In 1996, a mega project that aimed to develop rice varieties with super-high yield potential （super rice） was launched by the Ministry of Agriculture （MOA） in China using a combination of the ideotype approach and...In 1996, a mega project that aimed to develop rice varieties with super-high yield potential （super rice） was launched by the Ministry of Agriculture （MOA） in China using a combination of the ideotype approach and intersubspecific heterosis. Significant progress has been made in the last two decades, with a large number of super rice varieties being approved by the MOA and the national average grain yield being increased from 6.21 t ha^-1 in 1996 to 6.89 t ha^-1 in 2015. The increase in yield potential of super rice was mainly due to the larger sink size which resulted from larger panicles. Moreover, higher photosynthetic capacity and improved root physiological traits before heading contributed to the increase in sink size. However, the poor grain filling of the later-flowering inferior spikelets and the quickly decreased root activity of super rice during grain filling period restrict the achievement of high yield potential of super rice. Furthermore, it is widely accepted that the high yield potential of super rice requires a large amount of N fertilizer input, which has resulted in an increase in N consumption and a decrease in nitrogen use efficiency （NUE）, although it remains unclear whether super rice per se is responsible for the latter. In the present paper, we review the history and success of China＇s Super Rice Breeding Pro- gram, summarize the advances in agronomic and physiological mechanisms underlying the high yield potential of super rice, and examine NUE differences between super rice and ordinary rice varieties. We also provide a brief introduction to the Green Super Rice Project, which aims to diversify breeding targets beyond yield improvement alone to address global concerns around resource use and environmental change. It is hoped that this review will facilitate further improvement of rice production into the future.展开更多
China＇s Super Hybrid Rice Breeding Program has made significant progress over the past two decades. In this paper, we reviewed our studies on the yield potential and stability in super hybrid rice and discussed the s...China＇s Super Hybrid Rice Breeding Program has made significant progress over the past two decades. In this paper, we reviewed our studies on the yield potential and stability in super hybrid rice and discussed the strategies for super hybrid rice production. The results of our studies show that rice yield potential has been increased by 12% in super hybrid cultivars as compared with ordinary hybrid and inbred cultivars. The higher grain yields in super hybrid rice cultivars are attributed to larger panicle size coupled with higher biomass production or higher harvest index. However, grain yields in super hybrid rice cultivars vary widely among locations depending on soil and climatic factors. Therefore, it is important to tailor target yield to local conditions in super hybrid rice production. The target yield for super hybrid rice production can be determined by the average yield method or the regression model method. Improving soil quality is critical to achieving the target yield in super hybrid rice production. Favorable crop rotations such as rice-oilseed rape and novel soil management practices, such as biochar addition, are effective approaches to improve soil quality. It is needed to develop simplified cultivation tech- nologies for super hybrid rice to meet the changes in socioeconomic environments during the period of transition. There are such technologies as no-tillage direct seeding and mechanized transplanting at high hill density with single seedling per hill.展开更多
Late-maturity type of Yongyou japonica/indica hybrids series （LMYS） have shown great yield potential, and are being widely planted in the lower reaches of Yangtze River, China. Knowledge about suitable growing zone ...Late-maturity type of Yongyou japonica/indica hybrids series （LMYS） have shown great yield potential, and are being widely planted in the lower reaches of Yangtze River, China. Knowledge about suitable growing zone and evaluation of yield advantage is of practicall importance for LMYS in this region. Fifteen LMYS, two high-yielding inbred japonica check varieties （CK-J） and two high-yielding hybrid indica check varieties （CK-I） were grown at Xinghua （119.57°E, 33.05°N） of Lixiahe region, Yangzhou （119.25°E, 32.30°N）of Yanjiang region, Changshu （120.46°E, 31.41°N）of Taihu Lake region, and Ningbo （121.31°E, 29.45°N） of Ningshao Plain in 2013 and 2014. The results showed that maturity dates of the 15 were later than the secure maturity date at Xinghua and 6, 14 and 15 LMYS were mature before the secure maturity date at Yangzhou, Changshu and Ningbo, respectively. One variety was identified as high-yielding variety among LMYS （HYYS） at Yangzhou, 8 HYYS in 201：3 and 9 HYYS in 2014 at Changshu, 9 HYYS at Ningbo. HYYS here referred to the variety among LMYS that was mature before the secure maturity date and had at least 8% higher grain yield than both CK-J and CK-I at each experimental site. Grain yield of HYYS at each experimental site was about 12.0 t ha-1 or higher, and was significantly higher than CK varieties. High yield of HYYS was mainly attributed to larger sink size due to more spikelets per panicle. Plant height of HYYS was about 140 cm, and was significantly higher than check varieties. Significant positive correlations were recorded between duration from heading to maturity stage and grain yield, and also between whole growth periods and grain yield. HYYS had obvious advantage over check varieties in biomass accumulation and leaf area duration from heading to maturity stage. Comprehensive consideration about safe matudty and yield performance of LMYS at each experimental site, Taihu Lake region （representative site Changshu） and Ningshao Plain （representative site Ningbo） were thought suitable growing zones for LMYS in the lower reaches of Yangtze River. The main factors underlying high yield ofHYYS were larger sink size, higher plant height, longer duration from heading to maturity stage and whole growth periods, and higher biomass accumulation and leaf area duration during grain filling stage.展开更多
Northeast China (NEC) is one of the major maize production areas in China.Agro-climatic resources have obviously changed,which will seriously affect crop growth and development in this region.It is important to invest...Northeast China (NEC) is one of the major maize production areas in China.Agro-climatic resources have obviously changed,which will seriously affect crop growth and development in this region.It is important to investigate the contribution of climate change adaptation measures to the yield and resource use efficiency to improve our understanding of how we can effectively ensure high yield and high efficiency in the future.In this study,we divided the study area into five accumulated temperature zones (ATZs) based on growing degree days (GDD).Based on the meteorological data,maize data (from agrometeorological stations) and the validated APSIM-Maize Model,we first investigated the spatial distributions and temporal trends of maize potential yield of actual planted cultivars,and revealed the radiation use efficiency (RUE) and heat resource use efficiency (HUE) from 1981 to 2017.Then according to the potential growing seasons and actual growing seasons,we identified the utilization percentages of radiation (P_R) resource and heat resource (P_H) for each ATZ under potential production from 1981 to 2017.Finally,we quantified the contributions of cultivar changings to yield,P_R and P_H of maize.The results showed that during the past 37 years,the estimated mean potential yield of actual planted cultivars was 13 649 kg ha^(–1),ranged from 11 205 to 15 257 kg ha^(–1),and increased by 140 kg ha^(–1) per decade.For potential production,the mean values of RUE and HUE for the actual planted maize cultivars were 1.22 g MJ^(–1) and 8.58 kg (℃ d)^(–1) ha^(–1).RUE showed an increasing tendency,while HUE showed a decreasing tendency.The lengths of the potential growing season and actual growing season were 158 and 123 d,and increased by 2 and 1 d per decade.P_R and P_H under potential production were 82 and 86%,respectively and showed a decreasing tendency during the past 37 years.This indicates that actual planted cultivars failed to make full use of climate resources.However,results from the adaptation assessments indicate that,adoption of cultivars with growing season increased by 2–11 d among ATZs caused increase in yield,P_R and P_H of 0.6–1.7%,1.1–7.6% and 1.5–8.9%,respectively.Therefore,introduction of cultivars with longer growing season can effectively increase the radiation and heat utilization percentages and potential yield.展开更多
