Additive manufacturing (AM) of zinc-based biodegradable materials is a hot research topic,especially for bone-scaffold applications,because of the moderate degradation rate,good biocompatibility,and suitable mechanica...Additive manufacturing (AM) of zinc-based biodegradable materials is a hot research topic,especially for bone-scaffold applications,because of the moderate degradation rate,good biocompatibility,and suitable mechanical properties of these materials.Furthermore,AM enables the fabrication of complex internal structures suitable for implants.Literature on the AM of degradable zinc-based biomaterials from the Web of Science Core Collection was evaluated in this review.The bibliometric tool CiteSpace was used to analyze historical characteristics,evolving research topics,and emerging trends in this field.Our research results predict that the composition,processing techniques,in vitro biocompatibility,and manufacturing quality of biodegradable AM zinc-basedmaterials will continue to be hot topics in recent years.To address implant requirements,particularly for bone-repair materials,the mechanical properties of materials (including the resistance to degradation,creep,and aging),degradation rates,in-vivo biocompatibility,and specialized processing techniques that affect these properties (such as coating processes,heat treatments,material surface structures,and micros truc tural compositions) will become hot research topics in the future.We propose future research directions based on an in-depth analysis of four main topics of AM biodegradable zinc-based materials (manufacturing quality,material composition,unit configuration,and biocompatibility).The findings provide important guidance for future theoretical research and industrial development of AM zinc-based biomaterials.展开更多
Zinc-based batteries(ZBBs)have garnered significant attention in the field of energy storage and conversion owing to their exceptional advantages,including high energy density,intrinsic environmental benignity,low mat...Zinc-based batteries(ZBBs)have garnered significant attention in the field of energy storage and conversion owing to their exceptional advantages,including high energy density,intrinsic environmental benignity,low material cost,as well as enhanced safety characteristics.Nevertheless,several critical challenges persist,predominantly the propensity for dendrite growth,inherent kinetic limitations,deleterious electrode side reactions,and perplexing shuttle effects,which collectively impede the practical implementation and commercial viability of ZBBs.In this context,fibers fabricated via electrospinning technology exhibit remarkable advantages in terms of enhanced specific surface area,improved electrical conductivity,and superior mechanical integrity,while also affording optimized pore structures.These unique features render electrospinning fibers particularly promising for addressing the key issues that limit ZBBs performance,including energy density,charge/discharge rate capabilities,and cycling stability.So,it is very necessary to summarize electrospinning technology application in ZBBs.This paper firstly analyzes the fundamental mechanisms and inherent challenges of ZBBs including zincion,zinc-air,and zinc-halide batteries.Subsequently,the application of electrospinning fiber structures in anodes,cathodes,separators,and electrolytes optimization for ZBBs is summarized.Finally,the prospect of electrospinning technology in ZBBs is envisioned,and existing challenges are presented for its further application.展开更多
Zinc-based batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their inherent safety,notable cost-effectiveness and consistent performance,etc.However,the advancement of zinc-based battery technology encounters signi...Zinc-based batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their inherent safety,notable cost-effectiveness and consistent performance,etc.However,the advancement of zinc-based battery technology encounters significant challenges,including the formation of zinc dendrites and irreversible side reactions.Separators are vital in batteries due to their role in preventing electrode contact and facilitating rapid movement of ions within the electrolyte.The incorporation of cellulose in batteries enables uniform ion transport and a stable electricfield,attributed to its excellent hydrophilicity,strong mechanical strength,and abundant active sites.Herein,the latest research progress of cellulose-based separators on various zinc-based batteries is systematically summarized.To begin with,the accomplishments and inherent limitations of traditional sep-arators are clarified.Next,it underscores the advantages of cellulose-based materials in battery technology,thoroughly examining their utilization and merits as separators in zinc-based batteries.Lastly,the review offers prospective insights into the future trajectory of cellulose-based separators in zinc-based batteries.Through a comprehensive analysis of the present landscape,the review establishes a framework for the future design and enhancement of cellulose-based separators,thereby fostering the progression of associated industries.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-based batteries are emerging as highly promising alternatives to commercially successful lithium-ion batteries,particularly for large-scale energy storage in power stations.Phosphate cathodes have garnere...Aqueous zinc-based batteries are emerging as highly promising alternatives to commercially successful lithium-ion batteries,particularly for large-scale energy storage in power stations.Phosphate cathodes have garnered significant research interest owing to their adjustable operation potential,electrochemical stability,high theoretical capacity,and environmental robustness.However,their application is impeded by various challenges,and research progress is hindered by unclear mechanisms.In this review,the various categories of phosphate materials as zinc-based battery cathodes are first summarized according to their structure and their corresponding electrochemical performance.Then,the current advances to reveal the Zn^(2+)storage mechanisms in phosphate cathodes by using advanced characterization techniques are discussed.Finally,some critical perspectives on the characterization techniques used in zinc-based batteries and the application potential of phosphates are provided.This review aims to guide researchers toward advanced characterization technologies that can address key challenges,thereby accelerating the practical application of phosphate cathodes in zinc-based batteries for large-scale energy storage.展开更多
