Background:The medicinal material known as Os Draconis(Longgu)originates from fossilized remains of ancient mammals and is widely used in treating emotional and mental conditions.However,fossil resources are nonrenewa...Background:The medicinal material known as Os Draconis(Longgu)originates from fossilized remains of ancient mammals and is widely used in treating emotional and mental conditions.However,fossil resources are nonrenewable,and clinical demand is increasingly difficult to meet,leading to a proliferation of counterfeit products.During prolonged geological burial,static pressure from the surrounding strata severely compromises the microstructural integrity of osteons in Os Draconis,but Os Draconis still largely retains the structural features of mammalian bone.Methods:Using verified authentic Os Draconis samples over 10,000 years old as a baseline,this study summarizes the ultrastructural characteristics of genuine Os Draconis.Employing electron probe microanalysis and optical polarized light microscopy,we examined 28 batches of authentic Os Draconis and 31 batches of counterfeits to identify their ultrastructural differences.Key points for ultrastructural identification of Os Draconis were compiled,and a new identification approach was proposed based on these differences.Results:Authentic Os Draconis exhibited distinct ultrastructural markers:irregularly shaped osteons with traversing fissures,deformed/displaced Haversian canals,and secondary mineral infill(predominantly calcium carbonate).Counterfeits showed regular osteon arrangements,absent traversal fissures,and homogeneous hydroxyapatite composition.Lab-simulated samples lacked structural degradation features.EPMA confirmed calcium carbonate infill in fossilized Haversian canals,while elemental profiles differentiated lacunae types(void vs.mineral-packed).Conclusion:The study established ultrastructural criteria for authentic Os Draconis identification:osteon deformation,geological fissures penetrating bone units,and heterogenous mineral deposition.These features,unattainable in counterfeits or modern processed bones,provide a cost-effective,accurate identification method.This approach bridges gaps in TCM material standardization and supports quality control for clinical applications.展开更多
Background:Cyperi Rhizoma,derived from Cyperus rotundus L.,is a widely used medicinal herb in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),with Shandong Province recognized as its geo-authentic habitat.However,the quality of Cyp...Background:Cyperi Rhizoma,derived from Cyperus rotundus L.,is a widely used medicinal herb in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),with Shandong Province recognized as its geo-authentic habitat.However,the quality of Cyperi Rhizoma varies significantly across different regions,potentially influencing its therapeutic efficacy.This study investigates the influence of geographic origin on the chemical composition and overall quality of Cyperi Rhizoma.Methods:A comprehensive approach,including traditional quality assessment,GC-MS(g as c hromatography-m ass s pectrometry),RP-HPLC(r everse p hase h igh-p erformance l iquid c hromatography),and FT-IR(f ourier t ransform i nfrared s pectroscopy)techniques,was employed to analyze Cyperi Rhizoma samples from Shandong Province.These methods examined the physical appearance,chemical profile,and content variations,particularly focusing onα-cyperone.Results:Traditional quality assessments revealed noticeable differences in the external characteristics of the samples.GC-MS analysis identified a variety of unique chemical constituents,while RP-HPLC and FT-IR showed significant variations inα-cyperone content,with higher levels found in Shandong samples.Conclusion:These results demonstrate that geographic origin is a critical determinant of Cyperi Rhizoma quality,with Shandong specimens exhibiting superiorα-cyperone levels and characteristic phytochemical profiles.This validates the geo-authenticity concept in TCM and provides actionable data for developing evidence-based quality standards,suggesting that provenance should be prioritized in medicinal material selection and pharmacopeial specifications.展开更多
