This paper conducts a systematic study of the preposition“zai”in Modern Chinese from the perspective of Cognitive Grammar.By analyzing the spatial positioning function,temporal positioning function,and abstract rela...This paper conducts a systematic study of the preposition“zai”in Modern Chinese from the perspective of Cognitive Grammar.By analyzing the spatial positioning function,temporal positioning function,and abstract relation expression function of“zai”,it reveals the cognitive basis of its polysemy.The study finds that the semantic network of“zai”takes the spatial concept as the core,expanding to temporal and other abstract domains through metaphorical and metonymic mechanisms.The research adopts a combined method of cognitive grammar analysis,corpus analysis,and historical comparative method.Based on a large number of actual corpus data,it systematically investigates the synchronic distribution and diachronic evolution characteristics of“zai”.展开更多
Erratic rainfall and temperature regimes, strongly affect agricultural productivity. To address the reduction in production, this study assessed the effect of Zai pit depths on selected soil properties and cowpea grow...Erratic rainfall and temperature regimes, strongly affect agricultural productivity. To address the reduction in production, this study assessed the effect of Zai pit depths on selected soil properties and cowpea growth and grain yield. “Zai” pit technology was tested in two locations falling under Agroecological Zone IV (relatively dry areas) <i>i.e.</i> Katumani in Machakos County and Naivasha in Nakuru County, Kenya, aiming to determine the combined effect of four “Zai” pit depths and two levels of manure (plots with manure and plots without manure) on selected soil properties, growth and yield of cowpea. Experiment was laid out in split plot arrangement, with manure levels as the main plot factor and “Zai” pit depths (Flat: Z<sub>0</sub>, 30 cm: Z<sub>30</sub>, 45 cm: Z<sub>45</sub> and 60 cm: Z<sub>60</sub>) as subplot factor, replicated four times. Cowpea (M66 variety) was used as the test crop. Inorganic N and extractable P were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, at 1.37 mg<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span>kg<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>1</sup> for N<sub>in</sub> and 80.4 mg<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span>kg<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>1</sup> for P<sub>ex</sub> in Zai pits compared to flat plots which were at 0.91 mg<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span>kg<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>1</sup> for N<sub>in</sub> and 47.1 mg<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span>kg<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>1</sup> for P<sub>ex</sub>. The values of N<sub>in</sub> and P<sub>ex</sub> also varied depending on depths, with Z<sub>45</sub> having highest N<sub>in</sub> at 1.17 against the least, at 0.89 in the Z<sub>0</sub>, while Pex was highest in Z<sub>30</sub> at 102.3 mg<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span>kg<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>1</sup> while Z<sub>0</sub> having the least P<sub>ex</sub> of 89.7 mg<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span>kg<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>1</sup>. Generally, crops in “Zai” pitted plots were larger in diameter at 0.46 cm than crops in flat plots at 0.42 cm. Better performance was observed in yield, with Z<sub>30</sub> yielding 30.5% against 18.2% Flat plots in Machakos while 27.9% in Z<sub>30</sub> against 22.5% from Flat plots in Naivasha. This study demonstrated great potential of “Zai” pit technology on crop production, as reflected on improved growth and yield of cowpeas. Combining “Zai” pits with manure increases soil N<sub>in</sub>, P<sub>ex</sub> and is a guarantee of great crop performance in terms of high final yields.展开更多
Previous literature shows that scholars differ considerably on what zai and-zhe indicate.By making use of an oral speech corpus,we analyzed and tested the data with regard to the functions of "zai" and "...Previous literature shows that scholars differ considerably on what zai and-zhe indicate.By making use of an oral speech corpus,we analyzed and tested the data with regard to the functions of "zai" and "-zhe" and found that zai indicates the action is in progress,and it is narrative,while-zhe expresses the ongoing state of an action and is descriptive;-zhe can be used after the first verb in a serial verbal con struction to indicate the accompanying action,while zai does not have this function;in complex sentences,the zai clause is temporal in na ture while-zhe clause is treated as a manner adverbial.展开更多
"Inquiring into the inscrutable and understanding the transformation"represents a basic proposition of Zhang Zai's philosophy.This proposition includes two aspects:people's understanding of objective..."Inquiring into the inscrutable and understanding the transformation"represents a basic proposition of Zhang Zai's philosophy.This proposition includes two aspects:people's understanding of objective things and their ideological state.The inscrutable(shen)and the transformation(hua)not only contain the secret of the universe and human life but also indicate the level of people's cultivation of cognition,affection,and volition in their consciousness.This unified conception of understanding and cultivation is characteristic of Zhang's philosophy and also an important feature of Chinese philosophy.展开更多
The essay aims to analyze the concept and the paradigm of harmony in the metaphysical system of the Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhang Zai.It argues that Zhang Zai's concept of Great Harmony not only inherits the tra...The essay aims to analyze the concept and the paradigm of harmony in the metaphysical system of the Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhang Zai.It argues that Zhang Zai's concept of Great Harmony not only inherits the traditional centrality of this idea within the Confucian tradition,but actually presents the most advanced idea of harmony up to his time.In Zhang Zai's philosophy,harmony becomes the Way itself,which includes the realm of principles and the outward and functional manifestations of reality.This essay will deal with harmony in two ways: first with Zhang Zai's direct use of the concept in the Zhengmeng and second,applying the paradigm of harmony to other of Zhang Zai's key concepts such as qi氣,void (xu虛)and natural dispositions (xing 性).展开更多
文摘This paper conducts a systematic study of the preposition“zai”in Modern Chinese from the perspective of Cognitive Grammar.By analyzing the spatial positioning function,temporal positioning function,and abstract relation expression function of“zai”,it reveals the cognitive basis of its polysemy.The study finds that the semantic network of“zai”takes the spatial concept as the core,expanding to temporal and other abstract domains through metaphorical and metonymic mechanisms.The research adopts a combined method of cognitive grammar analysis,corpus analysis,and historical comparative method.Based on a large number of actual corpus data,it systematically investigates the synchronic distribution and diachronic evolution characteristics of“zai”.