Rapid climate and cropland use changes in recent decades have posed major challenges to food security in China.Hainan Is-land is the only tropical island in China and is blessed with natural conditions for crop produc...Rapid climate and cropland use changes in recent decades have posed major challenges to food security in China.Hainan Is-land is the only tropical island in China and is blessed with natural conditions for crop production.This study first simulates the climate scenarios of Hainan Island for 2030,2040 and 2050 under the four Socio-economic Pathways(SSPs)based on the climate models in ScenarioMIP of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),and then simulates the land use scenarios of Hainan Island for 2030,2040 and 2050 based on the Cellular Automata(CA)-Markov model.Finally,based on the Global Agro-Ecological Zones(GAEZ)model,the rice potential yield in Hainan Island for 2030,2040 and 2050 are simulated,and the effects of future climate and cropland use changes on rice potential yields are investigated.The results show that:1)from 2020 to 2050,mean maximum temperature first decreases and then increases,while mean minimum temperature increase sharply followed by a leveling off under the four SSPs.Precipitation decreases and then increases under other three SSPs except SSP2-4.5.Net solar radiation increases continuously under SSP1-2.6,2-4.5,and 5-8.5,and has the lowest simulated values under SSP3-7.0.Mean wind speed increases continuously under SSP1-2.6,fluctuates more under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5,and increases slowly and then decreases sharply under SSP3-7.0.Relative humidity basically decreases continuously under the four SSPs.2)Areas of paddy field are 302.49 thousand,302.41 thousand and 302.71 thou-sand ha for 2030,2040 and 2050,respectively,all less than that in 2020.Paddy field is mainly converted into built-up land and wood-land.As for the conversion of other land types to paddy field,woodland is the main source.3)Under the effects of future climate and cropland use changes,the mean potential productions in Hainan Island under the four SSPs increase 1.17 million,1.13 million and 1.11 million t,respectively,and the mean potential yields increase 3873.21,3766.71 and 3672.38 kg/ha,respectively for the three periods.The largest increases in mean rice potential production and mean potential yield are 1.21 million t and 4008.00 kg/ha,1.16 million t and 3846.65 kg/ha,as well as 1.13 million t and 3732.75 kg/ha,respectively under SSP 3-7.0,indicating that SSP3-7.0 is the most suitable scenario for rice growth.This study could provide scientific basis for crop planting planning and agricultural policy adjustment.展开更多
Bacterial wilt(BW)caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a wide-spread and serious disease in peanut.To date,this soilborne disease could only be effectively controlled by planting resistant peanut cultivars.However,the ...Bacterial wilt(BW)caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a wide-spread and serious disease in peanut.To date,this soilborne disease could only be effectively controlled by planting resistant peanut cultivars.However,the relatively lower yield potential of the available BW-resistant peanut cultivars is a key reason restricting productivity in most epidemic regions naturally infested with the pathogen.Even small pods or seeds and low number per plant has been regarded as the key factor for the low yield potential both in BW-resistant peanut germplasm lines and available released cultivars,whether the resistance is closely linked with key yield components remains unclear.In this study,the relationship between pod weight and BW resistance was analyzed by using a recombinant inbred lines(RIL)population derived from a crossing combination between a high yielding cultivar Xuhua 13 and a BW-resistant cultivar Zhonghua 6.From the experiments,it was found that the BW resistance was not significantly correlated with pod number per plant(PNP),hundred pod weight(HPW)and pod weight per plant(PWP)in the RIL population.Based on linkage analysis,the quantitative trait locus(QTL)s related to PNP were identified on A06,A07,A08 and B03.The QTLs for HPW were detected on A05 and A07,and the QTLs for PWP were on A06,A07 and B03.However,the QTL for BW resistance identified on B02.These results indicated that the BW resistance and the pod number per plant as well as pod weight were inherited independently.Two recombined lines(QT0944 and QT1028)with high level BW resistance and large pods(hundred pod weight over 185g)were identified from the RILs,and they possessed the favored alleles of identified QTLs from both parents,which could be used in peanut breeding for high yield and high level disease resistance.展开更多
Crop potential productivity is a key index of scientifically appraising crop production and land population-supporting capacity. This study firstly simulated the potential and waterlimited yield of summer maize in the...Crop potential productivity is a key index of scientifically appraising crop production and land population-supporting capacity. This study firstly simulated the potential and waterlimited yield of summer maize in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei （BTH） region using WOFOST model with meteorological data of 40 years, and then analyzed yield gaps between the actual and potential yield based on statistical data at county level. The potential and water-limited yield of summer maize in the BTH region is 6854–8789 kg/hm2 and 6434–8741 kg/hm2, and the weighted average for whole region is 7861 kg/hm2 and 7185 kg/hm2, respectively. The simulated yields gradually decrease from northeast to southwest with changes in climatic conditions particularly temperature and precipitation. Annual variation of potential yield is higher in the central and southern parts than the northeastern part. Compared to potential yield, the water-limited yield has higher coefficient of variation （CV）, because of precipitation effects. The actual yield of summer maize was 2537–8730 kg/hm2, regionally averaged at 5582 kg/hm2, about 70% of the potential yield, implying that the region has room to increase the yield by improving crop management and irrigation systems.展开更多
This experiment aims to test the traits responsible for the increase in yield potential of winter wheat released in Henan Province, China. Seven established cultivars released in the last 20 years and three advanced l...This experiment aims to test the traits responsible for the increase in yield potential of winter wheat released in Henan Province, China. Seven established cultivars released in the last 20 years and three advanced lines were assayed. The results showed that grain yield was positively correlated with harvest index（HI）, kernel number per square meter, and aboveground biomass. In addition, the HI and aboveground biomass showed an increasing trend with the year of release.Therefore, we can conclude that bread wheat breeding advances during recent decades in Henan Province, China,have been achieved through an increase in HI, kernel number per square meter, and aboveground biomass. A higher d13C seems also to be involved in these advances, which suggests a progressive improvement in constitutive water use efficiency not associated with a trend towards lower stomatal conductance in the most recent genotypes. However, genetic advance Researchdoes not appear related to changes in photosynthesis rates on area basis when measured in the flag leaf or the spike,but only to a higher, whole‐spike photosynthesis. Results also indirectly support the concept that under potential yield conditions, the spike contributed more than the flag leaf to kernel formation.展开更多
Improved lodging resistance is important for achieving high yield in irrigated environments.This study was conducted to determine genotypic variation in lodging resistance and related morphological traits among winter...Improved lodging resistance is important for achieving high yield in irrigated environments.This study was conducted to determine genotypic variation in lodging resistance and related morphological traits among winter wheat cultivars planted at two densities,and to identify key traits associated with lodging resistance.Lodging performance of 28 genotypes,including 24 released cultivars and four advanced lines,was evaluated at 250 plants per square meter and 500 plants per square meter in Shandong province during the 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 crop seasons.At the higher density,the average grain yield was 2.6%higher,even though lodging score rose by as much as 136%.The higher planting density increased lodging through increased leaf area index(LAI),plant height,center of gravity and length of basal internodes,and reduced grain weight per spike and diameter of the lower two stem internodes.LAI,center of gravity and diameter of first internodes,as the important indicators for lodging resistance,were significantly correlated with lodging score,with R=0.62,0.59 and–0.52(P<0.01),respectively.Plant pushing resistance was significantly associated with diameter and length of the first internodes(R=0.71–0.77,P<0.01),indicating it could be used to assess the strength of the lower stem.Higher planting density could be used to select genotypes with lodging resistance in irrigated environments.Cultivars carrying high plant density tolerance and high yield potential,such as Jimai 22 and Liangxing 66,were recommended as leading cultivars for production as well as elite crossing parents for further increasing yield potential in the Yellow and Huai Valleys Winter Wheat Zone in China.展开更多
Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is a staple food crop consumed by more than 30%of world population.Nitrogen(N)fertilizer has been applied broadly in agriculture practice to improve wheat yield to meet the growing demands f...Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is a staple food crop consumed by more than 30%of world population.Nitrogen(N)fertilizer has been applied broadly in agriculture practice to improve wheat yield to meet the growing demands for food production.However,undue N fertilizer application and the low N use efficiency(NUE)of modern wheat varieties are aggravating environmental pollution and ecological deterioration.Under nitrogen-limiting conditions,the rice(Oryza sativa)abnormal cytokinin response1 repressor1(are1)mutant exhibits increased NUE,delayed senescence and consequently,increased grain yield.However,the function of ARE1 ortholog in wheat remains unknown.Here,we isolated and characterized three TaARE1 homoeologs from the elite Chinese winter wheat cultivar ZhengMai 7698.We then used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis to generate a series of transgene-free mutant lines either with partial or triple-null taare1 alleles.All transgene-free mutant lines showed enhanced tolerance to N starvation,and showed delayed senescence and increased grain yield in field conditions.In particular,the AABBdd and aabbDD mutant lines exhibited delayed senescence and significantly increased grain yield without growth defects compared to the wild-type control.Together,our results underscore the potential to manipulate ARE1 orthologs through gene editing for breeding of high-yield wheat as well as other cereal crops with improved NUE.展开更多
Super hybrid rice breeding is a new breeding method combining semi-dwarf breeding and heterosis breeding using germplasm and gene-environment interactions.This paper reviews the breeding strategies of super hybrid ric...Super hybrid rice breeding is a new breeding method combining semi-dwarf breeding and heterosis breeding using germplasm and gene-environment interactions.This paper reviews the breeding strategies of super hybrid rice breeding in China,focusing on the utilization of heterosis of indica and japonica subspecies,construction of ideal plant architecture and pyramiding of disease resistant genes in restorer lines.To develop super hybrid rice,considerable effort should be made to explore genes related with high yield,good quality,resistance to pests and diseases,tolerance to stresses.Molecular breeding methods in combination with crossing techniques should be adopted in super hybrid rice breeding.展开更多
Cassava,a tropical food,feed and biofuel crop,has great capacity for biomass accumulation and an extraordinary efficiency in water use and mineral nutrition,which makes it highly suitable as a model plant for tropical...Cassava,a tropical food,feed and biofuel crop,has great capacity for biomass accumulation and an extraordinary efficiency in water use and mineral nutrition,which makes it highly suitable as a model plant for tropical crops.However,the understanding of the metabolism and genomics of this important crop is limited.The recent breakthroughs in the genomics of cassava,including whole-genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis,as well as advances in the biology of photosynthesis,starch biosynthesis,adaptation to drought and high temperature,and resistance to virus and bacterial diseases,are reviewed here.Many of the new developments have come from comparative analyses between a wild ancestor and existing cultivars.Finally,the current challenges and future potential of cassava as a model plant are discussed.展开更多
Increasing effective panicle number per plant(EPN)is one approach to increase yield potential in rice.However,molecular mechanisms underlying EPN remain unclear.In this study,we integrated mapbased cloning and genome-...Increasing effective panicle number per plant(EPN)is one approach to increase yield potential in rice.However,molecular mechanisms underlying EPN remain unclear.In this study,we integrated mapbased cloning and genome-wide association analysis to identify the EPN4 gene,which is allelic to NARROW LEAF1(NAL1).Overexpression lines containing the Teqing allele(TQ)of EPN4 had significantly increased EPN.NIL-EPN4^(TQ) in japonica(geng)cultivar Lemont(LT)exhibited significantly improved EPN but decreased grain number and flag leaf size relative to LT.Haplotype analysis indicated that accessions with EPN4-1 had medium EPN,medium grain number,and medium grain weight,but had the highest grain yield among seven haplotypes,indicating that EPN4-1 is an elite haplotype of EPN4 for positive coordination of the three components of grain yield.Furthermore,accessions carrying the combination of EPN4-1 and haplotype GNP1-6 of GNP1 for grain number per panicle showed higher grain yield than those with other allele combinations.Therefore,pyramiding of EPN4-1 and GNP1-6 could be a preferred approach to obtain high yield potential in breeding.展开更多
Based on climate data from 254 meteorological stations, this study estimated the effects of climate change on rice planting boundaries and potential yields in the southern China during 1951-2010. The results indicated...Based on climate data from 254 meteorological stations, this study estimated the effects of climate change on rice planting boundaries and potential yields in the southern China during 1951-2010. The results indicated a signiifcant northward shift and westward expansion of northern boundaries for rice planting in the southern China. Compared with the period of 1951-1980, the average temperature during rice growing season in the period of 1981-2010 increased by 0.4＆#176;C, and the northern planting boundaries for single rice cropping system （SRCS）, early triple cropping rice system （ETCRS）, medium triple cropping rice system （MTCRS）, and late triple cropping rice system （LTCRS） moved northward by 10, 30, 52 and 66 km, respectively. In addition, compared with the period of 1951-1980, the suitable planting area for SRCS was reduced by 11%during the period of 1981-2010. However, the suitable planting areas for other rice cropping systems increased, with the increasing amplitude of 3, 8, and 10%for ETCRS, MTCRS and LTCRS, respectively. In general, the light and temperature potential productivity of rice decreased by 2.5%. Without considering the change of rice cultivars, the northern planting boundaries for different rice cropping systems showed a northward shift tendency. Climate change resulted in decrease of per unit area yield for SRCS and the annual average yields of ETCRS and LTCRS. Nevertheless, the overall rice production in the entire research area showed a decreasing trend even with the increasing trend of annual average yield for MTCRS.展开更多
Accurately estimating the wheat yield potential under climate changes is essential for assessing food production capacity. However, studies based on crop modeling and imperfect management experiment data frequently un...Accurately estimating the wheat yield potential under climate changes is essential for assessing food production capacity. However, studies based on crop modeling and imperfect management experiment data frequently underestimate the wheat yield potential. In this study, we evaluated wheat yield potential based on the CERES-Wheat model and a well-managed 10-year(2008–2017) field study in the North China Plain(NCP), and further identified the critical climate and management yield-limiting factors for improving wheat yield potential and closing the wheat yield gap. Our results revealed that wheat yield potential averaged 10.8 t ha–1in the recent decade. The low growing degree days(GDD) in the pre-winter growing season(592℃ d) and solar radiation in the whole growth season(3,036 MJ m–2) are the most critical climatic factors limiting wheat yield potential in the current production system. Nonetheless, wheat yield potential in the NCP is projected to decline during 2040–2059 by 1.8 and 5.1% under the representative concentration pathway(RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, without considering the elevated CO_(2) concentration. However, the positive influence of CO_(2) fertilization will be sufficient to offset these negative impacts from climatic warming and solar dimming, ultimately leading to an enhancement in wheat yield potential during 2040–2059 by 7.5 and 9.8% compared to the baseline under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. To improve the wheat yield potential, we recommend selecting an appropriate planting date(5 October) and planting density(400 plants m–2) that align with light and temperature conditions during the wheat growing season. In addition, optimizing the timing and rate of water application(three times, 270 mm) and fertilizer use(based on inseason root zone nitrogen management) is crucial for closing the wheat yield gap. This study underscores the importance of adopting multiple management practices that account for complex climate–crop–soil interconnections to enhance the wheat yield based on a long-term field experiment under the changing climate.展开更多