While nuclear energy represents a low-carbon and high-efficiency energy source that plays a vital role in the global energy mix,the limitations of spent fuel reprocessing technology pose a major challenge to its susta...While nuclear energy represents a low-carbon and high-efficiency energy source that plays a vital role in the global energy mix,the limitations of spent fuel reprocessing technology pose a major challenge to its sustainable development.The PUREX(plutonium uranium redox extraction)process is currently the dominant nuclear fuel reprocessing technology in the world.However,the key extractant in this process is tributyl phosphate(TBP),which degrades under intense radiation,high temperatures,and strong acidity.This leads to the production of dibutyl phosphate,monobutyl phosphate,and other degradation byproducts,which may reduce the extraction efficiency and trigger third-phase formation and equipment corrosion.This paper systematically reviews the degradation mechanisms of TBP and its diluents,the analytical technique suitable for characterizing degradation products,and the impact of degradation products on the post-treatment process.Additionally,optimization strategies employed for suppressing third-phase formation are discussed.This study offers a theoretical foundation and technical insights in optimizing the PUREX process and ensuring the safe operation of the post-treatment process.展开更多
For India to achieve elimination by 2030,the challenges posed by Plasmodium(P.)vivax cannot be overlooked owing to its burden and unique biology.In 2023,in India,about 224000 malaria cases were reported,and a signific...For India to achieve elimination by 2030,the challenges posed by Plasmodium(P.)vivax cannot be overlooked owing to its burden and unique biology.In 2023,in India,about 224000 malaria cases were reported,and a significant proportion(40%)were P.vivax cases.In P.vivax infection,the persistence of dormant liver stage of parasite,i.e.,hypnozoites,leading to relapses weeks or months later poses challenge in its elimination.展开更多
Waterborne acrylic coatings are widely utilized due to their cost-effectiveness,high transparency,strong resistance to weather and chemicals,impressive mechanical properties,and excellent adhesion to various substrate...Waterborne acrylic coatings are widely utilized due to their cost-effectiveness,high transparency,strong resistance to weather and chemicals,impressive mechanical properties,and excellent adhesion to various substrates.In these coatings,a reactive emulsifier containing phosphate groups can be integrated into the molecular chain during polymerization,which enhances the coating's compactness and corrosion resistance.This work focuses on the synthesis of styrene-butyl acrylate(St-BA)latex and methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate(MMA-BA)latex using the reactive phosphate emulsifier ANPEO_(10)-P_(1) through seed emulsion polymerization,achieving a conversion rate of approximately 99%and a solid content close to 50%.The resulting coatings from St-BA and MMA-BA latexes demonstrated long-term corrosion protection for carbon steel and aluminum alloy due to in-situ phosphatization,effectively preventing flash rust.Notably,the MMA-BA coating exhibited remarkable durability,enduring immersion for up to 1224 h(51 d)on Q 235 carbon steel before reaching the failure threshold(|Z|0.01 Hz£106Ω·cm^(2))on Q 235 carbon steel.On 5052 aluminum alloy,the St-BA coating maintained|Z|0.01 Hz>10^(8)Ω·cm^(2) for 480 h(20 d).Furthermore,the corrosion resistance of St-BA and MMA BA coatings on Q 235 steel sheet and 5052 aluminum alloy surpassed that of commercially available MMA-BA and St BA coatings after immersion in a 3.5 wt%NaCl aqueous solution.This work also delves into the anticorrosion mechanism of MMA-BA and St-BA coatings.展开更多
Phospahting coated WE43 magnesium alloy was prepared by an immersion method. The microstructure, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of the coated alloy were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） an...Phospahting coated WE43 magnesium alloy was prepared by an immersion method. The microstructure, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of the coated alloy were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） were used to examine the microstructure and the composition of the coated alloy. The corrosion resistance was studied by means of potentiodynamic polarization method and the biocompatibility of the surface modified WE43 alloy was evaluated by （3-（4,5）-Dimethylthiazol-2, yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） and hemolysis test. The results show that the phosphating coating can enhance the corrosion resistance of WE43 alloy and can be a good candidate to increase the biocompatibility of WE43 alloy.展开更多
Silicate sol post-treatment was applied to form a complete composite coating on the phosphated zinc layer. The chemical compositions of the coatings were investigated using XPS. The coated samples were firstly scratch...Silicate sol post-treatment was applied to form a complete composite coating on the phosphated zinc layer. The chemical compositions of the coatings were investigated using XPS. The coated samples were firstly scratched and then exposed to the neutral salt spray(NSS) chamber for different time. The microstructure and chemical compositions of the scratches were studied using SEM and EDS. And the non-scratched coated samples were compared. The self-healing mechanism of the composite coatings was discussed. The results show that during corrosion, the self-healing ions in composite coatings dissolve, diffuse and transfer to the scratches or the defects, and then recombine with Zn2+ to form insoluble compound, which deposits and covers the exposed zinc. The corrosion products on the scratches contain silicon, phosphorous, oxygen, chloride and zinc, and they are compact, fine, needle and flake, effectively inhibiting the corrosion formation and expansion of the exposed zinc layer. The composite coatings have good self-healing ability.展开更多
