Written feedback in English writing classes serves as the primary mode of feedback.By comparing direct corrective feedback and indirect corrective feedback in addressing content and form,this paper argues that indirec...Written feedback in English writing classes serves as the primary mode of feedback.By comparing direct corrective feedback and indirect corrective feedback in addressing content and form,this paper argues that indirect corrective feedback better aligns with the needs of English majors.Multiple factors influence the choice of written feedback methods,and teachers should carefully select the most appropriate approach based on student characteristics to maximize the effectiveness of feedback.展开更多
Although substantial research shows the effectiveness of written corrective feedback(WCF)in treating simple grammar structures,more research is still needed to refute Truscott’s claim that WCF may not work on complex...Although substantial research shows the effectiveness of written corrective feedback(WCF)in treating simple grammar structures,more research is still needed to refute Truscott’s claim that WCF may not work on complex grammar structures.Similarly,a previous body of research has shown that the degree of explicitness of feedback moderates the efficacy of WCF.However,most WCF studies have systematically manipulated only direct corrective feedback.The current study was therefore conducted to fill these gaps in the literature.To this end,five intact classes of Functional English were recruited and later randomly assigned to four treatment groups:DCF,DCF+ME,ICF,and ICF+ME,and one control group that received no feedback.All the groups took part in three WCF treatment sessions,during which they wrote two different pieces:a news report and a picture description.Later,only the treatment groups received the WCF.The WCF’s effectiveness was measured by writing tests and grammaticality judgment tasks(GJT).The results demonstrated that WCF helped L2 learners improve their grammatical accuracy of passive voice tenses.The study further showed that the group that received the most explicit type of WCF fared better than the ones that received the least explicit type of WCF.Important pedagogical implications for ESL/EFL teachers are discussed.展开更多
Classroom evaluation plays a critical role in shaping students’learning experiences,influencing not only their academic performance but also their motivation and engagement.In the context of primary Chinese language ...Classroom evaluation plays a critical role in shaping students’learning experiences,influencing not only their academic performance but also their motivation and engagement.In the context of primary Chinese language learning,oral feedback and written comments are two prevalent evaluation methods.This paper explores how these different types of feedback impact students’motivation,learning outcomes,and participation.By comparing the immediacy of oral feedback with the systematic nature of written comments,this study seeks to provide insights into how educators can utilize classroom evaluations more effectively to foster motivation in Chinese language learners.The findings indicate that both feedback methods have unique strengths,and a balanced approach may optimize learning outcomes.展开更多
This article applies the theories of gender differences in language use, makes a survey of non-English major graduates＇ English writing, and analyzes the gender differences in EFL writing proficiency and particularly...This article applies the theories of gender differences in language use, makes a survey of non-English major graduates＇ English writing, and analyzes the gender differences in EFL writing proficiency and particularly in the use of oral/written register features, aiming to provide suggestions for gendered teaching in EFL writing.展开更多
Spoken language and written language serve different functions in communication.It’s necessary for English teachers to know the differences between them in order to teach effectively.This thesis analyzes the differen...Spoken language and written language serve different functions in communication.It’s necessary for English teachers to know the differences between them in order to teach effectively.This thesis analyzes the differences between spoken language and written language in four respects and their influence in English teaching.展开更多
Set at the interface between second language acquisition and second language writing,this study examines how different types of written corrective feedback(WCF)influence the writing accuracy of Chinese college student...Set at the interface between second language acquisition and second language writing,this study examines how different types of written corrective feedback(WCF)influence the writing accuracy of Chinese college students learning English as a Foreign Language(EFL)and whether WCF facilitates the students’grasp of the focused linguistic knowledge.The participants(n=60)were divided into direct correction group(n=20),indirect error-coding group(n=20)and metalinguistic explanation group(n=20).The three groups wrote four essays in two months and received WCF for the first three essays on the five targeted error types,namely tense errors,confusion of different forms of a word,word(articles,prepositions,etc.)missing,errors in subjectverb agreement and inappropriate verb-noun collocations.The results show that all three types of WCF improved students’writing accuracy but none of them had any statistical advantage,and the metalinguistic WCF was more effective than the other two forms in facilitating the acquisition of the targeted linguistic features.These results shed some light on teaching and consolidation of language points through writing in EFL contexts.展开更多