Watersheds play a fundamental role in the hydrological cycle because of their contributions to the water regulation of essential tributaries for ecosystems.However,the balance between soil and climatological component...Watersheds play a fundamental role in the hydrological cycle because of their contributions to the water regulation of essential tributaries for ecosystems.However,the balance between soil and climatological components of these watersheds has been altered by human activities,which directly impacts them through changes in land use.In Colombia,the lack of control over land-use in watersheds has affected the water regulation services of important tributaries,such as the Onzaga River,whose waters are mainly used for agricultural activities.For this reason,this study aims to evaluate how changes in land use in the basin affected the capacity of water regulation.For this,a statistical correlation analysis was conducted between the Water Regulation Index(WRI)and vegetation cover areas from 1985 to 2023.The study results indicate that the expansion of the anthropogenic vegetation covers,such as agriculture parches and grasslands,replacing different types of forests,and producing an adverse effect on the water regulation capacity for the basin.This demonstrated its decrease along with an increase in its variability,indicating that,in addition to its degradation,there is a greater irregularity in this ecosystem service.In conclusion,correlation analysis indicates that 93%of the change in water regulation regime is explained by the contraction of forest cover and the expansion of agricultural areas,degraded lands,and urban development.This study confirms the importance of preserving native vegetation cover in the watershed,especially in areas adjacent to watercourses with riparian forests.展开更多
This study examines the molecular and isotopic composition of 193 gas samples collected from oil and gas fields across Colombia's onshore basins with active hydrocarbon production.Comparative analyses were conduct...This study examines the molecular and isotopic composition of 193 gas samples collected from oil and gas fields across Colombia's onshore basins with active hydrocarbon production.Comparative analyses were conducted on both isotopic and molecular compositions across the Lower Magdalena Basin(LMB),Middle Magdalena Basin(MMB),Upper Magdalena Basin(UMB),Putumayo Cagu an Basin(PUTCAB),Catatumbo Basin(CATB),Eastern Llanos Basin(LLAB),and Eastern Cordillera Basin(ECB).The primary objectives were to classify the gases produced,characterize their origins,assess transformation processes such as biodegradation and migration,and analyze the statistical distribution patterns of their components.This geochemical characterization aims to support the discovery of new reserves for both natural gas(NG)and liquefied petroleum gas(LPG),given Colombia's potential risk of diminished energy selfsufficiency in gas resources.The basins under study produce dry gas,wet gas,and liquefied petroleum gas(LPG/C_(3+)),all associated with oil and gas fields of commercial hydrocarbon production.Notably,the LLAB contains the highest proportions of heavy isotopic carbon and C_(3+)(LPG)concentrations,whereas LMB is characterized by isotopically lighter methane,indicative of dry gas predominance.Results suggest a predominantly thermogenic origin for the gases studied,generated within the oil and gas windows,with several samples originating from secondary oil cracking,while some samples from LMB display a likely biogenic origin.Additionally,evidence of gas migration and biodegradation was observed in a significant subset of samples.The analysis of statistical distributions and compositional trends reveals a prevalent high methane content,with substantial C_(2)-C_(5)(C_(2+))gas concentrations across all basins studied.This composition underscores the potential for both natural gas(NG)and LPG production.The C_(3+)(LPG)content varies between 1%and 92%,with 35%of the samples containing less than 5%LPG.High original gas-in-place(OGIP)volumes and substantial LPG content in the Eastern Llanos foothills,encompassing fields such as Cusiana and Cupiagua,highlight the prospective potential of this region.Near-field exploration could further add reserves of both NG and LPG.展开更多
Background There is insufficient evidence to provide recommendations for leisure-time physical activity among workers across various occupational physical activity levels.This study aimed to assess the association of ...Background There is insufficient evidence to provide recommendations for leisure-time physical activity among workers across various occupational physical activity levels.This study aimed to assess the association of leisure-time physical activity with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality across occupational physical activity levels.Methods This study utilized individual participant data from 21 cohort studies,comprising both published and unpublished data.Eligibility criteria included individual-level data on leisure-time and occupational physical activity(categorized as sedentary,low,moderate,and