The goal of this work is to evaluate and to give evidence to innovative and sustainable technologies applied in the construction industry to carry out self-sufficient energy and to use the surplus energy for the produ...The goal of this work is to evaluate and to give evidence to innovative and sustainable technologies applied in the construction industry to carry out self-sufficient energy and to use the surplus energy for the production of hydrogen vector. An architectural integration design along with high technological systems is performed. The intermittency of renewable energy sources along with climatic conditions dependency imposes to store the energy produced, since it is clean and having a big calorific value: the hydrogen vector is currently the better energy carrier. The energy to obtain hydrogen by dissociation of water is supplied by a photovoltaic (PV) system. Through the computations of the annual energy balance between building’s demand and supply energy, it is shown that the extra energy produced by the solar generation system is used also for the hydrogen sustainable mobility. The renewable systems, model’s design and case study are tackled for the bigger one of the Dodecanese islands in the South Aegean Sea: Rhodes (Rodos). The Zero energy building’s integrative design-based approach, applied to the Hotel Buildings type industry is targeted to have new hotels buildings, in the Mediterranean typical warm climate, with zero energy consumption. The designers, authors of this work, have studied a real case or pilot project of an hotel, in the resort formula, suitable to the Greek landscape, showcasing technologies and innovations supporting environmental sustainability, energy efficiency, use of renewable energy, electricity storage by fuel cells that are tools particularly applicable to hotel facility [1]. The feasibility of this case study or pilot project is aligned jointly to the target of Zero Emission and Energy Efficiency EU Policy, as imposed by EU Directives. The strategic position of Rhodes in a geographical point full of sun and wind renewable energy power, enables to ensure the clean energy production, the current interesting development of the hydrogen as energy vector in the buildings [2] and also to satisfy the demand of tourists’ accommodation by having at the same time zero energy costs. Moreover, the presence in the island of the best example worldwide of ancient and sustainable built environment (UNESCO World Heritage site), represents also the best motivation to give witness there of a zero impact environmental urban development through the adoption of these achieved scientific results for a major success of Zero Energy Buildings.展开更多
Conferences and publications on Smart Cities and self-styled ecological buildings such as“Vertical Forests”,“Biophilic”building complexes and other similar are multiplying.But then,in reality,we continue to design...Conferences and publications on Smart Cities and self-styled ecological buildings such as“Vertical Forests”,“Biophilic”building complexes and other similar are multiplying.But then,in reality,we continue to design as we have always done for the last ninety years:with the consolidated rules and formal solutions of international post-modern composition,in its various forms.The only attentions are(and not always)to super-insulate the envelopes,arrange photovoltaic panels on the roofs,make the systems smart and cover the facades and roofs with appropriate green washing.Even in the awareness that human settlements and cities are extremely complex phenomena,mostly determined by economic and social factors,rather than by conscious typological-settlement choices,perhaps the time has come to acknowledge that the traditional paradigms of design must be changed.First of all,the types of settlements must be renewed,because it is through their optimization that the greatest savings in terms of energy and sustainability can be achieved.The research presented here is the application of a ten-year study that involved the development of net Zero Energy Mass Custom Housing(ZEMCH)in specific context in southern Italy.The Innovation and Transparency of Tenders Environmental Compatibility(ITACA)Assessment Protocol,derived from the Green Building Challenge’s GBTool,was used as a design guide,which is normally used for the assessment and judgment of sustainability at the building scale and not of the urban design.The result is a settlement model in which network of pedestrian,cycle and public transport is fully integrated with adjacent urban areas;effective landscaping connects public and private green and kitchen-gardens/orchards everywhere;buildings are made with new semi-underground typologies;net ZEMCHs are made with local,recyclable materials with low impact or positive energy balance;wastewater and rainwater are collected,in-loco phyto-purified and reused;renewable energies(sun,earth,wind)satisfy remaining necessities,with a minimum of plant interventions.展开更多
Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) will become an obligatory energy efficiency standard in Europe. Following to common guidelines in European legislation, the countries investigated technical and economic framework f...Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) will become an obligatory energy efficiency standard in Europe. Following to common guidelines in European legislation, the countries investigated technical and economic framework for the preparation of detailed national technical definition of nZEB. Slovenia accepted the nZEB criteria in early 2015. This paper describes the technical and economic background for identification of economically viable concepts of highly energy efficient apartment building. The highrise demonstration building Eco Silver House revealed that meeting nZEB standards was not an easy task, not so much for technical reasons, but mostly due to the processes, inadequate skills, not fully compliant regulation and insufficient possibilities for interaction between the building and energy networks. Analysis of cost effectiveness showed that the Eco Silver House fulfilled minimal requirements of cost-optimal for apartment building with Net Present Value of 272 EUR/m2 and Primary energy use of 79 kWh/ m2?a in line with the Slovenian national cost optimal study of minimum energy performance requirements from the year 2014. At the time, the requirement of 50% share of renewables in final energy use is not fulfilled, but will be easily reached when EU2020 energy efficiency targets set in the Slovenian Energy Act regarding the RES share in district heating systems and public power grid will be gradually implemented. The demonstration project FP7 EE-HIGHRISE confirms that in spite of the barriers, the nZEB minimum requirements defined on profound theoretical studies can be met in practice.展开更多