The beauty of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard lies in many aspects.Its success comes from the application of defamiliarization shown in the lexical and syntactic level and beautiful melody embodied in rhythm and...The beauty of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard lies in many aspects.Its success comes from the application of defamiliarization shown in the lexical and syntactic level and beautiful melody embodied in rhythm and rhyme.This paper focuses on the production of beauty in this poem from the two aspects-uses of defamiliarization and musical quality of this poem.展开更多
Some researchers view the teacher written feedback as an effective method in the recursive process of students revising their writing drafts and teachers responding to them in terms of language use,content and linguis...Some researchers view the teacher written feedback as an effective method in the recursive process of students revising their writing drafts and teachers responding to them in terms of language use,content and linguistic knowledge,while others argue its impact on the learners may be less than what teachers would expect.The point to the different opinion is that neither of them takes students’English proficiency and their characteristics of learning English into consideration which may influence students’response to the teacher written feedback differently.展开更多
The most important reason why an average writing is different from a good writing lies in whether the writing uses written language or spoken language. To tell the differences between them, the essay analyzes rich fea...The most important reason why an average writing is different from a good writing lies in whether the writing uses written language or spoken language. To tell the differences between them, the essay analyzes rich features such as lexical density, grammatical intricacy, and use of noun phrase of some examples. Therefore, students may learn how to write in a new point of view.展开更多
Corrective feedback on writing(WCF)has been one of the most controversial topics in ESL/EFL teaching.In the past decades,much has been disputed regarding the effectiveness and preferences of the quantity,focus,directn...Corrective feedback on writing(WCF)has been one of the most controversial topics in ESL/EFL teaching.In the past decades,much has been disputed regarding the effectiveness and preferences of the quantity,focus,directness and source of WCF.With so much uncertainty,the researcher set out to investigate how research-informed secondary school teachers in Macao reported their beliefs,rationales,practices and constraints of administering corrective feedback for EFL writing in Macao secondary schools.Twelve secondary school teachers were recruited at a TESOL conference to conduct focus-group discussions.Similar to previous findings,results suggest teachers had clear rationales as to their ways of practising WCF.However,many expressed difficulties in acting according to rationales and beliefs.Despite their experience and knowledge,practical constraints such as school policies and teacher workload made it unlikely for them to follow their thoughts with feedback on writing.This study identified six sources of constraints that could prohibit practices and potentially reshape ones’beliefs,which sheds light on future directions of WCF research.展开更多
This study aims to analyze the descriptions in breast cancer journals written by patients and to understand the experience of benefit finding among patients with breast cancer. We selected 22 such breast cancer journa...This study aims to analyze the descriptions in breast cancer journals written by patients and to understand the experience of benefit finding among patients with breast cancer. We selected 22 such breast cancer journals written by patients published after 2000 in Japan. The extracted statements related to benefit finding of patients experiencing breast cancer from the 22 journals were subjected to a qualitative analysis, and the following seven benefit finding elements were extracted: “Gratitude toward others”, “Benefits due to cancer”, “Happiness at living a normal life”, “Realization of and satisfaction with my growth”, “Awareness of the meaning of my existence”, “Hopes for life”, and “Willingness to contribute to others”. These benefit findings suggest that these particulars fulfill cultural, practical, spiritual, and social meanings, and lead to self-revaluation in daily life.展开更多