high)along with data on all-cause and/or cardiovascular mortality.A 2-stage individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted,with separate analysis of each study using Cox proportional hazards models(Stage 1).These results were combined using random-effects models(Stage 2).Results Higher leisure-time physical activity levels were associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk across most occupational physical activity levels,for both males and females.Among males with sedentary work,high compared to sedentary leisure-time physical activity was associated with lower all-cause(hazard ratios(HR)=0.77,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.70-0.85)and cardiovascular mortality(HR=0.76,95%CI:0.66-0.87)risk.Among males with high levels of occupational physical activity,high compared to sedentary leisure-time physical activity was associated with lower all-cause(HR=0.84,95%CI:0.74-0.97)and cardiovascular mortality(HR=0.79,95%CI:0.60-1.04)risk,while HRs for low and moderate levels of leisure-time physical activity ranged between 0.87 and 0.97 and were not statistically significant.Among females,most effects were similar but more imprecise,especially in the higher occupational physical activity levels.Conclusion Higher levels of leisure-time physical activity were generally associated with lower mortality risks.However,results for workers with moderate and high occupational physical activity levels,especially women,were more imprecise.Our findings suggests that workers may benefit from engaging in high levels of leisure-time physical activity,irrespective of their level of occupational physical activity.展开更多
钱钟书先生《管锥编》考释杜预"《春秋左氏传》序"所述"五情"(微而显、志而晦、婉而成章、尽而不汙、惩恶而劝善)之说。其再释"尽而不汙"意在修正杜预注,然于"汙"字之训诂,却移甲就乙,误采&qu...钱钟书先生《管锥编》考释杜预"《春秋左氏传》序"所述"五情"(微而显、志而晦、婉而成章、尽而不汙、惩恶而劝善)之说。其再释"尽而不汙"意在修正杜预注,然于"汙"字之训诂,却移甲就乙,误采"夸大"之义,有乖"汙"之本意。其于"五情"逻辑关联之理解亦似过单一;而其将"尽而不汙"与英文表达the whole truth,and nothing but the truth相等同,并称"‘五例’者实为‘史家之悬鹄’,非《春秋》所树范",则忽略中国经史交叉的传统与西方以客观事实为基础的不同史观间之差异,颇有架空东西方思想史脉络之嫌。从钱先生此则考证或可得出以下三点启示:其一,为文小题大做以炫博,而所提问题未必是真;其二,广列群书而失精审,所引之文似未详核原书;其三,中西对比宽泛而欠确切,驰想象而缺反思。展开更多
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2021A04013)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82204610)+1 种基金the Qihang Talent Program(L2022046)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(ZZ15-YQ-041 and L2021029).
文摘Background:The medicinal material known as Os Draconis(Longgu)originates from fossilized remains of ancient mammals and is widely used in treating emotional and mental conditions.However,fossil resources are nonrenewable,and clinical demand is increasingly difficult to meet,leading to a proliferation of counterfeit products.During prolonged geological burial,static pressure from the surrounding strata severely compromises the microstructural integrity of osteons in Os Draconis,but Os Draconis still largely retains the structural features of mammalian bone.Methods:Using verified authentic Os Draconis samples over 10,000 years old as a baseline,this study summarizes the ultrastructural characteristics of genuine Os Draconis.Employing electron probe microanalysis and optical polarized light microscopy,we examined 28 batches of authentic Os Draconis and 31 batches of counterfeits to identify their ultrastructural differences.Key points for ultrastructural identification of Os Draconis were compiled,and a new identification approach was proposed based on these differences.Results:Authentic Os Draconis exhibited distinct ultrastructural markers:irregularly shaped osteons with traversing fissures,deformed/displaced Haversian canals,and secondary mineral infill(predominantly calcium carbonate).Counterfeits showed regular osteon arrangements,absent traversal fissures,and homogeneous hydroxyapatite composition.Lab-simulated samples lacked structural degradation features.EPMA confirmed calcium carbonate infill in fossilized Haversian canals,while elemental profiles differentiated lacunae types(void vs.mineral-packed).Conclusion:The study established ultrastructural criteria for authentic Os Draconis identification:osteon deformation,geological fissures penetrating bone units,and heterogenous mineral deposition.These features,unattainable in counterfeits or modern processed bones,provide a cost-effective,accurate identification method.This approach bridges gaps in TCM material standardization and supports quality control for clinical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82204610)Qihang Talent Program(L2022046)+1 种基金the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2021A04013)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(ZZ15-YQ-041 and L2021029).