To realize the goal of net zero energy building(NZEB),the integration of renewable energy and novel design of buildings is needed.The paths of energy demand reduction and additional energy supply with renewables are s...To realize the goal of net zero energy building(NZEB),the integration of renewable energy and novel design of buildings is needed.The paths of energy demand reduction and additional energy supply with renewables are separated.In this study,those two are merged into one integration.The concept is based on the combination of photovoltaic,thermoelectric modules,energy storage and control algorithms.Five types of building envelope systems,namely PV+TE(S1),Grid+TE(S2),PV+Grid+TE(S3),PV+Battery+TE(S4)and PV+Grid+Battery+TE(S5)are studied,from aspects of energy,economic and environmental(E3)performance.The new envelope systems can achieve thermal load reduction while providing additional cooling/heating supply,which can promote advance of NZEBs.It is found that there is a typical optimum setting of thermal energy load for each one of them with minimum annual power consumption.Except for the S1 system,the rest can realize negative accumulated power consumption in a year-round operation,which means the thermal load of building envelope could be zero.The uniform annual cost for S1 to S5 under interest rate of 0.04 are 19.78,14.77,23.83,60.53,64.94$/m2,respectively.The S5 system has the highest environmental effect with 3.04 t/m2 reduction of CO_(2) over 30 years of operation.展开更多
One of the challenges in construction of nearly and net ZEBs is how to truly achieve the nearly and net energy goals after building occupancy.Traditional building design standards and practices are mostly based on des...One of the challenges in construction of nearly and net ZEBs is how to truly achieve the nearly and net energy goals after building occupancy.Traditional building design standards and practices are mostly based on design performance evaluation,but practices show that many designed nearly/net ZEBs failed to achieve the energy goals after building occupancy.To facilitate the practical achievement of nearly and net ZEBs,recently most of the newly-released ZEB design standards have turned to post-occupancy performance evaluation,posing great challenges to nearly and net ZEB design.However,the detailed challenges have not be comprehensively investigated,and effective optimal design methods which can facilitate the achievement of nearly and net ZEBs under these standards are still absent.In this study,new challenges of nearly and net ZEB design under the post-occupancy performance-based design standards are fully investigated,and a risk-benefit based optimal design method is proposed to facilitate the achievement of nearly and net ZEBs under these standards.The newly-released ZEB standard in China is taken as an example to investigate the challenges and test the proposed method.Results show that nearly and net ZEBs designed using conventional design method have high risk in achieving energy goals under these standards due to high risk in satisfying the requirement regarding non-renewable primary energy consumption after building occupancy.The proposed design method is effective to facilitate achieving energy goals under these standards based on the risk that decision-makers would like to take.展开更多
Energy efficiency improvement in Chinese construction has progressed rapidly over the past two decades.Nearly zero energy buildings(NZEBs),as an integrated solution for energy-efficient construction,have gained signif...Energy efficiency improvement in Chinese construction has progressed rapidly over the past two decades.Nearly zero energy buildings(NZEBs),as an integrated solution for energy-efficient construction,have gained significant attention during China's 13th Five-Year Plan period,with continuous maturation of the technical system.In this study,a research framework built upon the accomplishments of China's National Key Research and Development Program is developed,and an in-depth analysis of the most cutting-edge research is provided by thoroughly reviewing the work conducted earlier.Developing NZEB in China has been categorized into three stages based on the characteristics of technological development:(1)definition and standards,(2)demonstration and promotion,and(3)cross-domain integration.This study discerns four noteworthy development trends by examining comprehensive data spanning the last decade from 100 NZEB and zero energy building.Further,a comprehensive analysis of essential technology advancements in line with these identified trends is performed.The issues and challenges arising from the increased application of renewable energy in the context of China's carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals have also been discussed.Finally,based on this analysis,the challenges and corresponding suggestions for future research directions were proposed to help guide future studies exploring emerging trends in the NZEB field.展开更多
Enhancing the energy efficiency of structures has been a staple of energy policies.The key goal is to slash elec-tricity usage in order to minimize the footprint of houses.This goal is sought by putting restrictions o...Enhancing the energy efficiency of structures has been a staple of energy policies.The key goal is to slash elec-tricity usage in order to minimize the footprint of houses.This goal is sought by putting restrictions on the design specifications with respect to the properties of the raw materials and components as well as the exploitation of sustainable sources of energy.These facts for the basis for zero-energy building(ZEB)being established.This novel technology has faced several obstacles impeding its commercialization and future advancement.This inves-tigation therefore holistically explored and evaluated the state of zero energy building and factors impeding their commercialization.The review further proposed some suggestion in terms of technology that can be considered by the sector to augment existing technologies.Similarly,the investigation touched on the effect of occupant’s character in zero energy structures.Policies in terms of government subsidies and tax rebates were recommended to encourage more investors into the sector.Finally,the perception of zero energy building being more expensive compared to the traditional structures can equally be curbed via efficient and effective public sensitization.展开更多
This paper will discuss two Net Zero Energy homes in the United States.The aim is to discuss the differences and similarities in the construction type,energy use,active and renewable systems of the two homes.While eac...This paper will discuss two Net Zero Energy homes in the United States.The aim is to discuss the differences and similarities in the construction type,energy use,active and renewable systems of the two homes.While each of the homes is designed to achieve net zero site energy use,the design and systems are very different.Furthermore,the measure that is used to qualify a home as net zero energy does not account for the full scope of work on each home.It is suggested that a new set of metrics be developed to allow for a more robust understanding of net zero energy buildings,one that integrates passive design strategies,occupant health and comfort,and durability.The objective is to facilitate a broader understanding of efficient and sustainable residential design.This understanding is critical to bringing Net Zero Energy Buildings to the public.展开更多