About one tenth of the world’s population cannot read and write sufficiently. Cognitive abilities, such as selective attention and crystallized as well as fluid intelligence, have been defined as crucial factors for ...About one tenth of the world’s population cannot read and write sufficiently. Cognitive abilities, such as selective attention and crystallized as well as fluid intelligence, have been defined as crucial factors for the acquisition of written language skills. However, it is unclear whether these abilities are necessary also for the alphabetization of adults. Before and after a one-year alphabetization course, we compared the attention and intelligence of 47 illiterate individuals to 41 matched literate controls who did not take part in the alphabetization course. Illiterate individuals improved in selective attention and crystallized intelligence from before to after the alphabetization course;however, they did not reach the same level of functioning as literate controls. In addition, the fluid intelligence of illiterates did not improve. More importantly, when controlling for attention improvement, we found that improvement in crystallized intelligence was associated with alphabetization above and beyond the influence of attention. Our results suggest that alphabetization is closely related to improvements in attention and crystallized intelligence. Specifically, socio-cultural, knowledge- specific learning processes improve during the acquisition of written language skills and may not depend on only the enhancement of the ability to attend to relevant stimuli. Alphabetization programs may, therefore, benefit from distinct considerations of attentional, intellectual, and literacy related skill acquisitions.展开更多
The Cameroonian daily press is now taking a new look at the use of photography in its columns. Photography is therefore at the heart of the new information system: the application of a new formula, a photographic form...The Cameroonian daily press is now taking a new look at the use of photography in its columns. Photography is therefore at the heart of the new information system: the application of a new formula, a photographic formula, therefore visual, which is a novelty. The aim of our article is to highlight how the Cameroonian daily press constructs the discursive staging of this visual content. It proposes to examine the ways in which the news image in <i>Cameroon Tribune</i> is constituted in journalistic writing. In this article, we will analyse the photographic content of the daily newspaper <i>Cameroon Tribune</i>. The corpus consists of 1245 photographs from 25 issues published between 21 October and 22 November 2019. The technique used is media content analysis, which allows us to produce exhaustive descriptive statements that meet the criteria of scientific validity and reproducibility. Emancipated from its strict illustrative function, photography in the daily newspaper <i>Cameroon Tribune</i> then becomes fully a means of information and communication, in the same way as text. This translates into the construction of informative sets such as the importance of the surface area of the visual content which gives pride of place to the visual, giving an impression of abundance that is perceptible from the Front Page. One of the important features of the newspaper’s iconography is the great positivity of its images, which reinforces the closeness between the reader and the news. In total, the newspaper highlights photographs of limited informative interest: these are portraits that show the faces of the protagonists of the articles, to the detriment of current events.展开更多
This study was designed to investigate the effect of written corrective feedback （WCF） on junior English learners＇writing. Eighty-two Chinese junior students from two classes were observed in a draft-to-draft writi...This study was designed to investigate the effect of written corrective feedback （WCF） on junior English learners＇writing. Eighty-two Chinese junior students from two classes were observed in a draft-to-draft writing program.Results included error distribution and WCF＇s effect on the subjects＇ writing. Specifically, the number of localerrors dropped more significantly than that of global errors. Both direct feedback （DF） and indirect feedback （IF）worked for local errors, but they did not have noticeable effects on global errors. For some errors as wrong word,DF was almost helpless in eliminating them, but IF worked better since it could engage students in reflecting ontheir own errors. For Chinglish and word order errors, however, IF＇s role was very limited in revision andcorrection, due to students＇ inefficient syntactic knowledge. This study indicated that WCF had varying effects fordifferent types of errors and a combination of DF and IF might be more helpful. In addition, positive input andcertain amount of explicit grammar teaching are necessary for long-term improvement of accuracy in writing.展开更多
