at pH 6.5,0.7%H2O2,and 5 g/L inorganic salts.Under optimum conditions,AlZnO@CBMs nanocomposites were employed for the treatment of mixed dyestuffs composed of MB,Methyl Orange(MO),Astrazone Blue FRR(BB 69),and Rhodamine B(RhB)dyes under dark,ultraviolet,visible,and direct sunlight.For mixed dyestuffs,the AlZnO@G achieved the highest dye sorption capacity(60.91μmol dye stuffs/g)with kinetic rate 8.22×10^-3 min^-1 in 90 min via multi-layer physisorption(Freundlich isotherm)on graphene sheet.In additions,AlZnO@CN offered the highest photo-kinetic rate(Kphoto)of^54.1×10^-3 min^-1(93.8%after 60 min)under direct sunlight.Furthermore,the selective radical trapping experiment confirmed that the holes and oxidative superoxide radicals are crucial on dyes photodegradation pathway.Owing to their superior performance,AlZnO@G and AlZnO@CN nanocomposites can offer an effective in-situ solar-assisted adsorption/photocatalytic remediation of textile wastewater effluents.展开更多
Colorectal cancer(CRC)represents a molecularly heterogeneous disease and one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death worldwide.The traditional classification of CRC is based on pathomorphological and molec...Colorectal cancer(CRC)represents a molecularly heterogeneous disease and one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death worldwide.The traditional classification of CRC is based on pathomorphological and molecular character-istics of tumor cells(mucinous,ring-cell carcinomas,etc.),analysis of mechanisms of carcinogenesis involved(chromosomal instability,microsatellite instability,CpG island methylator phenotype)and mutational statuses of commonly altered genes(KRAS,NRAS,BRAF,APC,etc.),as well as expression signatures(CMS 1-4).It is also suggested that the tumor microenvironment is a key player in tumor progression and metastasis in CRC.According to the latest data,the immune microenvironment can also be predictive of the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.In this review,we highlight how the immune environment influences CRC prognosis and sensitivity to systemic therapy.展开更多
1 Complex Systems in Sports Sport is one of the most important activities of humanity.Its relevance goes beyond the physical/psychological benefits that their practicing provides(an aspect that justifies in itself its...1 Complex Systems in Sports Sport is one of the most important activities of humanity.Its relevance goes beyond the physical/psychological benefits that their practicing provides(an aspect that justifies in itself its importance in our current society).In fact,be it as actually playing some sport or just watching some games,it provides a huge means for socialization and education.Needless to say,the economical viewpoint is also enormously relevant:events such as the Olympic Games。展开更多
After the microbiology based on Pasteur's method and polymerase chain reaction(PCR), the diagnosis company named Dendris has proposed a third-generation of diagnosis enabling the search of a broad range of pathoge...After the microbiology based on Pasteur's method and polymerase chain reaction(PCR), the diagnosis company named Dendris has proposed a third-generation of diagnosis enabling the search of a broad range of pathogens with strong sensitivity and specificity. This extraordinary profile was possible thanks to the use of phosphorus dendrimers for which various techniques of deposition on a given support were investigated and described and analyzed in this report.展开更多
Organic dye pollutants present in wastewater pose a significant global challenge.Among pollutants,the synthetic dye Rhodamine B(RB)stands out due to its non-biodegradable nature and associated neurotoxic,carcinogenic,...Organic dye pollutants present in wastewater pose a significant global challenge.Among pollutants,the synthetic dye Rhodamine B(RB)stands out due to its non-biodegradable nature and associated neurotoxic,carcinogenic,and respiratory irritant properties.Extensive research has been conducted on the efficacy of adsorption and photodegradation techniques for the removal of RB from wastewater.While adsorption and advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)have gained considerable attention for their effectiveness in recent years,the underlying behaviors and mechanisms of these technologies remain incompletely understood.Therefore,a comprehensive of recent research progress in this domain is imperative to clarify the basics and present the up-to-date achievements.This review provides an in-depth exploration of the fundamentals,advancements,and future trajectories of RB wastewater treatment technologies,mainly encompassing adsorption and photodegradation.This work starts with a general introduction of outlining the sources,toxicity,and diverse applicable removal strategies.Subsequently,it thoroughly examines crucial techniques within non-photochemical,photochemical,and adsorption technologies,such as UV light assisted