Zero energy consumption.The goal sounds simple and is presented excessively in variations all over the world.Energy and environmental politics demand zero consumption as a long-term goal,marketing has discovered the c...Zero energy consumption.The goal sounds simple and is presented excessively in variations all over the world.Energy and environmental politics demand zero consumption as a long-term goal,marketing has discovered the concept and fi rst buildings and settlements aiming at balanced energy or emission budgets have been constructed.As an example,the German Federal Government specifi es in its fi fth energy research programme(2005):For new buildings,the goal is to reduce the primary energy demand,i.e.the energy demand for heating,domestic hot water,ventilation,air-conditioning,lighting and auxiliary energy,again by half compared to the current state of the art.The long-term goal is zero-emission buildings.England and the USA aim for zero carbon developments and net-zero energy buildings(DOE,2009)in political programmes.The Vatican accepted the offer of climatic“indulgence”—and thus became the fi rst country in the world to completely compensate its carbon emission(Spiegel online,2007).Megaprojects in the growth regions of the Arabian Gulf and China advertise with a CO2-neutral balance.A Zero Carbon Community is to be created in Masdar,Abu Dhabi(Foster,2007),and the fi rst Chinese carbon-neutral ecocity was planned for Dongtan,Shanghai(Pearce,2009).Not only to aid international communication,but also to further the processes required to solve energy-related problems,it is essential that key words,central concepts,their usage and their relationships be clarifi ed.This article intends to contribute to this clarifi cation based on the monitored example of a solar estate.Net zero energy building,equilibrium building,carbon neutral city—the accounting method varies,depending on motivation and point of view.If the focus is on fi nite and scarce resources,energy is the currency;CO2-equivalent emissions are considered if global warming and public health is the issue;the cost of energy is what concerns a tenant paying for heating and electricity.A balance in one set of units can be converted to another,but the conversion factors often also shift the balance point.Energy will be used as the reference quantity in the following article,which prevents confusion with non-energy measures(e.g.carbon credits for forestry)and avoids the nuclear power debate,in which nuclear power is partly calculated as being CO2 neutral.The diversity of concepts is an indicator that a scientifi cally based methodology is still lacking,though initial publications focus hereon(Pless et al.2009).Since October 2008,a group of experts in the International Energy Agency has been addressing this issue under the heading,Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings(Riley et al.2008).The goal is to document and analyse outstanding examples that are close to being net zero-energy buildings,and while doing so,to develop the methodology and tools for working with such buildings.The Chair of Technical Building Services,University of Wuppertal,is co-ordinating the methodological work.The zero-energy approach—still under construction—will here be presented using a solar estate as an illustration.展开更多
Temperature and relative humidity are important parameters that can affect the storage of food in a zero energy cool chamber(ZECC).The distributions of average temperature and relative humidity are influenced by facto...Temperature and relative humidity are important parameters that can affect the storage of food in a zero energy cool chamber(ZECC).The distributions of average temperature and relative humidity are influenced by factors such as chamber size,water temperature,load weight and filler thickness.In this research,thermal environment analysis using numerical simulation of biological respiration was conducted for tomatoes stored in a ZECC.The ZECC was composed of inner and outer brick walls,filler(a mixture of sand and zeolite),water between the walls and a shading curtain.The results obtained from the numerical model were compared by setting different values for each factor.The following conclusions are drawn after comparison and analysis of results:(1)the distributions of average temperature and relative humidity are strongly related to the thickness of the filler–a thicker filler causes a lower temperature;(2)the water temperature in the filler exerts little influence on the average temperature and relative humidity;and(3)the lowest temperature and the highest relative humidity can be achieved with a chamber size of 0.6 m and a load weight of 30 kg.In addition,to validate the results of the numerical model,the simulation results are compared with experimental data,which show good agreement.It is confirmed that numerical simulation can be satisfactorily applied to predict the distribution of environmental parameters such as temperature and relative humidity in a cool chamber.展开更多
According to the few researches on Nearly zero energy residential buildings(NZERB)in hot-summer and cold-winter zone,although it could reduce the cooling load of buildings due to its high thermal insulation and air ti...According to the few researches on Nearly zero energy residential buildings(NZERB)in hot-summer and cold-winter zone,although it could reduce the cooling load of buildings due to its high thermal insulation and air tightness,it still needed for certain cooling in summer.This paper studied indoor environment of NZERB un-der three kinds of air-conditioners(split-type air-conditioner,multi-line air-conditioner and ceiling radiant air-conditioner).Firstly,a simulation model of NZERB was established based on Nanjing,a typical city in hot-summer and cold-winter zone.Secondly,variation of indoor air temperature and building load characteristics with outdoor air temperature were studied.Thirdly,indoor environment and energy consumption under three selected con-ventional air-conditioners in summer were simulated.Finally,the discussion was given,and an air-conditioner combining with convective and radiant cooling were proposed.The results indicated that the air-conditioner needed to be turned on in NZERB in hot-summer and cold-winter zone due to the room air temperature in off-air condition ranged from 32℃to 36℃,which was higher than designed indoor environment temperature in sum-mer,but the indoor environment of NZERB under three selected conventional air-conditioners could not meet the requirements of energy saving and comfort at the same time,and a proposed convective-radiant air-conditioner could be fast,stable,and energy saving.The findings can provide a reference for conducting active technology in NZERB.展开更多
In recent years,large high efficiency and Net-Zero Energy Buildings(NZEB)are becoming a reality that are setting construction and energy benchmarks for the industry.As part of this significant effort,in 2018,Mohawk Co...In recent years,large high efficiency and Net-Zero Energy Buildings(NZEB)are becoming a reality that are setting construction and energy benchmarks for the industry.As part of this significant effort,in 2018,Mohawk College opened the 8,981 m^(2)(96,670 ft2)Joyce Centre for Partnership and Innovation(JCPI)building in Hamilton,Ontario;becoming Canada’s largest NZEB and zero-carbon institutional facility.The building integrated a high-efficiency design,construction materials,and technologies;as well as renewable energy technologies to significantly reduce its annual energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.Furthermore,the JCPI building was also designed as a living lab where students,faculty,researchers and industry are able to monitor and validate the performance of this state-of-the-art facility.The building was designed to have an energy use intensity of 73 kWh/m^(2)·year(0.26 GJ/m^(2)·year);hence,potentially consuming approximately 80%less energy than the average educational service building in Ontario.This paper gives an overview of the design criteria and technologies that were considered to achieve this innova-tive building.展开更多