Hydroxylamine sulfate （HAS） and sodium nitrite are used as the accelerators for zinc phos- phate coating on high carbon steel. Phase evolution of phosphate coating was investigated by X-ray diffraction. It is found ...Hydroxylamine sulfate （HAS） and sodium nitrite are used as the accelerators for zinc phos- phate coating on high carbon steel. Phase evolution of phosphate coating was investigated by X-ray diffraction. It is found that the phosphating coatings are mainly composed of hopeite Zn3Fe（PO4）2.4H2O and phosphophyllite Zn2Fe（PO4）2.4H2O. The microstructural changes of the phosphate coating, as a function of phosphating time, were evaluated by scanning elec- tron microscopy. Four-ball friction experiments reveal that hydroxylamine sulfate instead of sodium nitrite can effectively reduce the friction coefficient of lubricated phosphating coat- ing. Therefore, it may be expected that HAS will be widely used as a fast and ECO-friendly accelerator in phosphate industry.展开更多
To improve the corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings, the phosphated hot-dip galvanized (HDG) steel was post-sealed with cerium nitrate solution. The morphology, composition, corrosion resistance of the coatings ...To improve the corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings, the phosphated hot-dip galvanized (HDG) steel was post-sealed with cerium nitrate solution. The morphology, composition, corrosion resistance of the coatings was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and neutral salt spray (NSS) tests. The results show that after post-sealing the phosphated HDG samples with cerium nitrate solution, the pores among the zinc phosphate crystals are sealed by the compounds containing phosphorus, oxygen and cerium; the zinc phosphate crystals are covered by the flocculent cerium compounds; and the continuous composite coatings are formed on HDG steel. The corrosion resistance of the composite coatings, which increases with the increase in phosphating time and cerium nitrate post-sealing time, is far higher than that of the single phosphate coatings. The composite coatings with the optimal corrosion resistance are obtained for phosphating 300 s and post-sealing 300 s; and the corrosion resistance is more outstanding than that of the chromate coatings.展开更多
Zinc phosphate coating formed on 6061-A1 alloy was studied with the help of electrochemical measurements, Fourier Transform Infrared （FTIR）, and Scanning Electron Microscopy （SEM）, after dipping it in phosphating ...Zinc phosphate coating formed on 6061-A1 alloy was studied with the help of electrochemical measurements, Fourier Transform Infrared （FTIR）, and Scanning Electron Microscopy （SEM）, after dipping it in phosphating solutions containing different concentrations of Rare Earth Nitrate （REN）. REN, which acted as an accelerator in the phosphating solution, could catalyze the surface reaction and accelerate the phosphating process. REN mainly enabled the P in the phosphate coating to exist in the form of PO4^3- and promoted the hydrolysis of phosphatic acid in a liquid layer at the cathodes. This resulted in the evolution of H2 at the cathodes, which increased the local pH value and in turn drove the precipitation of the phosphate coating. Additionally, REN was adsorbed on the surface of the aluminum substrates to form a gel during the phosphating process. These gel particles were good crystal seeds, which helped to form phosphate crystal nuclei and possess the function of a nucleation agent that could decrease the phosphate crystal size. The corrosion resistance of the formed zinc phosphate coatings was improved.展开更多
The phosphated and cerium nitrate post-sealed galvanized steel was firstly scratched to expose zinc layer and then placed in neutral salt spray （NSS） chamber for different durations. The microstructure and compositi...The phosphated and cerium nitrate post-sealed galvanized steel was firstly scratched to expose zinc layer and then placed in neutral salt spray （NSS） chamber for different durations. The microstructure and compositions of the scratches were investigated using SEM and EDS. The phases of the corrosion products were examined through XRD. The self-healing mechanism of the composite coatings was discussed. The experimental results show that the composite coatings have an excellent corrosion resistance. The corrosion products increase with corrosion time and finally cover the whole scratch. They contain phosphorous, cerium, oxygen, chloride and zinc, and are fine needle and exceedingly compact. The composite coatings are favorable self-healing. During corrosion, the self-healing ions such as Ce3＋, Ce4＋, PO43-, Zn2＋ in the composite coatings were dissolved, migrated, recombined, and covered the exposed zinc, impeding zinc corrosion. The self-healing process of the scratches on the composite coatings can be divided into three stages, about 2 h, 4 h, and 24 h, respectively.展开更多
The corrosion behavior of a NdFeB magnet obtained at room temperature,with and without ultrasonic were investigated.The corrosion resistance was investigated by corrosion immersion tests in 3 wt%neutral NaCl solutions...The corrosion behavior of a NdFeB magnet obtained at room temperature,with and without ultrasonic were investigated.The corrosion resistance was investigated by corrosion immersion tests in 3 wt%neutral NaCl solutions,potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).The morphology of the conversion coatings on NdFeB surface were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).And the forming mechanism of coatings was studied by potential-time curves.The tests of corrosion resistances show that the combination of phosphating treatment with ultrasonic will further improve the corrosion resistance of the NdFeB.The SEM also confirms that phosphating coating under ultrasonic is more homogeneous and compact.展开更多