文摘Erratic rainfall and temperature regimes, strongly affect agricultural productivity. To address the reduction in production, this study assessed the effect of Zai pit depths on selected soil properties and cowpea growth and grain yield. “Zai” pit technology was tested in two locations falling under Agroecological Zone IV (relatively dry areas) <i>i.e.</i> Katumani in Machakos County and Naivasha in Nakuru County, Kenya, aiming to determine the combined effect of four “Zai” pit depths and two levels of manure (plots with manure and plots without manure) on selected soil properties, growth and yield of cowpea. Experiment was laid out in split plot arrangement, with manure levels as the main plot factor and “Zai” pit depths (Flat: Z<sub>0</sub>, 30 cm: Z<sub>30</sub>, 45 cm: Z<sub>45</sub> and 60 cm: Z<sub>60</sub>) as subplot factor, replicated four times. Cowpea (M66 variety) was used as the test crop. Inorganic N and extractable P were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, at 1.37 mg<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span>kg<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>1</sup> for N<sub>in</sub> and 80.4 mg<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span>kg<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>1</sup> for P<sub>ex</sub> in Zai pits compared to flat plots which were at 0.91 mg<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span>kg<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>1</sup> for N<sub>in</sub> and 47.1 mg<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span>kg<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>1</sup> for P<sub>ex</sub>. The values of N<sub>in</sub> and P<sub>ex</sub> also varied depending on depths, with Z<sub>45</sub> having highest N<sub>in</sub> at 1.17 against the least, at 0.89 in the Z<sub>0</sub>, while Pex was highest in Z<sub>30</sub> at 102.3 mg<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span>kg<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>1</sup> while Z<sub>0</sub> having the least P<sub>ex</sub> of 89.7 mg<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span>kg<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>1</sup>. Generally, crops in “Zai” pitted plots were larger in diameter at 0.46 cm than crops in flat plots at 0.42 cm. Better performance was observed in yield, with Z<sub>30</sub> yielding 30.5% against 18.2% Flat plots in Machakos while 27.9% in Z<sub>30</sub> against 22.5% from Flat plots in Naivasha. This study demonstrated great potential of “Zai” pit technology on crop production, as reflected on improved growth and yield of cowpeas. Combining “Zai” pits with manure increases soil N<sub>in</sub>, P<sub>ex</sub> and is a guarantee of great crop performance in terms of high final yields.
文摘Previous literature shows that scholars differ considerably on what zai and-zhe indicate.By making use of an oral speech corpus,we analyzed and tested the data with regard to the functions of "zai" and "-zhe" and found that zai indicates the action is in progress,and it is narrative,while-zhe expresses the ongoing state of an action and is descriptive;-zhe can be used after the first verb in a serial verbal con struction to indicate the accompanying action,while zai does not have this function;in complex sentences,the zai clause is temporal in na ture while-zhe clause is treated as a manner adverbial.
文摘"Inquiring into the inscrutable and understanding the transformation"represents a basic proposition of Zhang Zai's philosophy.This proposition includes two aspects:people's understanding of objective things and their ideological state.The inscrutable(shen)and the transformation(hua)not only contain the secret of the universe and human life but also indicate the level of people's cultivation of cognition,affection,and volition in their consciousness.This unified conception of understanding and cultivation is characteristic of Zhang's philosophy and also an important feature of Chinese philosophy.
文摘The essay aims to analyze the concept and the paradigm of harmony in the metaphysical system of the Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhang Zai.It argues that Zhang Zai's concept of Great Harmony not only inherits the traditional centrality of this idea within the Confucian tradition,but actually presents the most advanced idea of harmony up to his time.In Zhang Zai's philosophy,harmony becomes the Way itself,which includes the realm of principles and the outward and functional manifestations of reality.This essay will deal with harmony in two ways: first with Zhang Zai's direct use of the concept in the Zhengmeng and second,applying the paradigm of harmony to other of Zhang Zai's key concepts such as qi氣,void (xu虛)and natural dispositions (xing 性).