The frequency spectrum of the cosmical Zero Point Energy (ZPE) and its total density are so far unknown in their details. In the present complementary investigation, a revised theory forms the basis for studies of thi...The frequency spectrum of the cosmical Zero Point Energy (ZPE) and its total density are so far unknown in their details. In the present complementary investigation, a revised theory forms the basis for studies of this concept in two respects. It first applies to the observable universe considered as an entity, as well as to included subregions such as the galaxies with supermassive black holes. Second, experiments are proposed on the maximum Casimir force arising between two metal plates of different materials and with a vanishing air gap in their spacing. This serves the purpose of making an indirect determination of the ZPE energy density in the laboratory, i.e. at the Earth’s orbit. The ZPE energy density is interpreted as dark matter density and its pressure gradient as dark energy force density.展开更多
The sustainability objective in the building sector requires that the design of the built environment would address not only the environmental and energy aspects,but also the human dimension of its operation.On the ot...The sustainability objective in the building sector requires that the design of the built environment would address not only the environmental and energy aspects,but also the human dimension of its operation.On the other side,the operative phase of the building covers the longest time in its whole life cycle and thus it is important to evaluate the global quality after the construction taking into consideration the occupants’perspective.At this aim,the paper introduces a new multi-domain approach for studying the global quality of the buildings certified as nearly zero energy and it is applied to verify the feasibility of a case study in Mediterranean climate.The method is based on five criteria about both indoor comfort that energy aspects and it introduces a weighing procedure based on the answers of occupant’s sample about the relative importance of criteria for residential usage.About it,the size and one-vote veto effects of individual factor satisfaction on overall quality are discussed.Results indicate that occupants are more sensible sensitive to indoor air quality and thermo-hygrometric aspects than renewable integration or building energy consumption.The maximum score reached for the analysed nearly zero energy building is 8.4(up to 10)but there is a remarkable variation with the weight attributed to each criterion.展开更多
We establish that ordinary energy, Casimir energy and dark energy are not only interlinked but are basically the same thing separated merely by scale and topology. Casimir energy is essentially a nano scale spacetime ...We establish that ordinary energy, Casimir energy and dark energy are not only interlinked but are basically the same thing separated merely by scale and topology. Casimir energy is essentially a nano scale spacetime phenomenon produced by the boundary condition of the two Casimir plates constituting the Casimir experimental set up for measuring the Casimir force. By contrast dark energy is the result of the cosmic boundary condition, i.e. the boundary of the universe. This one sided M?bius-like boundary located at vast cosmic distance and was comparable only to the Hubble radius scales of the universe. All the Casimir energy spreads out until the majority of it reaches the vicinity of the edge of the cosmos. According to a famous theorem due to the Ukrainian-Israeli scientist I. Dvoretzky, almost 96% of the total energy will be concentrated at the boundary of the universe, too far away to be measured directly. The rest of the accumulated Casimir energy density is consequently the nearly 4% to 4.5%, the existence of which is confirmed by various sophisticated cosmic measurements and observations. When all is said and done, the work is essentially yet another confirmation of Witten’s T-duality and mirror symmetry bringing nano scale and Hubble scale together in an unexpected magical yet mathematically rigorous way.展开更多
Ammonia(NH_(3))is considered as one of the essential feedstocks in the fertilizer and chemical industries,serving as an ideal zero-carbon energy carrier.The ammonia synthesis process relies on Haber-Bosch process,prim...Ammonia(NH_(3))is considered as one of the essential feedstocks in the fertilizer and chemical industries,serving as an ideal zero-carbon energy carrier.The ammonia synthesis process relies on Haber-Bosch process,primarily involving the reaction between hydrogen(H_(2))and nitrogen(N_(2))at temperatures ranging from 400 to 500℃ and pressures exceeding 100 bar.A global total of 180 million metric tons of ammonia were produced annually in centralized industrial plants through the Haber-Bosch process,which consumes roughly 1% of the global energy supply and contributes over 1.3% of global carbon dioxide emissions[1].展开更多
The first available label standardizing a zero-balanced type of building is the Swiss Standard Minergie-A. The standard prescribes an annual net zero primary energy balance for heating, domestic hot water and ventilat...The first available label standardizing a zero-balanced type of building is the Swiss Standard Minergie-A. The standard prescribes an annual net zero primary energy balance for heating, domestic hot water and ventilation. Electricity consumption for appliances and lighting is excluded. Additionally, Minergie-A is the first standard worldwide which includes a requirement in regard to embodied energy. Based on an analysis of 39 Minergie-A buildings, this paper shows that a wide range of different energy concepts and embodied energy strategies are possible in the scope of the label. The basis of all Minergie-A buildings is a well-insulated building envelope. However, the step from the Swiss Standard Minergie-A to a Net ZEB （net zero energy building） standard which includes electricity consumption for appliances and lighting is not a very big one. Increasing the size of the photovoltaic system is sufficient in most cases. Anyway, some of the Minergie-A buildings evaluated are also Net ZEBs. In this paper, it is also shown that the net zero balance during the operational phase of Net ZEBs clearly outweighs the increased embodied energy for additional materials in a life cycle energy analysis.展开更多
In this thesis, the interal relations between about shear looking, zero energy mode and patch test are studied, and a reasonable method provided for building general element of thick and thin plate with effectual and ...In this thesis, the interal relations between about shear looking, zero energy mode and patch test are studied, and a reasonable method provided for building general element of thick and thin plate with effectual and realiable numerical solution.展开更多