文摘Background:Cyperi Rhizoma,derived from Cyperus rotundus L.,is a widely used medicinal herb in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),with Shandong Province recognized as its geo-authentic habitat.However,the quality of Cyperi Rhizoma varies significantly across different regions,potentially influencing its therapeutic efficacy.This study investigates the influence of geographic origin on the chemical composition and overall quality of Cyperi Rhizoma.Methods:A comprehensive approach,including traditional quality assessment,GC-MS(g as c hromatography-m ass s pectrometry),RP-HPLC(r everse p hase h igh-p erformance l iquid c hromatography),and FT-IR(f ourier t ransform i nfrared s pectroscopy)techniques,was employed to analyze Cyperi Rhizoma samples from Shandong Province.These methods examined the physical appearance,chemical profile,and content variations,particularly focusing onα-cyperone.Results:Traditional quality assessments revealed noticeable differences in the external characteristics of the samples.GC-MS analysis identified a variety of unique chemical constituents,while RP-HPLC and FT-IR showed significant variations inα-cyperone content,with higher levels found in Shandong samples.Conclusion:These results demonstrate that geographic origin is a critical determinant of Cyperi Rhizoma quality,with Shandong specimens exhibiting superiorα-cyperone levels and characteristic phytochemical profiles.This validates the geo-authenticity concept in TCM and provides actionable data for developing evidence-based quality standards,suggesting that provenance should be prioritized in medicinal material selection and pharmacopeial specifications.
基金The authors would like to thank the Vice-chancellor of Research at the Universidad Militar Nueva Granada for the opportunity to develop project INV-ING-3966.
文摘Watersheds play a fundamental role in the hydrological cycle because of their contributions to the water regulation of essential tributaries for ecosystems.However,the balance between soil and climatological components of these watersheds has been altered by human activities,which directly impacts them through changes in land use.In Colombia,the lack of control over land-use in watersheds has affected the water regulation services of important tributaries,such as the Onzaga River,whose waters are mainly used for agricultural activities.For this reason,this study aims to evaluate how changes in land use in the basin affected the capacity of water regulation.For this,a statistical correlation analysis was conducted between the Water Regulation Index(WRI)and vegetation cover areas from 1985 to 2023.The study results indicate that the expansion of the anthropogenic vegetation covers,such as agriculture parches and grasslands,replacing different types of forests,and producing an adverse effect on the water regulation capacity for the basin.This demonstrated its decrease along with an increase in its variability,indicating that,in addition to its degradation,there is a greater irregularity in this ecosystem service.In conclusion,correlation analysis indicates that 93%of the change in water regulation regime is explained by the contraction of forest cover and the expansion of agricultural areas,degraded lands,and urban development.This study confirms the importance of preserving native vegetation cover in the watershed,especially in areas adjacent to watercourses with riparian forests.
文摘This study examines the molecular and isotopic composition of 193 gas samples collected from oil and gas fields across Colombia's onshore basins with active hydrocarbon production.Comparative analyses were conducted on both isotopic and molecular compositions across the Lower Magdalena Basin(LMB),Middle Magdalena Basin(MMB),Upper Magdalena Basin(UMB),Putumayo Cagu an Basin(PUTCAB),Catatumbo Basin(CATB),Eastern Llanos Basin(LLAB),and Eastern Cordillera Basin(ECB).The primary objectives were to classify the gases produced,characterize their origins,assess transformation processes such as biodegradation and migration,and analyze the statistical distribution patterns of their components.This geochemical characterization aims to support the discovery of new reserves for both natural gas(NG)and liquefied petroleum gas(LPG),given Colombia's potential risk of diminished energy selfsufficiency in gas resources.The basins under study produce dry gas,wet gas,and liquefied petroleum gas(LPG/C_(3+)),all associated with oil and gas fields of commercial hydrocarbon production.Notably,the LLAB contains the highest proportions of heavy isotopic carbon and C_(3+)(LPG)concentrations,whereas LMB is characterized by isotopically lighter methane,indicative of dry gas predominance.Results suggest a predominantly thermogenic origin for the gases studied,generated within the oil and gas windows,with several samples originating from secondary oil cracking,while some samples from LMB display a likely biogenic origin.Additionally,evidence of gas migration and biodegradation was observed in a significant subset of samples.The analysis of statistical distributions and compositional trends reveals a prevalent high methane content,with substantial C_(2)-C_(5)(C_(2+))gas concentrations across all basins studied.This composition underscores the potential for both natural gas(NG)and LPG production.The C_(3+)(LPG)content varies between 1%and 92%,with 35%of the samples containing less than 5%LPG.High original gas-in-place(OGIP)volumes and substantial LPG content in the Eastern Llanos foothills,encompassing fields such as Cusiana and Cupiagua,highlight the prospective potential of this region.Near-field exploration could further add reserves of both NG and LPG.