Yield gap exists because the current attained actual grain yield cannot yet achieve the estimated yield potential. Chinese high yield maize belt has a wide span from east to west which results in different solar radia...Yield gap exists because the current attained actual grain yield cannot yet achieve the estimated yield potential. Chinese high yield maize belt has a wide span from east to west which results in different solar radiations between different regions and thus different grain yields. We used multi-site experimental data, surveyed farmer yield data, the highest recorded yield data in the literatures, and simulations with Hybrid-Maize Model to assess the yield gap and tried to reduce the yield gap by matching the solar radiation and plant density. The maize belt was divided into five regions from east to west according to distribution of accumulated solar radiation. The results showed that there were more than 5.8 Mg ha^(–1) yield gaps between surveyed farmer yield and the yield potential in different regions of China from east to west, which just achieved less than 65% of the yield potential. By analyzing the multi-site density experimental data, we found that the accumulated solar radiation was significantly correlated to optimum plant density which is the density with the highest yield in the multi-site density experiment(y=0.09895 x–32.49, P<0.01), according to which the optimum plant densities in different regions from east to west were calculated. It showed that the optimum plant density could be increased by 60.0, 55.2, 47.3, 84.8, and 59.6% compared to the actual density, the grain yield could be increased by 20.2, 18.3, 10.9, 18.1, and 15.3% through increasing plant density, which could reduce the yield gaps of 33.7, 23.0, 13.4, 17.3, and 10.4% in R(region)-1, R-2, R-3, R-4, and R-5, respectively. This study indicates that matching maize plant density and solar radiation is an effective approach to reduce yield gaps in different regions of China.展开更多
There are 41 members of the CCT（CO, CO-like, and TOC1） domain-containing gene family in rice, which are divided into three subfamilies： COL（CONSTANS-like）, CMF（CCT motif family）, and PRR（pseudoresponse regula...There are 41 members of the CCT（CO, CO-like, and TOC1） domain-containing gene family in rice, which are divided into three subfamilies： COL（CONSTANS-like）, CMF（CCT motif family）, and PRR（pseudoresponse regulator）. The first flowering gene to be isolated by map-based cloning, Heading date 1（Hd1）, which is the orthologue of CO in rice, belongs to COL. The central regulator of plant development, Ghd7, belongs to CMF. The major role in controlling rice distribution to high latitudes, Ghd7.1/PRR37, belongs to PRR. Both of Hd1, Ghd7 and Ghd7.1 simultaneously control grain number, plant height, and the heading date. To date, 13 CCT family genes from these three subfamilies have been shown to regulate flowering. Some of them have pleiotropic effects on grain yield, plant height, and abiotic stresses, and others function as circadian oscillators. There are two independent photoperiod flowering pathways that are mediated by GI-Hd1-Hd3 a/RFT and GI-Ehd1-Hd3 a/RFT in rice. CCT family genes are involved in both pathways. The latest study reveals that protein interaction between Hd1 and Ghd7 integrates the two pathways. CCT family genes are rich in natural variation because rice cultivars have been subjected to natural and artificial selection for different day lengths in the process of domestication and improvement. Alleles of several crucial CCT family genes such as Hd1, Ghd7, and Ghd7.1 exhibit geographic distribution patterns and are highly associated with yield potentials. In addition, CCT family genes are probably involved in the responses to abiotic stress, which should be emphasized in future work. In general, CCT family genes play important roles in regulating flowering, plant growth, and grain yield. The functional identification and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of CCT family genes would help construct a flowering regulatory network and maximize their contribution to rice production.展开更多
Most yield progress obtained through the so called ＂Green Revolution＂, particularly in the irrigated areas of Asia, has reached a limit, and major resistance genes are quickly overcome by the appearance of new strai...Most yield progress obtained through the so called ＂Green Revolution＂, particularly in the irrigated areas of Asia, has reached a limit, and major resistance genes are quickly overcome by the appearance of new strains of disease causing organisms.New plant stresses due to a changing environment are difficult to breed for as quickly as the changes occur.There is consequently a continual need for new research programs and breeding strategies aimed at improving yield potential, abiotic stress tolerance and resistance to new, major pests and diseases.Recent advances in plant breeding encompass novel methods of expanding genetic variability and selecting for recombinants, including the development of synthetic hexaploid, hybrid and transgenic wheats.In addition, the use of molecular approaches such as quantitative trait locus（QTL） and association mapping may increase the possibility of directly selecting positive chromosomal regions linked with natural variation for grain yield and stress resistance.The present article reviews the potential contribution of these new approaches and tools to the improvement of wheat yield in farmer＇s fields, with a special emphasis on the Asian countries, which are major wheat producers, and contain the highest concentration of resource-poor wheat farmers.展开更多
Climate change is significantly impacting cotton production in the Tarim River Basin.The study investigated the climate change characteristics from 2021 to 2100 using climate change datasets simulated per the coupled ...Climate change is significantly impacting cotton production in the Tarim River Basin.The study investigated the climate change characteristics from 2021 to 2100 using climate change datasets simulated per the coupled model inter-comparison project phase six(CMIP6)climatic patterns under the shared socioeconomic pathways SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5.The DSSAT-CROPGROCotton model,along with stepwise multiple regression analyses,was used to simulate changes in the potential yield of seed cotton due to climate change.The results show that while future temperatures in the Tarim River Basin will rise significantly,changes in precipitation and radiation during the cotton-growing season are minimal.Seed cotton yields are more sensitive to low temperatures than to precipitation and radiation.The potential yield of seed cotton under the SSP2-4.5 scenario would increase by 14.8%,23.7%,29.0%,and 29.4%in the 2030S,2050S,2070S,and 2090S,respectively.In contrast,under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,the potential yield of seed cotton would see increases of 17.5%,27.1%,30.1%,and 22.6%,respectively.Except for the 2090s under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,future seed cotton production can withstand a 10%to 20%deficit in irrigation.These findings will help develop climate change adaptation strategies for cotton cultivation.展开更多
Enhancing crop productivity and quality remains a paramount breeding objective to address the dual challenges of global population growth and escalating demand.Cereal endosperms,particularly in staple crops such as ri...Enhancing crop productivity and quality remains a paramount breeding objective to address the dual challenges of global population growth and escalating demand.Cereal endosperms,particularly in staple crops such as rice,wheat,and maize,constitute the world's primary source of human nutrition and animal feed.展开更多