Zinc phosphate coatings formed on 6061-Al alloy, after dipping in phosphating solutions containing different amounts of Y2O3（yttrium oxide）, were studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （...Zinc phosphate coatings formed on 6061-Al alloy, after dipping in phosphating solutions containing different amounts of Y2O3（yttrium oxide）, were studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and electrochemical measurements. Significant variations in the morphology and corrosion resistance afforded by zinc phosphate coating were especially observed as Y2O3 in phosphating solution varied from 0 to 40 mg/L. The addition of Y2O3 changed the initial potential of the interface between aluminum alloy substrate and phosphating solution and increased the number of nucleation sites. The phosphate coating thereby was less porous structure and covered the surface of aluminum alloy completely within short phosphating time. Phosphate coating was mainly composed of Zn3（PO4）2·4H2O （hopeite） and AlPO4（aluminum phosphate）. Y2O3, as an additive of phosphatization, accelerated precipitation and refined the gain size of phosphate coating. The corrosion resistance of zinc phosphate coating in 3% NaCl solution was improved as shown by polarization measurement. In the present research, the optimal amount of Y2O3 was 10-20 mg/L, and the optimal phosphating time was 600 s.展开更多
The development of wearable electronic systems has generated increasing demand for flexible power sources.Alkaline zinc(Zn)-based batteries,as one of the most mature energy storage technologies,have been considered as...The development of wearable electronic systems has generated increasing demand for flexible power sources.Alkaline zinc(Zn)-based batteries,as one of the most mature energy storage technologies,have been considered as a promising power source owing to their exceptional safety,low costs,and outstanding electrochemical performance.However,the conventional alkaline Zn-based battery systems face many challenges associated with electrodes and electrolytes,causing low capacity,poor cycle life,and inferior mechanical performance.Recent advances in materials and structure design have enabled the revisitation of the alkaline Zn-based battery technology for applications in flexible electronics.Herein,we summarize the up-to-date works in flexible alkaline Zn-based batteries and analyze the strategies employed to improve battery performance.Firstly,we introduce the three most reported cathode materials(including Ag-based,Ni-based,and Co-based materials)for flexible alkaline Zn-based batteries.Then,challenges and modifications in battery anodes are investigated.Thirdly,the recently advanced gel electrolytes are introduced from their properties,functions as well as advanced fabrications.Finally,recent works and the advantages of sandwich-type,fiber-type and thin film-type flexible batteries are summarized and compared.This review provides insights and guidance for the design of high-performance flexible Zn-based batteries for next-generation electronics.展开更多
The corrosion behavior of coatings of pure zinc and Zn-Al,Zn-Al-RE alloys in NaCl solu- tions was studied by salt-spray experiments,even corrosion experiments and electrochemical measurements of bi-directional polariz...The corrosion behavior of coatings of pure zinc and Zn-Al,Zn-Al-RE alloys in NaCl solu- tions was studied by salt-spray experiments,even corrosion experiments and electrochemical measurements of bi-directional polarization curves and a.c.impedance in weak polarization region consistent regularities were obtained by these different methods,viz.,the corrosion resistance of Zn could be enhanced by alloying it with Al,and particularly with Al-RE.The causes of enhancement of corrosion resistance by RE were also discussed.展开更多
Designing non-noble metal electrocatalysts toward alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)with high performance at a large current density is urgent.Herein,a CoO/CoP heterostructure catalyst(termed POZ)was designed b...Designing non-noble metal electrocatalysts toward alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)with high performance at a large current density is urgent.Herein,a CoO/CoP heterostructure catalyst(termed POZ)was designed by a phosphating strategy.The strong electron transfer on the interface of CoO/CoP was experimentally and theoretically proven.POZ showed a low overpotential of 236 mV at 400 mA/cm^(2),which was 249 mV lower than non-phosphated sample.It also exhibited a remarkable solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 10.5%.In this work,the construction of CoO/CoP interface realized by a simple phosphating strategy could provide an important reference to boost the HER performance on those materials not merely metal oxides.展开更多
Zinc phosphate films were formed on AZ31 magnesium alloy by immersing into a phosphatation bath to enhance the corrosion resistance of AZ31. Different films were prepared by changing the processing parameters such as ...Zinc phosphate films were formed on AZ31 magnesium alloy by immersing into a phosphatation bath to enhance the corrosion resistance of AZ31. Different films were prepared by changing the processing parameters such as immersing time and temperature. The corrosion protection of the coatings was studied by electrochemical measurements such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization curves, and the structure of the films were studied by metalloscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that, the film formed at 80 ℃, 10 min has the highest corrosion resistance. The XRD patterns show that the film consists of hopeite (Zn3(PO4)2·xH2O).展开更多
Base on a vast amount of testing and calculations for the welding thermal cycling curves of different testing points in fusion welding (TIG welding, gas welding) HAZ of zinc-based alloy with low melting points, this p...Base on a vast amount of testing and calculations for the welding thermal cycling curves of different testing points in fusion welding (TIG welding, gas welding) HAZ of zinc-based alloy with low melting points, this paper defines the welding thermal cycle parameters of microstructure stimulation of HAZ by zinc-based alloy fusion welding process. On the principle of which the microstrnct,are and harkness of the testing points in simulation specimens are basically correspondence with that of actual welding HAZ, the microstructure simulation of testing points Tm=370O℃. 305℃) of ZA12 alloy by fusion welding is carried out by the means of omhic-heating welding thermal simulation tester. The study results of the abrasion-resistance of simulation specimens HAZ by fusion welding process indicates that the abmsion-resistance is closely related to the form of eutectoid microstructure in or in the structure.展开更多