South Africa is to establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic ofChina by the end of this year while cutting off its official ties with Taiwan.This will be a major event worthy of warm celebrations. It ...South Africa is to establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic ofChina by the end of this year while cutting off its official ties with Taiwan.This will be a major event worthy of warm celebrations. It will usher in a newstage in the annals of bilateral relations of friendship and cooperation. The decisionfor the changeover in diplomatic recognition by the new South Africa Governmentis a wise, crucial strategic action taken after all-round deliberations on its long-termstate interests and carried out in accordance with diplomatic norms accepted in theinternational community. No doubt, it will exert positive impact worldwide.展开更多
The semantics of pure indexicals ＂I,＂ ＂here,＂ and ＂now＂ has been discussed in the area of philosophy of language. According to David Kaplan, in face-to-face communication, ＂I,＂ ＂here,＂ and ＂now＂ refer resp...The semantics of pure indexicals ＂I,＂ ＂here,＂ and ＂now＂ has been discussed in the area of philosophy of language. According to David Kaplan, in face-to-face communication, ＂I,＂ ＂here,＂ and ＂now＂ refer respectively to the agent, the place, and the time of the context of utterance. In recorded and written messages, however, the identification of pure indexical references is nontrivial, given that there is a gap between the time of utterance and that of interpretation. In the literature, four major views are proposed from a philosophical perspective. While these are theoretically competing, no empirical data or pragmatic analyses have been provided. How is the reference of ＂now＂ in written messages interpreted？ Which views proposed in the literature are supported empirically？ This paper investigates these questions from experimental and pragmatic perspectives.展开更多
The types of teachers’ written feedback and their effects have been the focuses of researches on feedback in EFL writing. This paper aims at providing some references and suggestions on the effective feedback types i...The types of teachers’ written feedback and their effects have been the focuses of researches on feedback in EFL writing. This paper aims at providing some references and suggestions on the effective feedback types in EFL writing in China through reviewing the recent ten-year researches on teachers’ written feedback in EFL writing in China from the perspectives of feedback source, content, types and comments, and exploring the future development of the researches from research design, feedback types, and research perspectives and so on.Literature research shows that the answers remain controversial on which kind of feedback source, feedback content, feedback type, and feedback comments are the best to students in EFL writing. However, the supplementary roles of peer feedback and electronic feedback are well recognized; form-focused feedback combined with content-focused feedback is popular with the students; the demand for the degree of feedback directness and feedback comments varies with the level of students. Compared to the past, recent domestic researches on teachers’ feedback are more various in research methods, more diversified in research perspectives and extended more in research content. Future domestic research on teachers’ feedback needs to make efforts on designing the experiment, expanding the feedback content, combining different feedback types and broadening research perspectives in order to further verify the effectiveness of teachers’ written feedback.展开更多
Exploiting new concepts for dense, fast, and nonvolatile random access memory with reduced energy consump- tion is a significant issue for information technology. Here we design an ＇electrically written and optically...Exploiting new concepts for dense, fast, and nonvolatile random access memory with reduced energy consump- tion is a significant issue for information technology. Here we design an ＇electrically written and optically read＇ information storage device employing BiFeO3/A u heterostruetures with strong absorption resonance. The electro- optic effect is the basis for the device design, which arises from the strong absorption resonance in BiFeO3/Au heterostructures and the electrically tunable significant birefringence of the BiFeO3 film. We first construct a sim- ulation calculation of the BiFeO3/Au structure spectrum and identify absorption resonance and electro-optical modulation characteristics. Following a micro scale partition, the surface reflected light intensity of different polarization units is calculated. The results depend on electric polarization states of the BiFeO3 film, thus BiFeO3/Au heterostructures can essentially be designed as a type of electrically written and optically read infor- mation storage device by utilizing the scanning near-field optical microscopy technology based on the conductive silicon cantilever tip with nanofabricated aperture. This work will shed light on information storage technology.展开更多
文摘Written feedback in English writing classes serves as the primary mode of feedback.By comparing direct corrective feedback and indirect corrective feedback in addressing content and form,this paper argues that indirect corrective feedback better aligns with the needs of English majors.Multiple factors influence the choice of written feedback methods,and teachers should carefully select the most appropriate approach based on student characteristics to maximize the effectiveness of feedback.