基金financially supported by the grants from the National High-Tech R&D Program of China(863 Program,2014AA10A605)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(2015BQ002)
文摘In 1996, a mega project that aimed to develop rice varieties with super-high yield potential （super rice） was launched by the Ministry of Agriculture （MOA） in China using a combination of the ideotype approach and intersubspecific heterosis. Significant progress has been made in the last two decades, with a large number of super rice varieties being approved by the MOA and the national average grain yield being increased from 6.21 t ha^-1 in 1996 to 6.89 t ha^-1 in 2015. The increase in yield potential of super rice was mainly due to the larger sink size which resulted from larger panicles. Moreover, higher photosynthetic capacity and improved root physiological traits before heading contributed to the increase in sink size. However, the poor grain filling of the later-flowering inferior spikelets and the quickly decreased root activity of super rice during grain filling period restrict the achievement of high yield potential of super rice. Furthermore, it is widely accepted that the high yield potential of super rice requires a large amount of N fertilizer input, which has resulted in an increase in N consumption and a decrease in nitrogen use efficiency （NUE）, although it remains unclear whether super rice per se is responsible for the latter. In the present paper, we review the history and success of China＇s Super Rice Breeding Pro- gram, summarize the advances in agronomic and physiological mechanisms underlying the high yield potential of super rice, and examine NUE differences between super rice and ordinary rice varieties. We also provide a brief introduction to the Green Super Rice Project, which aims to diversify breeding targets beyond yield improvement alone to address global concerns around resource use and environmental change. It is hoped that this review will facilitate further improvement of rice production into the future.
基金supported by the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01)
文摘China＇s Super Hybrid Rice Breeding Program has made significant progress over the past two decades. In this paper, we reviewed our studies on the yield potential and stability in super hybrid rice and discussed the strategies for super hybrid rice production. The results of our studies show that rice yield potential has been increased by 12% in super hybrid cultivars as compared with ordinary hybrid and inbred cultivars. The higher grain yields in super hybrid rice cultivars are attributed to larger panicle size coupled with higher biomass production or higher harvest index. However, grain yields in super hybrid rice cultivars vary widely among locations depending on soil and climatic factors. Therefore, it is important to tailor target yield to local conditions in super hybrid rice production. The target yield for super hybrid rice production can be determined by the average yield method or the regression model method. Improving soil quality is critical to achieving the target yield in super hybrid rice production. Favorable crop rotations such as rice-oilseed rape and novel soil management practices, such as biochar addition, are effective approaches to improve soil quality. It is needed to develop simplified cultivation tech- nologies for super hybrid rice to meet the changes in socioeconomic environments during the period of transition. There are such technologies as no-tillage direct seeding and mechanized transplanting at high hill density with single seedling per hill.
基金financed by the Special Program of Super Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, China (02318802013231)the National Public Services Sectors (Agricultural) Research Projects, China (201303102)+1 种基金the Major Scientific and Technological Projects, Bureau of Science and Technology of Ningbo, China (2013C11001)the Innovative Training Program of Yangzhou University, China (KYLX15_1371)
文摘Late-maturity type of Yongyou japonica/indica hybrids series （LMYS） have shown great yield potential, and are being widely planted in the lower reaches of Yangtze River, China. Knowledge about suitable growing zone and evaluation of yield advantage is of practicall importance for LMYS in this region. Fifteen LMYS, two high-yielding inbred japonica check varieties （CK-J） and two high-yielding hybrid indica check varieties （CK-I） were grown at Xinghua （119.57°E, 33.05°N） of Lixiahe region, Yangzhou （119.25°E, 32.30°N）of Yanjiang region, Changshu （120.46°E, 31.41°N）of Taihu Lake region, and Ningbo （121.31°E, 29.45°N） of Ningshao Plain in 2013 and 2014. The results showed that maturity dates of the 15 were later than the secure maturity date at Xinghua and 6, 14 and 15 LMYS were mature before the secure maturity date at Yangzhou, Changshu and Ningbo, respectively. One variety was identified as high-yielding variety among LMYS （HYYS） at Yangzhou, 8 HYYS in 201：3 and 9 HYYS in 2014 at Changshu, 9 HYYS at Ningbo. HYYS here referred to the variety among LMYS that was mature before the secure maturity date and had at least 8% higher grain yield than both CK-J and CK-I at each experimental site. Grain yield of HYYS at each experimental site was about 12.0 t ha-1 or higher, and was significantly higher than CK varieties. High yield of HYYS was mainly attributed to larger sink size due to more spikelets per panicle. Plant height of HYYS was about 140 cm, and was significantly higher than check varieties. Significant positive correlations were recorded between duration from heading to maturity stage and grain yield, and also between whole growth periods and grain yield. HYYS had obvious advantage over check varieties in biomass accumulation and leaf area duration from heading to maturity stage. Comprehensive consideration about safe matudty and yield performance of LMYS at each experimental site, Taihu Lake region （representative site Changshu） and Ningshao Plain （representative site Ningbo） were thought suitable growing zones for LMYS in the lower reaches of Yangtze River. The main factors underlying high yield ofHYYS were larger sink size, higher plant height, longer duration from heading to maturity stage and whole growth periods, and higher biomass accumulation and leaf area duration during grain filling stage.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300101-03)。
文摘Northeast China (NEC) is one of the major maize production areas in China.Agro-climatic resources have obviously changed,which will seriously affect crop growth and development in this region.It is important to investigate the contribution of climate change adaptation measures to the yield and resource use efficiency to improve our understanding of how we can effectively ensure high yield and high efficiency in the future.In this study,we divided the study area into five accumulated temperature zones (ATZs) based on growing degree days (GDD).Based on the meteorological data,maize data (from agrometeorological stations) and the validated APSIM-Maize Model,we first investigated the spatial distributions and temporal trends of maize potential yield of actual planted cultivars,and revealed the radiation use efficiency (RUE) and heat resource use efficiency (HUE) from 1981 to 2017.Then according to the potential growing seasons and actual growing seasons,we identified the utilization percentages of radiation (P_R) resource and heat resource (P_H) for each ATZ under potential production from 1981 to 2017.Finally,we quantified the contributions of cultivar changings to yield,P_R and P_H of maize.The results showed that during the past 37 years,the estimated mean potential yield of actual planted cultivars was 13 649 kg ha^(–1),ranged from 11 205 to 15 257 kg ha^(–1),and increased by 140 kg ha^(–1) per decade.For potential production,the mean values of RUE and HUE for the actual planted maize cultivars were 1.22 g MJ^(–1) and 8.58 kg (℃ d)^(–1) ha^(–1).RUE showed an increasing tendency,while HUE showed a decreasing tendency.The lengths of the potential growing season and actual growing season were 158 and 123 d,and increased by 2 and 1 d per decade.P_R and P_H under potential production were 82 and 86%,respectively and showed a decreasing tendency during the past 37 years.This indicates that actual planted cultivars failed to make full use of climate resources.However,results from the adaptation assessments indicate that,adoption of cultivars with growing season increased by 2–11 d among ATZs caused increase in yield,P_R and P_H of 0.6–1.7%,1.1–7.6% and 1.5–8.9%,respectively.Therefore,introduction of cultivars with longer growing season can effectively increase the radiation and heat utilization percentages and potential yield.