基金financially supported by grants from the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No.2023YFB3810100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32471366,12302406,82270535)+2 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Project of JinFeng LaboratoryChongqingChina(No.jfkyjf202203001)
文摘Additive manufacturing (AM) of zinc-based biodegradable materials is a hot research topic,especially for bone-scaffold applications,because of the moderate degradation rate,good biocompatibility,and suitable mechanical properties of these materials.Furthermore,AM enables the fabrication of complex internal structures suitable for implants.Literature on the AM of degradable zinc-based biomaterials from the Web of Science Core Collection was evaluated in this review.The bibliometric tool CiteSpace was used to analyze historical characteristics,evolving research topics,and emerging trends in this field.Our research results predict that the composition,processing techniques,in vitro biocompatibility,and manufacturing quality of biodegradable AM zinc-basedmaterials will continue to be hot topics in recent years.To address implant requirements,particularly for bone-repair materials,the mechanical properties of materials (including the resistance to degradation,creep,and aging),degradation rates,in-vivo biocompatibility,and specialized processing techniques that affect these properties (such as coating processes,heat treatments,material surface structures,and micros truc tural compositions) will become hot research topics in the future.We propose future research directions based on an in-depth analysis of four main topics of AM biodegradable zinc-based materials (manufacturing quality,material composition,unit configuration,and biocompatibility).The findings provide important guidance for future theoretical research and industrial development of AM zinc-based biomaterials.
基金financially supported by the Key Research and Development Project of Hunan Province in China(No.2023GK2028)the Major Basic Research Projects in Hunan Province(No.2024JC0005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Joint Fund Key Program(No.U24A20302)
文摘Zinc-based batteries(ZBBs)have garnered significant attention in the field of energy storage and conversion owing to their exceptional advantages,including high energy density,intrinsic environmental benignity,low material cost,as well as enhanced safety characteristics.Nevertheless,several critical challenges persist,predominantly the propensity for dendrite growth,inherent kinetic limitations,deleterious electrode side reactions,and perplexing shuttle effects,which collectively impede the practical implementation and commercial viability of ZBBs.In this context,fibers fabricated via electrospinning technology exhibit remarkable advantages in terms of enhanced specific surface area,improved electrical conductivity,and superior mechanical integrity,while also affording optimized pore structures.These unique features render electrospinning fibers particularly promising for addressing the key issues that limit ZBBs performance,including energy density,charge/discharge rate capabilities,and cycling stability.So,it is very necessary to summarize electrospinning technology application in ZBBs.This paper firstly analyzes the fundamental mechanisms and inherent challenges of ZBBs including zincion,zinc-air,and zinc-halide batteries.Subsequently,the application of electrospinning fiber structures in anodes,cathodes,separators,and electrolytes optimization for ZBBs is summarized.Finally,the prospect of electrospinning technology in ZBBs is envisioned,and existing challenges are presented for its further application.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22304055)Central Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(No.236Z4409G)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.D2023209012,B2022209026)Youth Talent Program of Hebei Province Education Department(No.BJ2025032)Science and Technology Planning Project of Tangshan City(No.22130227H)Youth Scholars Promotion Plan of North China University of Science and Technology(No.QNTJ202306).
文摘Zinc-based batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their inherent safety,notable cost-effectiveness and consistent performance,etc.However,the advancement of zinc-based battery technology encounters significant challenges,including the formation of zinc dendrites and irreversible side reactions.Separators are vital in batteries due to their role in preventing electrode contact and facilitating rapid movement of ions within the electrolyte.The incorporation of cellulose in batteries enables uniform ion transport and a stable electricfield,attributed to its excellent hydrophilicity,strong mechanical strength,and abundant active sites.Herein,the latest research progress of cellulose-based separators on various zinc-based batteries is systematically summarized.To begin with,the accomplishments and inherent limitations of traditional sep-arators are clarified.Next,it underscores the advantages of cellulose-based materials in battery technology,thoroughly examining their utilization and merits as separators in zinc-based batteries.Lastly,the review offers prospective insights into the future trajectory of cellulose-based separators in zinc-based batteries.Through a comprehensive analysis of the present landscape,the review establishes a framework for the future design and enhancement of cellulose-based separators,thereby fostering the progression of associated industries.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52270177)Natural Science Foundation of Shenyang(No.22-315-6-13)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2425035).