AOP,catalyst assisted AOP,ozonation,Fenton system,electrochemical AOP,and adsorption technology.The primary objective is to furnish a broad overview of these techniques,elucidating their effectiveness,limitations,and applicability.Following this,the review encapsulates state-of-theart computational simulations pertaining to RB adsorption and interactions with clays and other adsorbents.Lastly,it delves into column adsorption of RB dye,and elucidates various influencing factors,including bed height,feed concentration,pollutant(RB)feeding or flow rate,and column regeneration.This panoramic review aims to provide valuable insights into suitable techniques,research gaps,and the applicability of nonphotochemical,photochemical,and adsorption technologies in the treatment of wastewater containing RB dye.展开更多
A series of new lanthanide-radical complexes [{Ln（hfac）3}2（NITPhlM）2] （Ln = Nd （1）, Eu （2）, Tb （3）, Er （4）; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate; NITPhlM = 2-[4-（1-imidazole）phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimida...A series of new lanthanide-radical complexes [{Ln（hfac）3}2（NITPhlM）2] （Ln = Nd （1）, Eu （2）, Tb （3）, Er （4）; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate; NITPhlM = 2-[4-（1-imidazole）phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide） have been prepared and characterized. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that these complexes are isostructural with one-dimensional chain structures. These consist in Ln（hfac）3 units bridged by the paramagnetic ligands by the means of coor- dination of their nitronyl nitroxide groups and imidazole rings. Interestingly, each Ln ion is either bound to two nitronyl ni- troxide groups or to two imidazole units, and the different Ln centers alternate along the chain. Magnetic studies show that complex 3 exhibits a single-chain magnet behavior.展开更多
Over the past few years, the Utah Department of Transportation has developed the signal performance metrics （SPMs） system to evaluate the performance of signalized in- tersections dynamically. This system currently ...Over the past few years, the Utah Department of Transportation has developed the signal performance metrics （SPMs） system to evaluate the performance of signalized in- tersections dynamically. This system currently provides data summaries for several per- formance measures, one of them being turning movement counts collected by microwave sensors. As this system became public, there was a need to evaluate the accuracy of the data placed on the SPMs. A large-scale data collection was carried out to meet this need. Vehicles in the Hi-resolution data from microwave sensors were matched with the vehicles by ground-truth volume count data. Matching vehicles from the microwave sensor data and the ground-truth data manually collected required significant effort, A spreadsheet- based data analysis procedure was developed to carry out the task. A mixed model analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of the factors considered on turning volume count accuracy. The analysis found that approach volume level and number of approach lanes would have significant effect on the accuracy of turning volume counts but the location of the sensors did not significantly affect the accuracy of turning volume counts. In addition, it was found that the location of lanes in relation to the sensor did not significantly affect the accuracy of lane-by-lane volume counts. This indicated that accu- racy analysis could be performed by using total approach volumes without comparing specific turning counts, that is, left-turn, through and right-turn movements. In general, the accuracy of approach volume counts collected by microwave sensors were within the margin of error that traffic engineers could accept. The procedure taken to perform the analysis and a summary of accuracy of volume counts for the factor combinations considered are presented in this paper.展开更多
The promising magnetic behavior of heterospin systems has spurred the research of 2p-3d-4f heterotri-spin compounds.Such a magnetic system has crucial advantages:the strongest possible magnetic interactions resulting ...The promising magnetic behavior of heterospin systems has spurred the research of 2p-3d-4f heterotri-spin compounds.Such a magnetic system has crucial advantages:the strongest possible magnetic interactions resulting from the direct binding of the radicals to the metal ions,access to strong magnetic anisotropies arising from 4f ions,and novel magnetic behavior derived from the synergic or competitive magnetic interactions between three different spin carriers.Herein we review recent advances made toward a rational development of 2p-3d-4f complexes.Special attention is given to the 2p-3d-4f compounds exhibiting slow magnetic relaxation.