基金Under the auspices of Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.321QN187,723RC466)Scientific Research Foundation of Hainan University(No.kyqd(sk)2135)Young Scholars Support Program of Hainan University(No.24QNFC-05)。
文摘Rapid climate and cropland use changes in recent decades have posed major challenges to food security in China.Hainan Is-land is the only tropical island in China and is blessed with natural conditions for crop production.This study first simulates the climate scenarios of Hainan Island for 2030,2040 and 2050 under the four Socio-economic Pathways(SSPs)based on the climate models in ScenarioMIP of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),and then simulates the land use scenarios of Hainan Island for 2030,2040 and 2050 based on the Cellular Automata(CA)-Markov model.Finally,based on the Global Agro-Ecological Zones(GAEZ)model,the rice potential yield in Hainan Island for 2030,2040 and 2050 are simulated,and the effects of future climate and cropland use changes on rice potential yields are investigated.The results show that:1)from 2020 to 2050,mean maximum temperature first decreases and then increases,while mean minimum temperature increase sharply followed by a leveling off under the four SSPs.Precipitation decreases and then increases under other three SSPs except SSP2-4.5.Net solar radiation increases continuously under SSP1-2.6,2-4.5,and 5-8.5,and has the lowest simulated values under SSP3-7.0.Mean wind speed increases continuously under SSP1-2.6,fluctuates more under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5,and increases slowly and then decreases sharply under SSP3-7.0.Relative humidity basically decreases continuously under the four SSPs.2)Areas of paddy field are 302.49 thousand,302.41 thousand and 302.71 thou-sand ha for 2030,2040 and 2050,respectively,all less than that in 2020.Paddy field is mainly converted into built-up land and wood-land.As for the conversion of other land types to paddy field,woodland is the main source.3)Under the effects of future climate and cropland use changes,the mean potential productions in Hainan Island under the four SSPs increase 1.17 million,1.13 million and 1.11 million t,respectively,and the mean potential yields increase 3873.21,3766.71 and 3672.38 kg/ha,respectively for the three periods.The largest increases in mean rice potential production and mean potential yield are 1.21 million t and 4008.00 kg/ha,1.16 million t and 3846.65 kg/ha,as well as 1.13 million t and 3732.75 kg/ha,respectively under SSP 3-7.0,indicating that SSP3-7.0 is the most suitable scenario for rice growth.This study could provide scientific basis for crop planting planning and agricultural policy adjustment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32161143006,32171997)the Earmarked Fund for CARS-13,and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(No.CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI).
文摘Bacterial wilt(BW)caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a wide-spread and serious disease in peanut.To date,this soilborne disease could only be effectively controlled by planting resistant peanut cultivars.However,the relatively lower yield potential of the available BW-resistant peanut cultivars is a key reason restricting productivity in most epidemic regions naturally infested with the pathogen.Even small pods or seeds and low number per plant has been regarded as the key factor for the low yield potential both in BW-resistant peanut germplasm lines and available released cultivars,whether the resistance is closely linked with key yield components remains unclear.In this study,the relationship between pod weight and BW resistance was analyzed by using a recombinant inbred lines(RIL)population derived from a crossing combination between a high yielding cultivar Xuhua 13 and a BW-resistant cultivar Zhonghua 6.From the experiments,it was found that the BW resistance was not significantly correlated with pod number per plant(PNP),hundred pod weight(HPW)and pod weight per plant(PWP)in the RIL population.Based on linkage analysis,the quantitative trait locus(QTL)s related to PNP were identified on A06,A07,A08 and B03.The QTLs for HPW were detected on A05 and A07,and the QTLs for PWP were on A06,A07 and B03.However,the QTL for BW resistance identified on B02.These results indicated that the BW resistance and the pod number per plant as well as pod weight were inherited independently.Two recombined lines(QT0944 and QT1028)with high level BW resistance and large pods(hundred pod weight over 185g)were identified from the RILs,and they possessed the favored alleles of identified QTLs from both parents,which could be used in peanut breeding for high yield and high level disease resistance.
基金Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences No.KZCX2-YW-421 National Natural Science Foundation of China No.41071063
文摘Crop potential productivity is a key index of scientifically appraising crop production and land population-supporting capacity. This study firstly simulated the potential and waterlimited yield of summer maize in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei （BTH） region using WOFOST model with meteorological data of 40 years, and then analyzed yield gaps between the actual and potential yield based on statistical data at county level. The potential and water-limited yield of summer maize in the BTH region is 6854–8789 kg/hm2 and 6434–8741 kg/hm2, and the weighted average for whole region is 7861 kg/hm2 and 7185 kg/hm2, respectively. The simulated yields gradually decrease from northeast to southwest with changes in climatic conditions particularly temperature and precipitation. Annual variation of potential yield is higher in the central and southern parts than the northeastern part. Compared to potential yield, the water-limited yield has higher coefficient of variation （CV）, because of precipitation effects. The actual yield of summer maize was 2537–8730 kg/hm2, regionally averaged at 5582 kg/hm2, about 70% of the potential yield, implying that the region has room to increase the yield by improving crop management and irrigation systems.
基金supported by Breeding to Optimise Chinese Agriculture(OPTICHINA)(Coordination andsupport action:FP7‐KBBE‐2010‐4,grant agreement number:266045)Improvement of Durum Wheat to Present and Future Mediterranean Conditions(Ministerio de Ciencia eInnovación:AGL2010‐20180)
文摘This experiment aims to test the traits responsible for the increase in yield potential of winter wheat released in Henan Province, China. Seven established cultivars released in the last 20 years and three advanced lines were assayed. The results showed that grain yield was positively correlated with harvest index（HI）, kernel number per square meter, and aboveground biomass. In addition, the HI and aboveground biomass showed an increasing trend with the year of release.Therefore, we can conclude that bread wheat breeding advances during recent decades in Henan Province, China,have been achieved through an increase in HI, kernel number per square meter, and aboveground biomass. A higher d13C seems also to be involved in these advances, which suggests a progressive improvement in constitutive water use efficiency not associated with a trend towards lower stomatal conductance in the most recent genotypes. However, genetic advance Researchdoes not appear related to changes in photosynthesis rates on area basis when measured in the flag leaf or the spike,but only to a higher, whole‐spike photosynthesis. Results also indirectly support the concept that under potential yield conditions, the spike contributed more than the flag leaf to kernel formation.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31161140346)the State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology(2014KF02)the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas.