文摘Aqueous zinc-based batteries are emerging as highly promising alternatives to commercially successful lithium-ion batteries,particularly for large-scale energy storage in power stations.Phosphate cathodes have garnered significant research interest owing to their adjustable operation potential,electrochemical stability,high theoretical capacity,and environmental robustness.However,their application is impeded by various challenges,and research progress is hindered by unclear mechanisms.In this review,the various categories of phosphate materials as zinc-based battery cathodes are first summarized according to their structure and their corresponding electrochemical performance.Then,the current advances to reveal the Zn^(2+)storage mechanisms in phosphate cathodes by using advanced characterization techniques are discussed.Finally,some critical perspectives on the characterization techniques used in zinc-based batteries and the application potential of phosphates are provided.This review aims to guide researchers toward advanced characterization technologies that can address key challenges,thereby accelerating the practical application of phosphate cathodes in zinc-based batteries for large-scale energy storage.
基金supported by the Youth Talent Project of China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd.(KY24045).
文摘While nuclear energy represents a low-carbon and high-efficiency energy source that plays a vital role in the global energy mix,the limitations of spent fuel reprocessing technology pose a major challenge to its sustainable development.The PUREX(plutonium uranium redox extraction)process is currently the dominant nuclear fuel reprocessing technology in the world.However,the key extractant in this process is tributyl phosphate(TBP),which degrades under intense radiation,high temperatures,and strong acidity.This leads to the production of dibutyl phosphate,monobutyl phosphate,and other degradation byproducts,which may reduce the extraction efficiency and trigger third-phase formation and equipment corrosion.This paper systematically reviews the degradation mechanisms of TBP and its diluents,the analytical technique suitable for characterizing degradation products,and the impact of degradation products on the post-treatment process.Additionally,optimization strategies employed for suppressing third-phase formation are discussed.This study offers a theoretical foundation and technical insights in optimizing the PUREX process and ensuring the safe operation of the post-treatment process.
文摘For India to achieve elimination by 2030,the challenges posed by Plasmodium(P.)vivax cannot be overlooked owing to its burden and unique biology.In 2023,in India,about 224000 malaria cases were reported,and a significant proportion(40%)were P.vivax cases.In P.vivax infection,the persistence of dormant liver stage of parasite,i.e.,hypnozoites,leading to relapses weeks or months later poses challenge in its elimination.
基金Project(52373065)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2220004002898)supported by the Zhuhai Industry University Research Cooperation and Basic and Applied Research Projects,China。
文摘Waterborne acrylic coatings are widely utilized due to their cost-effectiveness,high transparency,strong resistance to weather and chemicals,impressive mechanical properties,and excellent adhesion to various substrates.In these coatings,a reactive emulsifier containing phosphate groups can be integrated into the molecular chain during polymerization,which enhances the coating's compactness and corrosion resistance.This work focuses on the synthesis of styrene-butyl acrylate(St-BA)latex and methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate(MMA-BA)latex using the reactive phosphate emulsifier ANPEO_(10)-P_(1) through seed emulsion polymerization,achieving a conversion rate of approximately 99%and a solid content close to 50%.The resulting coatings from St-BA and MMA-BA latexes demonstrated long-term corrosion protection for carbon steel and aluminum alloy due to in-situ phosphatization,effectively preventing flash rust.Notably,the MMA-BA coating exhibited remarkable durability,enduring immersion for up to 1224 h(51 d)on Q 235 carbon steel before reaching the failure threshold(|Z|0.01 Hz£106Ω·cm^(2))on Q 235 carbon steel.On 5052 aluminum alloy,the St-BA coating maintained|Z|0.01 Hz>10^(8)Ω·cm^(2) for 480 h(20 d).Furthermore,the corrosion resistance of St-BA and MMA BA coatings on Q 235 steel sheet and 5052 aluminum alloy surpassed that of commercially available MMA-BA and St BA coatings after immersion in a 3.5 wt%NaCl aqueous solution.This work also delves into the anticorrosion mechanism of MMA-BA and St-BA coatings.
基金Project(2011AA030103) supported by the National High-tech Research Program of ChinaProject(201001C0104669453) supported by the Guangdong Innovation R&D Team Project,China
文摘Phospahting coated WE43 magnesium alloy was prepared by an immersion method. The microstructure, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of the coated alloy were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） were used to examine the microstructure and the composition of the coated alloy. The corrosion resistance was studied by means of potentiodynamic polarization method and the biocompatibility of the surface modified WE43 alloy was evaluated by （3-（4,5）-Dimethylthiazol-2, yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） and hemolysis test. The results show that the phosphating coating can enhance the corrosion resistance of WE43 alloy and can be a good candidate to increase the biocompatibility of WE43 alloy.