基金The Trùndelag Health Study (HUNT) is a collaboration between HUNT Research Centre (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Trùndelag County Council, Central Norway Regional Health Authority, and the Norwegian Institute of Public HealthThe coordination of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition - Spain study (EPIC) is financially supported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)+7 种基金by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)supported by Health Research Fund (FIS) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andaluc 1a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain)funded by The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and DevelopmentZon Mw (Grant No.: 531-00141-3)Funding for the SHIP study has been provided by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBFidentification codes 01 ZZ96030, 01 ZZ0103, and 01 ZZ0701)support from the Swedish Research Council (2018-02527 and 2019-00193)financed by the Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and by the State of Bavaria.
文摘Background There is insufficient evidence to provide recommendations for leisure-time physical activity among workers across various occupational physical activity levels.This study aimed to assess the association of leisure-time physical activity with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality across occupational physical activity levels.Methods This study utilized individual participant data from 21 cohort studies,comprising both published and unpublished data.Eligibility criteria included individual-level data on leisure-time and occupational physical activity(categorized as sedentary,low,moderate,and high)along with data on all-cause and/or cardiovascular mortality.A 2-stage individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted,with separate analysis of each study using Cox proportional hazards models(Stage 1).These results were combined using random-effects models(Stage 2).Results Higher leisure-time physical activity levels were associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk across most occupational physical activity levels,for both males and females.Among males with sedentary work,high compared to sedentary leisure-time physical activity was associated with lower all-cause(hazard ratios(HR)=0.77,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.70-0.85)and cardiovascular mortality(HR=0.76,95%CI:0.66-0.87)risk.Among males with high levels of occupational physical activity,high compared to sedentary leisure-time physical activity was associated with lower all-cause(HR=0.84,95%CI:0.74-0.97)and cardiovascular mortality(HR=0.79,95%CI:0.60-1.04)risk,while HRs for low and moderate levels of leisure-time physical activity ranged between 0.87 and 0.97 and were not statistically significant.Among females,most effects were similar but more imprecise,especially in the higher occupational physical activity levels.Conclusion Higher levels of leisure-time physical activity were generally associated with lower mortality risks.However,results for workers with moderate and high occupational physical activity levels,especially women,were more imprecise.Our findings suggests that workers may benefit from engaging in high levels of leisure-time physical activity,irrespective of their level of occupational physical activity.
文摘钱钟书先生《管锥编》考释杜预"《春秋左氏传》序"所述"五情"(微而显、志而晦、婉而成章、尽而不汙、惩恶而劝善)之说。其再释"尽而不汙"意在修正杜预注,然于"汙"字之训诂,却移甲就乙,误采"夸大"之义,有乖"汙"之本意。其于"五情"逻辑关联之理解亦似过单一;而其将"尽而不汙"与英文表达the whole truth,and nothing but the truth相等同,并称"‘五例’者实为‘史家之悬鹄’,非《春秋》所树范",则忽略中国经史交叉的传统与西方以客观事实为基础的不同史观间之差异,颇有架空东西方思想史脉络之嫌。从钱先生此则考证或可得出以下三点启示:其一,为文小题大做以炫博,而所提问题未必是真;其二,广列群书而失精审,所引之文似未详核原书;其三,中西对比宽泛而欠确切,驰想象而缺反思。