文摘Improved lodging resistance is important for achieving high yield in irrigated environments.This study was conducted to determine genotypic variation in lodging resistance and related morphological traits among winter wheat cultivars planted at two densities,and to identify key traits associated with lodging resistance.Lodging performance of 28 genotypes,including 24 released cultivars and four advanced lines,was evaluated at 250 plants per square meter and 500 plants per square meter in Shandong province during the 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 crop seasons.At the higher density,the average grain yield was 2.6%higher,even though lodging score rose by as much as 136%.The higher planting density increased lodging through increased leaf area index(LAI),plant height,center of gravity and length of basal internodes,and reduced grain weight per spike and diameter of the lower two stem internodes.LAI,center of gravity and diameter of first internodes,as the important indicators for lodging resistance,were significantly correlated with lodging score,with R=0.62,0.59 and–0.52(P<0.01),respectively.Plant pushing resistance was significantly associated with diameter and length of the first internodes(R=0.71–0.77,P<0.01),indicating it could be used to assess the strength of the lower stem.Higher planting density could be used to select genotypes with lodging resistance in irrigated environments.Cultivars carrying high plant density tolerance and high yield potential,such as Jimai 22 and Liangxing 66,were recommended as leading cultivars for production as well as elite crossing parents for further increasing yield potential in the Yellow and Huai Valleys Winter Wheat Zone in China.
基金funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFE0202300)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ZDRW202109)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-Profit of Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(S2021ZD03)National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding。
文摘Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is a staple food crop consumed by more than 30%of world population.Nitrogen(N)fertilizer has been applied broadly in agriculture practice to improve wheat yield to meet the growing demands for food production.However,undue N fertilizer application and the low N use efficiency(NUE)of modern wheat varieties are aggravating environmental pollution and ecological deterioration.Under nitrogen-limiting conditions,the rice(Oryza sativa)abnormal cytokinin response1 repressor1(are1)mutant exhibits increased NUE,delayed senescence and consequently,increased grain yield.However,the function of ARE1 ortholog in wheat remains unknown.Here,we isolated and characterized three TaARE1 homoeologs from the elite Chinese winter wheat cultivar ZhengMai 7698.We then used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis to generate a series of transgene-free mutant lines either with partial or triple-null taare1 alleles.All transgene-free mutant lines showed enhanced tolerance to N starvation,and showed delayed senescence and increased grain yield in field conditions.In particular,the AABBdd and aabbDD mutant lines exhibited delayed senescence and significantly increased grain yield without growth defects compared to the wild-type control.Together,our results underscore the potential to manipulate ARE1 orthologs through gene editing for breeding of high-yield wheat as well as other cereal crops with improved NUE.
基金This work was supported by the Chinese Super Rice Breeding Program(201403002)Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China,and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31101209).
文摘Super hybrid rice breeding is a new breeding method combining semi-dwarf breeding and heterosis breeding using germplasm and gene-environment interactions.This paper reviews the breeding strategies of super hybrid rice breeding in China,focusing on the utilization of heterosis of indica and japonica subspecies,construction of ideal plant architecture and pyramiding of disease resistant genes in restorer lines.To develop super hybrid rice,considerable effort should be made to explore genes related with high yield,good quality,resistance to pests and diseases,tolerance to stresses.Molecular breeding methods in combination with crossing techniques should be adopted in super hybrid rice breeding.
基金This work was funded by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB126601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31261140363 and 31171230)+2 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-12)the National International Science and Technology Cooperation Plan(2011DFB31690)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2012AA101204-2).
文摘Cassava,a tropical food,feed and biofuel crop,has great capacity for biomass accumulation and an extraordinary efficiency in water use and mineral nutrition,which makes it highly suitable as a model plant for tropical crops.However,the understanding of the metabolism and genomics of this important crop is limited.The recent breakthroughs in the genomics of cassava,including whole-genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis,as well as advances in the biology of photosynthesis,starch biosynthesis,adaptation to drought and high temperature,and resistance to virus and bacterial diseases,are reviewed here.Many of the new developments have come from comparative analyses between a wild ancestor and existing cultivars.Finally,the current challenges and future potential of cassava as a model plant are discussed.
基金This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1000404)the Shenzhen Basic Research and Development Key Program of China(JCYJ20200109150713553)Hainan Key Research and Development in Modern Agriculture of China(ZDYF2021Y128).
文摘Increasing effective panicle number per plant(EPN)is one approach to increase yield potential in rice.However,molecular mechanisms underlying EPN remain unclear.In this study,we integrated mapbased cloning and genome-wide association analysis to identify the EPN4 gene,which is allelic to NARROW LEAF1(NAL1).Overexpression lines containing the Teqing allele(TQ)of EPN4 had significantly increased EPN.NIL-EPN4^(TQ) in japonica(geng)cultivar Lemont(LT)exhibited significantly improved EPN but decreased grain number and flag leaf size relative to LT.Haplotype analysis indicated that accessions with EPN4-1 had medium EPN,medium grain number,and medium grain weight,but had the highest grain yield among seven haplotypes,indicating that EPN4-1 is an elite haplotype of EPN4 for positive coordination of the three components of grain yield.Furthermore,accessions carrying the combination of EPN4-1 and haplotype GNP1-6 of GNP1 for grain number per panicle showed higher grain yield than those with other allele combinations.Therefore,pyramiding of EPN4-1 and GNP1-6 could be a preferred approach to obtain high yield potential in breeding.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB951502)the Special Fund for Meteorology-Scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(GYHY201106020)
文摘Based on climate data from 254 meteorological stations, this study estimated the effects of climate change on rice planting boundaries and potential yields in the southern China during 1951-2010. The results indicated a signiifcant northward shift and westward expansion of northern boundaries for rice planting in the southern China. Compared with the period of 1951-1980, the average temperature during rice growing season in the period of 1981-2010 increased by 0.4＆#176;C, and the northern planting boundaries for single rice cropping system （SRCS）, early triple cropping rice system （ETCRS）, medium triple cropping rice system （MTCRS）, and late triple cropping rice system （LTCRS） moved northward by 10, 30, 52 and 66 km, respectively. In addition, compared with the period of 1951-1980, the suitable planting area for SRCS was reduced by 11%during the period of 1981-2010. However, the suitable planting areas for other rice cropping systems increased, with the increasing amplitude of 3, 8, and 10%for ETCRS, MTCRS and LTCRS, respectively. In general, the light and temperature potential productivity of rice decreased by 2.5%. Without considering the change of rice cultivars, the northern planting boundaries for different rice cropping systems showed a northward shift tendency. Climate change resulted in decrease of per unit area yield for SRCS and the annual average yields of ETCRS and LTCRS. Nevertheless, the overall rice production in the entire research area showed a decreasing trend even with the increasing trend of annual average yield for MTCRS.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD2302801)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (JBYW-AII-2024-38)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesChina Scholarship Council。