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease(AD),one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide,is characterised by the self-assembly of amyloid-β peptides(Aβ)in senile plaques,which are also rich in metal ions such as Cu and ...Alzheimer’s disease(AD),one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide,is characterised by the self-assembly of amyloid-β peptides(Aβ)in senile plaques,which are also rich in metal ions such as Cu and Zn.Here,we investigated the influence of Zn(Ⅱ)ions on the self-and co-assembly of Aβ_(1-40) and N-terminally truncated Aβ_(4-40) peptides,the two most prevalent Aβ peptides in the brain.The Zn(Ⅱ)coordination site in the soluble model peptide Aβ_(4-16 )was investigated for the first time through pH-dependent X-ray absorption spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements,suggesting the formation of two species around neutral pH,depending on the(de)protonation of the N-terminal amine.The Zn(Ⅱ)affinity was assessed via robust competition experiments,showing that Aβ_(4-16) has a four-fold lower affinity than Aβ_(1-16).The self-assembly of Aβ_(1-40) and Aβ_(4-40),and their co-assembly were monitored in the presence of various Zn(Ⅱ)levels,which revealed an important concentration-dependent modulatory effect of Zn(Ⅱ)ions.In particular,the interplay between Zn(Ⅱ),Aβ_(1-40) and Aβ_(4-40),compared to either binary Zn-Aβ_(x-40) systems,promotes the formation of ill-defined assemblies regarded as more toxic than fibrils.This study provides more biologically relevant insights into the complex interaction between Zn(Ⅱ)ions and the two major forms of Aβ peptides detected in senile plaques,underscoring their significance in the pathophysiology of AD.展开更多
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21572072 and 21602064)111 Project(No.BC2018061)。
文摘As balanced electron-rich P,C-chelating ligands,phosphine-phosphonium-ylides are considered for their ability to in situ promote palladium-catalysed direct C(sp^2)—H arylation.Using methyl phosphonium salts of 2,2’-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1’-binaphtyl("methyl-BINAPIUM")as ylide precursors under optimized reaction conditions,arylation of benzoxazole was found to proceed in moderate to high yield to give functional 2-aryl benzoxazoles.A strong anion effect of the non-salt free ylide was evidenced(TfO^->I^->PF6^-≈salt-free).This first example of phosphonium ylides as ligands in catalytic C-H activation extends the prospect of their general implementation in homogeneous transition metal catalysis.
文摘From a mixture of α-,β-and y-himachalenes extracted from waste wood of Atlas cedar(Cedrus atlantica),cadalene(1,6-dimethyl-4-isopropylnaphthalene)and iso-cadalene(1,6-dimethyl-3-isopropylnaphthalene)were produced in two steps with up to 71%±5%yield through the ar-himachalene intermediate using I2 and/or AlCl3 as reagents.The selectivity is shown to sharply depend on the operating conditions:while I2/AlCl3 in dichloromethane promotes the formation of cadalene,the formation of iso-cadalene is favored in the presence of AlCl3 in cyclohexane.The bicyclic aromatic compounds were thus obtained through unique rearrangements involving sequential C—C bond cleavage/fo rmation and hydride transfer processes.In the absence of AlCl3 or I2,dihydrocurcumene was also found to be formed with up to 70%selectivity.A tentative mechanism is proposed and discussed.
文摘Photoactive aluminum doped ZnO(AlZnO)was synthesized by sol-gel method.After that,AlZnO photocatalyst was deposited on five carbon-based materials(CBMs)using ultrasonic route followed by solid-state mixing using ball mill.The CBMs used were poly aniline(PANI),carbon nitride(CN),carbon nanotubes(CNT),graphene(G),and carbon nanofibers(CNF).The crystal phases,elemental compositions,morphological,and optical properties of the AlZnO@CBMs composites were investigated.Experimental results revealed that two of AlZnO@CBMs composites exhibited superior bleaching efficiency(100%removal)and photocatalytic stability(three cycles)for 50μmol/L Methylene Blue(MB)contaminated water after 60 min irradiation in visible light at pH 6.5,0.7%H2O2,and 5 g/L inorganic salts.Under optimum conditions,AlZnO@CBMs nanocomposites were employed for the treatment of mixed dyestuffs composed of MB,Methyl Orange(MO),Astrazone Blue FRR(BB 69),and Rhodamine B(RhB)dyes under dark,ultraviolet,visible,and direct sunlight.For mixed dyestuffs,the AlZnO@G achieved the highest dye sorption capacity(60.91μmol dye stuffs/g)with kinetic rate 8.22×10^-3 min^-1 in 90 min via multi-layer physisorption(Freundlich isotherm)on graphene sheet.In additions,AlZnO@CN offered the highest photo-kinetic rate(Kphoto)of^54.1×10^-3 min^-1(93.8%after 60 min)under direct sunlight.Furthermore,the selective radical trapping experiment confirmed that the holes and oxidative superoxide radicals are crucial on dyes photodegradation pathway.Owing to their superior performance,AlZnO@G and AlZnO@CN nanocomposites can offer an effective in-situ solar-assisted adsorption/photocatalytic remediation of textile wastewater effluents.