Many displacement-based quadrilateral plate elements based on Mindlin-Reissner plate theory have been proposed to analyze the thin and moderately thick plate problems. However, numerical inaccuracies of some elements ...Many displacement-based quadrilateral plate elements based on Mindlin-Reissner plate theory have been proposed to analyze the thin and moderately thick plate problems. However, numerical inaccuracies of some elements appear since the presence of shear locking and spurious zero energy modes for thin plate problems. To overcome these shortcomings, we employ the large increment method(LIM) for the analyses of the plate bending problems, and propose a force-based 8-node quadrilateral plate(8NQP) element which is based on MindlinReissner plate theory and has no extra spurious zero energy mode. Several benchmark plate bending problems are presented to illustrate the accuracy and convergence of the plate element by comparing with the analytical solutions and displacement-based plate elements. The results show that the 8-node plate element produces fast convergence and accurate stress distributions in both the moderately thick and thin plate bending problems. The plate element is insensitive to mesh distortion and it can avoid the shear locking for thin plate analysis.展开更多
文摘The goal of this work is to evaluate and to give evidence to innovative and sustainable technologies applied in the construction industry to carry out self-sufficient energy and to use the surplus energy for the production of hydrogen vector. An architectural integration design along with high technological systems is performed. The intermittency of renewable energy sources along with climatic conditions dependency imposes to store the energy produced, since it is clean and having a big calorific value: the hydrogen vector is currently the better energy carrier. The energy to obtain hydrogen by dissociation of water is supplied by a photovoltaic (PV) system. Through the computations of the annual energy balance between building’s demand and supply energy, it is shown that the extra energy produced by the solar generation system is used also for the hydrogen sustainable mobility. The renewable systems, model’s design and case study are tackled for the bigger one of the Dodecanese islands in the South Aegean Sea: Rhodes (Rodos). The Zero energy building’s integrative design-based approach, applied to the Hotel Buildings type industry is targeted to have new hotels buildings, in the Mediterranean typical warm climate, with zero energy consumption. The designers, authors of this work, have studied a real case or pilot project of an hotel, in the resort formula, suitable to the Greek landscape, showcasing technologies and innovations supporting environmental sustainability, energy efficiency, use of renewable energy, electricity storage by fuel cells that are tools particularly applicable to hotel facility [1]. The feasibility of this case study or pilot project is aligned jointly to the target of Zero Emission and Energy Efficiency EU Policy, as imposed by EU Directives. The strategic position of Rhodes in a geographical point full of sun and wind renewable energy power, enables to ensure the clean energy production, the current interesting development of the hydrogen as energy vector in the buildings [2] and also to satisfy the demand of tourists’ accommodation by having at the same time zero energy costs. Moreover, the presence in the island of the best example worldwide of ancient and sustainable built environment (UNESCO World Heritage site), represents also the best motivation to give witness there of a zero impact environmental urban development through the adoption of these achieved scientific results for a major success of Zero Energy Buildings.
文摘Conferences and publications on Smart Cities and self-styled ecological buildings such as“Vertical Forests”,“Biophilic”building complexes and other similar are multiplying.But then,in reality,we continue to design as we have always done for the last ninety years:with the consolidated rules and formal solutions of international post-modern composition,in its various forms.The only attentions are(and not always)to super-insulate the envelopes,arrange photovoltaic panels on the roofs,make the systems smart and cover the facades and roofs with appropriate green washing.Even in the awareness that human settlements and cities are extremely complex phenomena,mostly determined by economic and social factors,rather than by conscious typological-settlement choices,perhaps the time has come to acknowledge that the traditional paradigms of design must be changed.First of all,the types of settlements must be renewed,because it is through their optimization that the greatest savings in terms of energy and sustainability can be achieved.The research presented here is the application of a ten-year study that involved the development of net Zero Energy Mass Custom Housing(ZEMCH)in specific context in southern Italy.The Innovation and Transparency of Tenders Environmental Compatibility(ITACA)Assessment Protocol,derived from the Green Building Challenge’s GBTool,was used as a design guide,which is normally used for the assessment and judgment of sustainability at the building scale and not of the urban design.The result is a settlement model in which network of pedestrian,cycle and public transport is fully integrated with adjacent urban areas;effective landscaping connects public and private green and kitchen-gardens/orchards everywhere;buildings are made with new semi-underground typologies;net ZEMCHs are made with local,recyclable materials with low impact or positive energy balance;wastewater and rainwater are collected,in-loco phyto-purified and reused;renewable energies(sun,earth,wind)satisfy remaining necessities,with a minimum of plant interventions.
基金The research presented in this paper is a part of the research and demonstration project FP7 EE-Highrise—Energy efficient demo multi-residential high-rise building supported by the European Commission within the 7th Framework Programme(FP7-2011-NMP-ENV-ENERGY-ICT-EEB)(2013-2015)(www.ee-highrise.eu).
文摘Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) will become an obligatory energy efficiency standard in Europe. Following to common guidelines in European legislation, the countries investigated technical and economic framework for the preparation of detailed national technical definition of nZEB. Slovenia accepted the nZEB criteria in early 2015. This paper describes the technical and economic background for identification of economically viable concepts of highly energy efficient apartment building. The highrise demonstration building Eco Silver House revealed that meeting nZEB standards was not an easy task, not so much for technical reasons, but mostly due to the processes, inadequate skills, not fully compliant regulation and insufficient possibilities for interaction between the building and energy networks. Analysis of cost effectiveness showed that the Eco Silver House fulfilled minimal requirements of cost-optimal for apartment building with Net Present Value of 272 EUR/m2 and Primary energy use of 79 kWh/ m2?a in line with the Slovenian national cost optimal study of minimum energy performance requirements from the year 2014. At the time, the requirement of 50% share of renewables in final energy use is not fulfilled, but will be easily reached when EU2020 energy efficiency targets set in the Slovenian Energy Act regarding the RES share in district heating systems and public power grid will be gradually implemented. The demonstration project FP7 EE-HIGHRISE confirms that in spite of the barriers, the nZEB minimum requirements defined on profound theoretical studies can be met in practice.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFE0193100,No.2021YFE0113500)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.2019kfyXJJS189,No.2020kfyXJJS097)Research Project of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China“Research and Demonstration of Optimal Configuration of Energy Storage System in Nearly Zero Energy Communities”(K20210466).