文摘Accurately estimating the wheat yield potential under climate changes is essential for assessing food production capacity. However, studies based on crop modeling and imperfect management experiment data frequently underestimate the wheat yield potential. In this study, we evaluated wheat yield potential based on the CERES-Wheat model and a well-managed 10-year(2008–2017) field study in the North China Plain(NCP), and further identified the critical climate and management yield-limiting factors for improving wheat yield potential and closing the wheat yield gap. Our results revealed that wheat yield potential averaged 10.8 t ha–1in the recent decade. The low growing degree days(GDD) in the pre-winter growing season(592℃ d) and solar radiation in the whole growth season(3,036 MJ m–2) are the most critical climatic factors limiting wheat yield potential in the current production system. Nonetheless, wheat yield potential in the NCP is projected to decline during 2040–2059 by 1.8 and 5.1% under the representative concentration pathway(RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, without considering the elevated CO_(2) concentration. However, the positive influence of CO_(2) fertilization will be sufficient to offset these negative impacts from climatic warming and solar dimming, ultimately leading to an enhancement in wheat yield potential during 2040–2059 by 7.5 and 9.8% compared to the baseline under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. To improve the wheat yield potential, we recommend selecting an appropriate planting date(5 October) and planting density(400 plants m–2) that align with light and temperature conditions during the wheat growing season. In addition, optimizing the timing and rate of water application(three times, 270 mm) and fertilizer use(based on inseason root zone nitrogen management) is crucial for closing the wheat yield gap. This study underscores the importance of adopting multiple management practices that account for complex climate–crop–soil interconnections to enhance the wheat yield based on a long-term field experiment under the changing climate.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300110,2016YFD0300101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871558)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2015CB150401)。
文摘Yield gap exists because the current attained actual grain yield cannot yet achieve the estimated yield potential. Chinese high yield maize belt has a wide span from east to west which results in different solar radiations between different regions and thus different grain yields. We used multi-site experimental data, surveyed farmer yield data, the highest recorded yield data in the literatures, and simulations with Hybrid-Maize Model to assess the yield gap and tried to reduce the yield gap by matching the solar radiation and plant density. The maize belt was divided into five regions from east to west according to distribution of accumulated solar radiation. The results showed that there were more than 5.8 Mg ha^(–1) yield gaps between surveyed farmer yield and the yield potential in different regions of China from east to west, which just achieved less than 65% of the yield potential. By analyzing the multi-site density experimental data, we found that the accumulated solar radiation was significantly correlated to optimum plant density which is the density with the highest yield in the multi-site density experiment(y=0.09895 x–32.49, P<0.01), according to which the optimum plant densities in different regions from east to west were calculated. It showed that the optimum plant density could be increased by 60.0, 55.2, 47.3, 84.8, and 59.6% compared to the actual density, the grain yield could be increased by 20.2, 18.3, 10.9, 18.1, and 15.3% through increasing plant density, which could reduce the yield gaps of 33.7, 23.0, 13.4, 17.3, and 10.4% in R(region)-1, R-2, R-3, R-4, and R-5, respectively. This study indicates that matching maize plant density and solar radiation is an effective approach to reduce yield gaps in different regions of China.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100301)
文摘There are 41 members of the CCT（CO, CO-like, and TOC1） domain-containing gene family in rice, which are divided into three subfamilies： COL（CONSTANS-like）, CMF（CCT motif family）, and PRR（pseudoresponse regulator）. The first flowering gene to be isolated by map-based cloning, Heading date 1（Hd1）, which is the orthologue of CO in rice, belongs to COL. The central regulator of plant development, Ghd7, belongs to CMF. The major role in controlling rice distribution to high latitudes, Ghd7.1/PRR37, belongs to PRR. Both of Hd1, Ghd7 and Ghd7.1 simultaneously control grain number, plant height, and the heading date. To date, 13 CCT family genes from these three subfamilies have been shown to regulate flowering. Some of them have pleiotropic effects on grain yield, plant height, and abiotic stresses, and others function as circadian oscillators. There are two independent photoperiod flowering pathways that are mediated by GI-Hd1-Hd3 a/RFT and GI-Ehd1-Hd3 a/RFT in rice. CCT family genes are involved in both pathways. The latest study reveals that protein interaction between Hd1 and Ghd7 integrates the two pathways. CCT family genes are rich in natural variation because rice cultivars have been subjected to natural and artificial selection for different day lengths in the process of domestication and improvement. Alleles of several crucial CCT family genes such as Hd1, Ghd7, and Ghd7.1 exhibit geographic distribution patterns and are highly associated with yield potentials. In addition, CCT family genes are probably involved in the responses to abiotic stress, which should be emphasized in future work. In general, CCT family genes play important roles in regulating flowering, plant growth, and grain yield. The functional identification and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of CCT family genes would help construct a flowering regulatory network and maximize their contribution to rice production.
基金supporting the publication charges of the manuscript
文摘Most yield progress obtained through the so called ＂Green Revolution＂, particularly in the irrigated areas of Asia, has reached a limit, and major resistance genes are quickly overcome by the appearance of new strains of disease causing organisms.New plant stresses due to a changing environment are difficult to breed for as quickly as the changes occur.There is consequently a continual need for new research programs and breeding strategies aimed at improving yield potential, abiotic stress tolerance and resistance to new, major pests and diseases.Recent advances in plant breeding encompass novel methods of expanding genetic variability and selecting for recombinants, including the development of synthetic hexaploid, hybrid and transgenic wheats.In addition, the use of molecular approaches such as quantitative trait locus（QTL） and association mapping may increase the possibility of directly selecting positive chromosomal regions linked with natural variation for grain yield and stress resistance.The present article reviews the potential contribution of these new approaches and tools to the improvement of wheat yield in farmer＇s fields, with a special emphasis on the Asian countries, which are major wheat producers, and contain the highest concentration of resource-poor wheat farmers.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Program of Xinjiang Construction Corps(No.2024AB064)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41975044,42001314)。
文摘Climate change is significantly impacting cotton production in the Tarim River Basin.The study investigated the climate change characteristics from 2021 to 2100 using climate change datasets simulated per the coupled model inter-comparison project phase six(CMIP6)climatic patterns under the shared socioeconomic pathways SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5.The DSSAT-CROPGROCotton model,along with stepwise multiple regression analyses,was used to simulate changes in the potential yield of seed cotton due to climate change.The results show that while future temperatures in the Tarim River Basin will rise significantly,changes in precipitation and radiation during the cotton-growing season are minimal.Seed cotton yields are more sensitive to low temperatures than to precipitation and radiation.The potential yield of seed cotton under the SSP2-4.5 scenario would increase by 14.8%,23.7%,29.0%,and 29.4%in the 2030S,2050S,2070S,and 2090S,respectively.In contrast,under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,the potential yield of seed cotton would see increases of 17.5%,27.1%,30.1%,and 22.6%,respectively.Except for the 2090s under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,future seed cotton production can withstand a 10%to 20%deficit in irrigation.These findings will help develop climate change adaptation strategies for cotton cultivation.
基金supported by the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD04069)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32230074 and 32470264)。
文摘Enhancing crop productivity and quality remains a paramount breeding objective to address the dual challenges of global population growth and escalating demand.Cereal endosperms,particularly in staple crops such as rice,wheat,and maize,constitute the world's primary source of human nutrition and animal feed.