基金Project(2012J05099)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,ChinaProject(YKJ10021R)supported by the Scientific Research Project of Xiamen University of Technology
文摘Silicate sol post-treatment was applied to form a complete composite coating on the phosphated zinc layer. The chemical compositions of the coatings were investigated using XPS. The coated samples were firstly scratched and then exposed to the neutral salt spray(NSS) chamber for different time. The microstructure and chemical compositions of the scratches were studied using SEM and EDS. And the non-scratched coated samples were compared. The self-healing mechanism of the composite coatings was discussed. The results show that during corrosion, the self-healing ions in composite coatings dissolve, diffuse and transfer to the scratches or the defects, and then recombine with Zn2+ to form insoluble compound, which deposits and covers the exposed zinc. The corrosion products on the scratches contain silicon, phosphorous, oxygen, chloride and zinc, and they are compact, fine, needle and flake, effectively inhibiting the corrosion formation and expansion of the exposed zinc layer. The composite coatings have good self-healing ability.
基金This work was supported by the Bengbu Yucheng New Materials Science and Technology Ltd. （No.2012QTXM0375） and the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province （No.1208085QE99）.
文摘Hydroxylamine sulfate （HAS） and sodium nitrite are used as the accelerators for zinc phos- phate coating on high carbon steel. Phase evolution of phosphate coating was investigated by X-ray diffraction. It is found that the phosphating coatings are mainly composed of hopeite Zn3Fe（PO4）2.4H2O and phosphophyllite Zn2Fe（PO4）2.4H2O. The microstructural changes of the phosphate coating, as a function of phosphating time, were evaluated by scanning elec- tron microscopy. Four-ball friction experiments reveal that hydroxylamine sulfate instead of sodium nitrite can effectively reduce the friction coefficient of lubricated phosphating coat- ing. Therefore, it may be expected that HAS will be widely used as a fast and ECO-friendly accelerator in phosphate industry.
文摘To improve the corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings, the phosphated hot-dip galvanized (HDG) steel was post-sealed with cerium nitrate solution. The morphology, composition, corrosion resistance of the coatings was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and neutral salt spray (NSS) tests. The results show that after post-sealing the phosphated HDG samples with cerium nitrate solution, the pores among the zinc phosphate crystals are sealed by the compounds containing phosphorus, oxygen and cerium; the zinc phosphate crystals are covered by the flocculent cerium compounds; and the continuous composite coatings are formed on HDG steel. The corrosion resistance of the composite coatings, which increases with the increase in phosphating time and cerium nitrate post-sealing time, is far higher than that of the single phosphate coatings. The composite coatings with the optimal corrosion resistance are obtained for phosphating 300 s and post-sealing 300 s; and the corrosion resistance is more outstanding than that of the chromate coatings.
基金Project supported by the Henan Natural Science Foundation Program (200460178)
文摘Zinc phosphate coating formed on 6061-A1 alloy was studied with the help of electrochemical measurements, Fourier Transform Infrared （FTIR）, and Scanning Electron Microscopy （SEM）, after dipping it in phosphating solutions containing different concentrations of Rare Earth Nitrate （REN）. REN, which acted as an accelerator in the phosphating solution, could catalyze the surface reaction and accelerate the phosphating process. REN mainly enabled the P in the phosphate coating to exist in the form of PO4^3- and promoted the hydrolysis of phosphatic acid in a liquid layer at the cathodes. This resulted in the evolution of H2 at the cathodes, which increased the local pH value and in turn drove the precipitation of the phosphate coating. Additionally, REN was adsorbed on the surface of the aluminum substrates to form a gel during the phosphating process. These gel particles were good crystal seeds, which helped to form phosphate crystal nuclei and possess the function of a nucleation agent that could decrease the phosphate crystal size. The corrosion resistance of the formed zinc phosphate coatings was improved.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation(No.501408517)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2012J05099)the Pre-research Project of National Natural Science Fund of Xiamen University of Technology(No.XYK201410)
文摘The phosphated and cerium nitrate post-sealed galvanized steel was firstly scratched to expose zinc layer and then placed in neutral salt spray （NSS） chamber for different durations. The microstructure and compositions of the scratches were investigated using SEM and EDS. The phases of the corrosion products were examined through XRD. The self-healing mechanism of the composite coatings was discussed. The experimental results show that the composite coatings have an excellent corrosion resistance. The corrosion products increase with corrosion time and finally cover the whole scratch. They contain phosphorous, cerium, oxygen, chloride and zinc, and are fine needle and exceedingly compact. The composite coatings are favorable self-healing. During corrosion, the self-healing ions such as Ce3＋, Ce4＋, PO43-, Zn2＋ in the composite coatings were dissolved, migrated, recombined, and covered the exposed zinc, impeding zinc corrosion. The self-healing process of the scratches on the composite coatings can be divided into three stages, about 2 h, 4 h, and 24 h, respectively.