文摘To realize the goal of net zero energy building(NZEB),the integration of renewable energy and novel design of buildings is needed.The paths of energy demand reduction and additional energy supply with renewables are separated.In this study,those two are merged into one integration.The concept is based on the combination of photovoltaic,thermoelectric modules,energy storage and control algorithms.Five types of building envelope systems,namely PV+TE(S1),Grid+TE(S2),PV+Grid+TE(S3),PV+Battery+TE(S4)and PV+Grid+Battery+TE(S5)are studied,from aspects of energy,economic and environmental(E3)performance.The new envelope systems can achieve thermal load reduction while providing additional cooling/heating supply,which can promote advance of NZEBs.It is found that there is a typical optimum setting of thermal energy load for each one of them with minimum annual power consumption.Except for the S1 system,the rest can realize negative accumulated power consumption in a year-round operation,which means the thermal load of building envelope could be zero.The uniform annual cost for S1 to S5 under interest rate of 0.04 are 19.78,14.77,23.83,60.53,64.94$/m2,respectively.The S5 system has the highest environmental effect with 3.04 t/m2 reduction of CO_(2) over 30 years of operation.
基金supported by a grant(152079/18E)from the Research Grant Council(RGC)of the Hong Kong SAR,China.
文摘One of the challenges in construction of nearly and net ZEBs is how to truly achieve the nearly and net energy goals after building occupancy.Traditional building design standards and practices are mostly based on design performance evaluation,but practices show that many designed nearly/net ZEBs failed to achieve the energy goals after building occupancy.To facilitate the practical achievement of nearly and net ZEBs,recently most of the newly-released ZEB design standards have turned to post-occupancy performance evaluation,posing great challenges to nearly and net ZEB design.However,the detailed challenges have not be comprehensively investigated,and effective optimal design methods which can facilitate the achievement of nearly and net ZEBs under these standards are still absent.In this study,new challenges of nearly and net ZEB design under the post-occupancy performance-based design standards are fully investigated,and a risk-benefit based optimal design method is proposed to facilitate the achievement of nearly and net ZEBs under these standards.The newly-released ZEB standard in China is taken as an example to investigate the challenges and test the proposed method.Results show that nearly and net ZEBs designed using conventional design method have high risk in achieving energy goals under these standards due to high risk in satisfying the requirement regarding non-renewable primary energy consumption after building occupancy.The proposed design method is effective to facilitate achieving energy goals under these standards based on the risk that decision-makers would like to take.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3803300)。
文摘Energy efficiency improvement in Chinese construction has progressed rapidly over the past two decades.Nearly zero energy buildings(NZEBs),as an integrated solution for energy-efficient construction,have gained significant attention during China's 13th Five-Year Plan period,with continuous maturation of the technical system.In this study,a research framework built upon the accomplishments of China's National Key Research and Development Program is developed,and an in-depth analysis of the most cutting-edge research is provided by thoroughly reviewing the work conducted earlier.Developing NZEB in China has been categorized into three stages based on the characteristics of technological development:(1)definition and standards,(2)demonstration and promotion,and(3)cross-domain integration.This study discerns four noteworthy development trends by examining comprehensive data spanning the last decade from 100 NZEB and zero energy building.Further,a comprehensive analysis of essential technology advancements in line with these identified trends is performed.The issues and challenges arising from the increased application of renewable energy in the context of China's carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals have also been discussed.Finally,based on this analysis,the challenges and corresponding suggestions for future research directions were proposed to help guide future studies exploring emerging trends in the NZEB field.
文摘Enhancing the energy efficiency of structures has been a staple of energy policies.The key goal is to slash elec-tricity usage in order to minimize the footprint of houses.This goal is sought by putting restrictions on the design specifications with respect to the properties of the raw materials and components as well as the exploitation of sustainable sources of energy.These facts for the basis for zero-energy building(ZEB)being established.This novel technology has faced several obstacles impeding its commercialization and future advancement.This inves-tigation therefore holistically explored and evaluated the state of zero energy building and factors impeding their commercialization.The review further proposed some suggestion in terms of technology that can be considered by the sector to augment existing technologies.Similarly,the investigation touched on the effect of occupant’s character in zero energy structures.Policies in terms of government subsidies and tax rebates were recommended to encourage more investors into the sector.Finally,the perception of zero energy building being more expensive compared to the traditional structures can equally be curbed via efficient and effective public sensitization.
文摘This paper will discuss two Net Zero Energy homes in the United States.The aim is to discuss the differences and similarities in the construction type,energy use,active and renewable systems of the two homes.While each of the homes is designed to achieve net zero site energy use,the design and systems are very different.Furthermore,the measure that is used to qualify a home as net zero energy does not account for the full scope of work on each home.It is suggested that a new set of metrics be developed to allow for a more robust understanding of net zero energy buildings,one that integrates passive design strategies,occupant health and comfort,and durability.The objective is to facilitate a broader understanding of efficient and sustainable residential design.This understanding is critical to bringing Net Zero Energy Buildings to the public.