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC)represents a molecularly heterogeneous disease and one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death worldwide.The traditional classification of CRC is based on pathomorphological and molecular character-istics of tumor cells(mucinous,ring-cell carcinomas,etc.),analysis of mechanisms of carcinogenesis involved(chromosomal instability,microsatellite instability,CpG island methylator phenotype)and mutational statuses of commonly altered genes(KRAS,NRAS,BRAF,APC,etc.),as well as expression signatures(CMS 1-4).It is also suggested that the tumor microenvironment is a key player in tumor progression and metastasis in CRC.According to the latest data,the immune microenvironment can also be predictive of the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.In this review,we highlight how the immune environment influences CRC prognosis and sensitivity to systemic therapy.
基金supported in part by the CEI BioTIC GENIL(CEB09-0010)MICINN CEI Program(PYR2010-13)projectthe Andalusian Regional Government P08-TIC-03903,P08-TIC-03928,and TIC-6083 projectsMICINN projects TIN2008-05941 and TIN2011-28627-C04
文摘1 Complex Systems in Sports Sport is one of the most important activities of humanity.Its relevance goes beyond the physical/psychological benefits that their practicing provides(an aspect that justifies in itself its importance in our current society).In fact,be it as actually playing some sport or just watching some games,it provides a huge means for socialization and education.Needless to say,the economical viewpoint is also enormously relevant:events such as the Olympic Games。
基金supported by the National Research Agency (Agence Nationale pour la Recherche), “BIOTECHNOLOGIES” program (ANR 2010 BIOT 004 06: Project INNODIAG to JMF)Region Midi Pyrénées (06001324 & 07006292) to RF and JMFCNRS (JPM, AMC)
文摘After the microbiology based on Pasteur's method and polymerase chain reaction(PCR), the diagnosis company named Dendris has proposed a third-generation of diagnosis enabling the search of a broad range of pathogens with strong sensitivity and specificity. This extraordinary profile was possible thanks to the use of phosphorus dendrimers for which various techniques of deposition on a given support were investigated and described and analyzed in this report.
文摘Organic dye pollutants present in wastewater pose a significant global challenge.Among pollutants,the synthetic dye Rhodamine B(RB)stands out due to its non-biodegradable nature and associated neurotoxic,carcinogenic,and respiratory irritant properties.Extensive research has been conducted on the efficacy of adsorption and photodegradation techniques for the removal of RB from wastewater.While adsorption and advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)have gained considerable attention for their effectiveness in recent years,the underlying behaviors and mechanisms of these technologies remain incompletely understood.Therefore,a comprehensive of recent research progress in this domain is imperative to clarify the basics and present the up-to-date achievements.This review provides an in-depth exploration of the fundamentals,advancements,and future trajectories of RB wastewater treatment technologies,mainly encompassing adsorption and photodegradation.This work starts with a general introduction of outlining the sources,toxicity,and diverse applicable removal strategies.Subsequently,it thoroughly examines crucial techniques within non-photochemical,photochemical,and adsorption technologies,such as UV light assisted AOP,catalyst assisted AOP,ozonation,Fenton system,electrochemical AOP,and adsorption technology.The primary objective is to furnish a broad overview of these techniques,elucidating their effectiveness,limitations,and applicability.Following this,the review encapsulates state-of-theart computational simulations pertaining to RB adsorption and interactions with clays and other adsorbents.Lastly,it delves into column adsorption of RB dye,and elucidates various influencing factors,including bed height,feed concentration,pollutant(RB)feeding or flow rate,and column regeneration.This panoramic review aims to provide valuable insights into suitable techniques,research gaps,and the applicability of nonphotochemical,photochemical,and adsorption technologies in the treatment of wastewater containing RB dye.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20971072, 91122013, 90922032)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘A series of new lanthanide-radical complexes [{Ln（hfac）3}2（NITPhlM）2] （Ln = Nd （1）, Eu （2）, Tb （3）, Er （4）; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate; NITPhlM = 2-[4-（1-imidazole）phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide） have been prepared and characterized. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that these complexes are isostructural with one-dimensional chain structures. These consist in Ln（hfac）3 units bridged by the paramagnetic ligands by the means of coor- dination of their nitronyl nitroxide groups and imidazole rings. Interestingly, each Ln ion is either bound to two nitronyl ni- troxide groups or to two imidazole units, and the different Ln centers alternate along the chain. Magnetic studies show that complex 3 exhibits a single-chain magnet behavior.