基金Research Foundation of The Education Department of Liaoning Province,China(L2010396)Scientific Research Starting Foundation for the DoctorsShenyang University of Technology,China(2008-33)
文摘The corrosion behavior of a NdFeB magnet obtained at room temperature,with and without ultrasonic were investigated.The corrosion resistance was investigated by corrosion immersion tests in 3 wt%neutral NaCl solutions,potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).The morphology of the conversion coatings on NdFeB surface were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).And the forming mechanism of coatings was studied by potential-time curves.The tests of corrosion resistances show that the combination of phosphating treatment with ultrasonic will further improve the corrosion resistance of the NdFeB.The SEM also confirms that phosphating coating under ultrasonic is more homogeneous and compact.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (200510476009)
文摘Zinc phosphate coatings formed on 6061-Al alloy, after dipping in phosphating solutions containing different amounts of Y2O3（yttrium oxide）, were studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and electrochemical measurements. Significant variations in the morphology and corrosion resistance afforded by zinc phosphate coating were especially observed as Y2O3 in phosphating solution varied from 0 to 40 mg/L. The addition of Y2O3 changed the initial potential of the interface between aluminum alloy substrate and phosphating solution and increased the number of nucleation sites. The phosphate coating thereby was less porous structure and covered the surface of aluminum alloy completely within short phosphating time. Phosphate coating was mainly composed of Zn3（PO4）2·4H2O （hopeite） and AlPO4（aluminum phosphate）. Y2O3, as an additive of phosphatization, accelerated precipitation and refined the gain size of phosphate coating. The corrosion resistance of zinc phosphate coating in 3% NaCl solution was improved as shown by polarization measurement. In the present research, the optimal amount of Y2O3 was 10-20 mg/L, and the optimal phosphating time was 600 s.
基金financial support from the Australian Research Council(LP1900113)。
文摘The development of wearable electronic systems has generated increasing demand for flexible power sources.Alkaline zinc(Zn)-based batteries,as one of the most mature energy storage technologies,have been considered as a promising power source owing to their exceptional safety,low costs,and outstanding electrochemical performance.However,the conventional alkaline Zn-based battery systems face many challenges associated with electrodes and electrolytes,causing low capacity,poor cycle life,and inferior mechanical performance.Recent advances in materials and structure design have enabled the revisitation of the alkaline Zn-based battery technology for applications in flexible electronics.Herein,we summarize the up-to-date works in flexible alkaline Zn-based batteries and analyze the strategies employed to improve battery performance.Firstly,we introduce the three most reported cathode materials(including Ag-based,Ni-based,and Co-based materials)for flexible alkaline Zn-based batteries.Then,challenges and modifications in battery anodes are investigated.Thirdly,the recently advanced gel electrolytes are introduced from their properties,functions as well as advanced fabrications.Finally,recent works and the advantages of sandwich-type,fiber-type and thin film-type flexible batteries are summarized and compared.This review provides insights and guidance for the design of high-performance flexible Zn-based batteries for next-generation electronics.
文摘The corrosion behavior of coatings of pure zinc and Zn-Al,Zn-Al-RE alloys in NaCl solu- tions was studied by salt-spray experiments,even corrosion experiments and electrochemical measurements of bi-directional polarization curves and a.c.impedance in weak polarization region consistent regularities were obtained by these different methods,viz.,the corrosion resistance of Zn could be enhanced by alloying it with Al,and particularly with Al-RE.The causes of enhancement of corrosion resistance by RE were also discussed.
基金the financial support from the Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project(Nos.2017TP1001,2020JJ4710)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11764018)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(No.20202ACBL211004)Changsha Science and Technology Plan(No.kq1801079)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21776317).
文摘Designing non-noble metal electrocatalysts toward alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)with high performance at a large current density is urgent.Herein,a CoO/CoP heterostructure catalyst(termed POZ)was designed by a phosphating strategy.The strong electron transfer on the interface of CoO/CoP was experimentally and theoretically proven.POZ showed a low overpotential of 236 mV at 400 mA/cm^(2),which was 249 mV lower than non-phosphated sample.It also exhibited a remarkable solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 10.5%.In this work,the construction of CoO/CoP interface realized by a simple phosphating strategy could provide an important reference to boost the HER performance on those materials not merely metal oxides.
基金Project(05GK1006-1) supported by Hunan Province, China
文摘Zinc phosphate films were formed on AZ31 magnesium alloy by immersing into a phosphatation bath to enhance the corrosion resistance of AZ31. Different films were prepared by changing the processing parameters such as immersing time and temperature. The corrosion protection of the coatings was studied by electrochemical measurements such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization curves, and the structure of the films were studied by metalloscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that, the film formed at 80 ℃, 10 min has the highest corrosion resistance. The XRD patterns show that the film consists of hopeite (Zn3(PO4)2·xH2O).
文摘Base on a vast amount of testing and calculations for the welding thermal cycling curves of different testing points in fusion welding (TIG welding, gas welding) HAZ of zinc-based alloy with low melting points, this paper defines the welding thermal cycle parameters of microstructure stimulation of HAZ by zinc-based alloy fusion welding process. On the principle of which the microstrnct,are and harkness of the testing points in simulation specimens are basically correspondence with that of actual welding HAZ, the microstructure simulation of testing points Tm=370O℃. 305℃) of ZA12 alloy by fusion welding is carried out by the means of omhic-heating welding thermal simulation tester. The study results of the abrasion-resistance of simulation specimens HAZ by fusion welding process indicates that the abmsion-resistance is closely related to the form of eutectoid microstructure in or in the structure.