文摘Zero energy consumption.The goal sounds simple and is presented excessively in variations all over the world.Energy and environmental politics demand zero consumption as a long-term goal,marketing has discovered the concept and fi rst buildings and settlements aiming at balanced energy or emission budgets have been constructed.As an example,the German Federal Government specifi es in its fi fth energy research programme(2005):For new buildings,the goal is to reduce the primary energy demand,i.e.the energy demand for heating,domestic hot water,ventilation,air-conditioning,lighting and auxiliary energy,again by half compared to the current state of the art.The long-term goal is zero-emission buildings.England and the USA aim for zero carbon developments and net-zero energy buildings(DOE,2009)in political programmes.The Vatican accepted the offer of climatic“indulgence”—and thus became the fi rst country in the world to completely compensate its carbon emission(Spiegel online,2007).Megaprojects in the growth regions of the Arabian Gulf and China advertise with a CO2-neutral balance.A Zero Carbon Community is to be created in Masdar,Abu Dhabi(Foster,2007),and the fi rst Chinese carbon-neutral ecocity was planned for Dongtan,Shanghai(Pearce,2009).Not only to aid international communication,but also to further the processes required to solve energy-related problems,it is essential that key words,central concepts,their usage and their relationships be clarifi ed.This article intends to contribute to this clarifi cation based on the monitored example of a solar estate.Net zero energy building,equilibrium building,carbon neutral city—the accounting method varies,depending on motivation and point of view.If the focus is on fi nite and scarce resources,energy is the currency;CO2-equivalent emissions are considered if global warming and public health is the issue;the cost of energy is what concerns a tenant paying for heating and electricity.A balance in one set of units can be converted to another,but the conversion factors often also shift the balance point.Energy will be used as the reference quantity in the following article,which prevents confusion with non-energy measures(e.g.carbon credits for forestry)and avoids the nuclear power debate,in which nuclear power is partly calculated as being CO2 neutral.The diversity of concepts is an indicator that a scientifi cally based methodology is still lacking,though initial publications focus hereon(Pless et al.2009).Since October 2008,a group of experts in the International Energy Agency has been addressing this issue under the heading,Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings(Riley et al.2008).The goal is to document and analyse outstanding examples that are close to being net zero-energy buildings,and while doing so,to develop the methodology and tools for working with such buildings.The Chair of Technical Building Services,University of Wuppertal,is co-ordinating the methodological work.The zero-energy approach—still under construction—will here be presented using a solar estate as an illustration.
基金the China Scholarship Council,the National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2015BAD18B0301)the Science and Technology Plan Projects of Guangdong-Postharvest Quality Value-added Storage and Energy Saving Technology and Equipment for Litchi and Longan(20170206)the Strong and Innovation Projects of South China Agricultural University-Key Techniques on Energy Saving and Fresh-keeping of Litchi Storage(cold energy accumulation or CA storage)(2017)。
文摘Temperature and relative humidity are important parameters that can affect the storage of food in a zero energy cool chamber(ZECC).The distributions of average temperature and relative humidity are influenced by factors such as chamber size,water temperature,load weight and filler thickness.In this research,thermal environment analysis using numerical simulation of biological respiration was conducted for tomatoes stored in a ZECC.The ZECC was composed of inner and outer brick walls,filler(a mixture of sand and zeolite),water between the walls and a shading curtain.The results obtained from the numerical model were compared by setting different values for each factor.The following conclusions are drawn after comparison and analysis of results:(1)the distributions of average temperature and relative humidity are strongly related to the thickness of the filler–a thicker filler causes a lower temperature;(2)the water temperature in the filler exerts little influence on the average temperature and relative humidity;and(3)the lowest temperature and the highest relative humidity can be achieved with a chamber size of 0.6 m and a load weight of 30 kg.In addition,to validate the results of the numerical model,the simulation results are compared with experimental data,which show good agreement.It is confirmed that numerical simulation can be satisfactorily applied to predict the distribution of environmental parameters such as temperature and relative humidity in a cool chamber.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support from“CAS Key Lab-oratory of Cryogenics,TIPC(Grant No.CRY0201801)”.
文摘According to the few researches on Nearly zero energy residential buildings(NZERB)in hot-summer and cold-winter zone,although it could reduce the cooling load of buildings due to its high thermal insulation and air tightness,it still needed for certain cooling in summer.This paper studied indoor environment of NZERB un-der three kinds of air-conditioners(split-type air-conditioner,multi-line air-conditioner and ceiling radiant air-conditioner).Firstly,a simulation model of NZERB was established based on Nanjing,a typical city in hot-summer and cold-winter zone.Secondly,variation of indoor air temperature and building load characteristics with outdoor air temperature were studied.Thirdly,indoor environment and energy consumption under three selected con-ventional air-conditioners in summer were simulated.Finally,the discussion was given,and an air-conditioner combining with convective and radiant cooling were proposed.The results indicated that the air-conditioner needed to be turned on in NZERB in hot-summer and cold-winter zone due to the room air temperature in off-air condition ranged from 32℃to 36℃,which was higher than designed indoor environment temperature in sum-mer,but the indoor environment of NZERB under three selected conventional air-conditioners could not meet the requirements of energy saving and comfort at the same time,and a proposed convective-radiant air-conditioner could be fast,stable,and energy saving.The findings can provide a reference for conducting active technology in NZERB.
文摘In recent years,large high efficiency and Net-Zero Energy Buildings(NZEB)are becoming a reality that are setting construction and energy benchmarks for the industry.As part of this significant effort,in 2018,Mohawk College opened the 8,981 m^(2)(96,670 ft2)Joyce Centre for Partnership and Innovation(JCPI)building in Hamilton,Ontario;becoming Canada’s largest NZEB and zero-carbon institutional facility.The building integrated a high-efficiency design,construction materials,and technologies;as well as renewable energy technologies to significantly reduce its annual energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.Furthermore,the JCPI building was also designed as a living lab where students,faculty,researchers and industry are able to monitor and validate the performance of this state-of-the-art facility.The building was designed to have an energy use intensity of 73 kWh/m^(2)·year(0.26 GJ/m^(2)·year);hence,potentially consuming approximately 80%less energy than the average educational service building in Ontario.This paper gives an overview of the design criteria and technologies that were considered to achieve this innova-tive building.