文摘Over the past few years, the Utah Department of Transportation has developed the signal performance metrics （SPMs） system to evaluate the performance of signalized in- tersections dynamically. This system currently provides data summaries for several per- formance measures, one of them being turning movement counts collected by microwave sensors. As this system became public, there was a need to evaluate the accuracy of the data placed on the SPMs. A large-scale data collection was carried out to meet this need. Vehicles in the Hi-resolution data from microwave sensors were matched with the vehicles by ground-truth volume count data. Matching vehicles from the microwave sensor data and the ground-truth data manually collected required significant effort, A spreadsheet- based data analysis procedure was developed to carry out the task. A mixed model analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of the factors considered on turning volume count accuracy. The analysis found that approach volume level and number of approach lanes would have significant effect on the accuracy of turning volume counts but the location of the sensors did not significantly affect the accuracy of turning volume counts. In addition, it was found that the location of lanes in relation to the sensor did not significantly affect the accuracy of lane-by-lane volume counts. This indicated that accu- racy analysis could be performed by using total approach volumes without comparing specific turning counts, that is, left-turn, through and right-turn movements. In general, the accuracy of approach volume counts collected by microwave sensors were within the margin of error that traffic engineers could accept. The procedure taken to perform the analysis and a summary of accuracy of volume counts for the factor combinations considered are presented in this paper.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.21471083)MOE Innovation Team(IRT13022)of China.
文摘The promising magnetic behavior of heterospin systems has spurred the research of 2p-3d-4f heterotri-spin compounds.Such a magnetic system has crucial advantages:the strongest possible magnetic interactions resulting from the direct binding of the radicals to the metal ions,access to strong magnetic anisotropies arising from 4f ions,and novel magnetic behavior derived from the synergic or competitive magnetic interactions between three different spin carriers.Herein we review recent advances made toward a rational development of 2p-3d-4f complexes.Special attention is given to the 2p-3d-4f compounds exhibiting slow magnetic relaxation.
基金the ANR SUPRAMY(ANR-21-CE06-0030)supported by the MITI 80PRIME program of the CNRS to N.V.and C.H.(contract#256994)the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility(ESRF,Grenoble)for the provision of synchrotron radiation facilities under proposal numbers LS-3238 and LS-3308.
文摘Alzheimer’s disease(AD),one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide,is characterised by the self-assembly of amyloid-β peptides(Aβ)in senile plaques,which are also rich in metal ions such as Cu and Zn.Here,we investigated the influence of Zn(Ⅱ)ions on the self-and co-assembly of Aβ_(1-40) and N-terminally truncated Aβ_(4-40) peptides,the two most prevalent Aβ peptides in the brain.The Zn(Ⅱ)coordination site in the soluble model peptide Aβ_(4-16 )was investigated for the first time through pH-dependent X-ray absorption spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements,suggesting the formation of two species around neutral pH,depending on the(de)protonation of the N-terminal amine.The Zn(Ⅱ)affinity was assessed via robust competition experiments,showing that Aβ_(4-16) has a four-fold lower affinity than Aβ_(1-16).The self-assembly of Aβ_(1-40) and Aβ_(4-40),and their co-assembly were monitored in the presence of various Zn(Ⅱ)levels,which revealed an important concentration-dependent modulatory effect of Zn(Ⅱ)ions.In particular,the interplay between Zn(Ⅱ),Aβ_(1-40) and Aβ_(4-40),compared to either binary Zn-Aβ_(x-40) systems,promotes the formation of ill-defined assemblies regarded as more toxic than fibrils.This study provides more biologically relevant insights into the complex interaction between Zn(Ⅱ)ions and the two major forms of Aβ peptides detected in senile plaques,underscoring their significance in the pathophysiology of AD.