文摘The frequency spectrum of the cosmical Zero Point Energy (ZPE) and its total density are so far unknown in their details. In the present complementary investigation, a revised theory forms the basis for studies of this concept in two respects. It first applies to the observable universe considered as an entity, as well as to included subregions such as the galaxies with supermassive black holes. Second, experiments are proposed on the maximum Casimir force arising between two metal plates of different materials and with a vanishing air gap in their spacing. This serves the purpose of making an indirect determination of the ZPE energy density in the laboratory, i.e. at the Earth’s orbit. The ZPE energy density is interpreted as dark matter density and its pressure gradient as dark energy force density.
基金the financial support from the Italian PRIN(“Progetto di Ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale)Project“HERITAGE–Holistic Energy Renovation and adaptive reuse of historical buildings and sites for an Inclusive,resilienT,and Globally sustainable built Environment”,ERC Sector PE8,ID 2020223M4R8B.
文摘The sustainability objective in the building sector requires that the design of the built environment would address not only the environmental and energy aspects,but also the human dimension of its operation.On the other side,the operative phase of the building covers the longest time in its whole life cycle and thus it is important to evaluate the global quality after the construction taking into consideration the occupants’perspective.At this aim,the paper introduces a new multi-domain approach for studying the global quality of the buildings certified as nearly zero energy and it is applied to verify the feasibility of a case study in Mediterranean climate.The method is based on five criteria about both indoor comfort that energy aspects and it introduces a weighing procedure based on the answers of occupant’s sample about the relative importance of criteria for residential usage.About it,the size and one-vote veto effects of individual factor satisfaction on overall quality are discussed.Results indicate that occupants are more sensible sensitive to indoor air quality and thermo-hygrometric aspects than renewable integration or building energy consumption.The maximum score reached for the analysed nearly zero energy building is 8.4(up to 10)but there is a remarkable variation with the weight attributed to each criterion.
文摘We establish that ordinary energy, Casimir energy and dark energy are not only interlinked but are basically the same thing separated merely by scale and topology. Casimir energy is essentially a nano scale spacetime phenomenon produced by the boundary condition of the two Casimir plates constituting the Casimir experimental set up for measuring the Casimir force. By contrast dark energy is the result of the cosmic boundary condition, i.e. the boundary of the universe. This one sided M?bius-like boundary located at vast cosmic distance and was comparable only to the Hubble radius scales of the universe. All the Casimir energy spreads out until the majority of it reaches the vicinity of the edge of the cosmos. According to a famous theorem due to the Ukrainian-Israeli scientist I. Dvoretzky, almost 96% of the total energy will be concentrated at the boundary of the universe, too far away to be measured directly. The rest of the accumulated Casimir energy density is consequently the nearly 4% to 4.5%, the existence of which is confirmed by various sophisticated cosmic measurements and observations. When all is said and done, the work is essentially yet another confirmation of Witten’s T-duality and mirror symmetry bringing nano scale and Hubble scale together in an unexpected magical yet mathematically rigorous way.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22105226)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(23CX06019A and R20220132).
文摘Ammonia(NH_(3))is considered as one of the essential feedstocks in the fertilizer and chemical industries,serving as an ideal zero-carbon energy carrier.The ammonia synthesis process relies on Haber-Bosch process,primarily involving the reaction between hydrogen(H_(2))and nitrogen(N_(2))at temperatures ranging from 400 to 500℃ and pressures exceeding 100 bar.A global total of 180 million metric tons of ammonia were produced annually in centralized industrial plants through the Haber-Bosch process,which consumes roughly 1% of the global energy supply and contributes over 1.3% of global carbon dioxide emissions[1].
文摘The first available label standardizing a zero-balanced type of building is the Swiss Standard Minergie-A. The standard prescribes an annual net zero primary energy balance for heating, domestic hot water and ventilation. Electricity consumption for appliances and lighting is excluded. Additionally, Minergie-A is the first standard worldwide which includes a requirement in regard to embodied energy. Based on an analysis of 39 Minergie-A buildings, this paper shows that a wide range of different energy concepts and embodied energy strategies are possible in the scope of the label. The basis of all Minergie-A buildings is a well-insulated building envelope. However, the step from the Swiss Standard Minergie-A to a Net ZEB （net zero energy building） standard which includes electricity consumption for appliances and lighting is not a very big one. Increasing the size of the photovoltaic system is sufficient in most cases. Anyway, some of the Minergie-A buildings evaluated are also Net ZEBs. In this paper, it is also shown that the net zero balance during the operational phase of Net ZEBs clearly outweighs the increased embodied energy for additional materials in a life cycle energy analysis.
文摘In this thesis, the interal relations between about shear looking, zero energy mode and patch test are studied, and a reasonable method provided for building general element of thick and thin plate with effectual and realiable numerical solution.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10872128)
文摘Many displacement-based quadrilateral plate elements based on Mindlin-Reissner plate theory have been proposed to analyze the thin and moderately thick plate problems. However, numerical inaccuracies of some elements appear since the presence of shear locking and spurious zero energy modes for thin plate problems. To overcome these shortcomings, we employ the large increment method(LIM) for the analyses of the plate bending problems, and propose a force-based 8-node quadrilateral plate(8NQP) element which is based on MindlinReissner plate theory and has no extra spurious zero energy mode. Several benchmark plate bending problems are presented to illustrate the accuracy and convergence of the plate element by comparing with the analytical solutions and displacement-based plate elements. The results show that the 8-node plate element produces fast convergence and accurate stress distributions in both the moderately thick and thin plate bending problems. The plate element is insensitive to mesh distortion and it can avoid the shear locking for thin plate analysis.