文摘Although substantial research shows the effectiveness of written corrective feedback(WCF)in treating simple grammar structures,more research is still needed to refute Truscott’s claim that WCF may not work on complex grammar structures.Similarly,a previous body of research has shown that the degree of explicitness of feedback moderates the efficacy of WCF.However,most WCF studies have systematically manipulated only direct corrective feedback.The current study was therefore conducted to fill these gaps in the literature.To this end,five intact classes of Functional English were recruited and later randomly assigned to four treatment groups:DCF,DCF+ME,ICF,and ICF+ME,and one control group that received no feedback.All the groups took part in three WCF treatment sessions,during which they wrote two different pieces:a news report and a picture description.Later,only the treatment groups received the WCF.The WCF’s effectiveness was measured by writing tests and grammaticality judgment tasks(GJT).The results demonstrated that WCF helped L2 learners improve their grammatical accuracy of passive voice tenses.The study further showed that the group that received the most explicit type of WCF fared better than the ones that received the least explicit type of WCF.Important pedagogical implications for ESL/EFL teachers are discussed.
基金湖南省教育厅教学改革研究重点项目“以美润德——美育视角下《英美文学》课程思政之建构与实施”(项目编号:HNJG-20231610)中南林业科技大学涉外学院重点科研项目“人类命运共同体视域下的《渭川田家》与Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard之比较分析”(项目编号:SYXY202407)。
文摘Classroom evaluation plays a critical role in shaping students’learning experiences,influencing not only their academic performance but also their motivation and engagement.In the context of primary Chinese language learning,oral feedback and written comments are two prevalent evaluation methods.This paper explores how these different types of feedback impact students’motivation,learning outcomes,and participation.By comparing the immediacy of oral feedback with the systematic nature of written comments,this study seeks to provide insights into how educators can utilize classroom evaluations more effectively to foster motivation in Chinese language learners.The findings indicate that both feedback methods have unique strengths,and a balanced approach may optimize learning outcomes.
文摘This article applies the theories of gender differences in language use, makes a survey of non-English major graduates＇ English writing, and analyzes the gender differences in EFL writing proficiency and particularly in the use of oral/written register features, aiming to provide suggestions for gendered teaching in EFL writing.
文摘Spoken language and written language serve different functions in communication.It’s necessary for English teachers to know the differences between them in order to teach effectively.This thesis analyzes the differences between spoken language and written language in four respects and their influence in English teaching.
文摘Set at the interface between second language acquisition and second language writing,this study examines how different types of written corrective feedback(WCF)influence the writing accuracy of Chinese college students learning English as a Foreign Language(EFL)and whether WCF facilitates the students’grasp of the focused linguistic knowledge.The participants(n=60)were divided into direct correction group(n=20),indirect error-coding group(n=20)and metalinguistic explanation group(n=20).The three groups wrote four essays in two months and received WCF for the first three essays on the five targeted error types,namely tense errors,confusion of different forms of a word,word(articles,prepositions,etc.)missing,errors in subjectverb agreement and inappropriate verb-noun collocations.The results show that all three types of WCF improved students’writing accuracy but none of them had any statistical advantage,and the metalinguistic WCF was more effective than the other two forms in facilitating the acquisition of the targeted linguistic features.These results shed some light on teaching and consolidation of language points through writing in EFL contexts.
文摘The beauty of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard lies in many aspects.Its success comes from the application of defamiliarization shown in the lexical and syntactic level and beautiful melody embodied in rhythm and rhyme.This paper focuses on the production of beauty in this poem from the two aspects-uses of defamiliarization and musical quality of this poem.
文摘Some researchers view the teacher written feedback as an effective method in the recursive process of students revising their writing drafts and teachers responding to them in terms of language use,content and linguistic knowledge,while others argue its impact on the learners may be less than what teachers would expect.The point to the different opinion is that neither of them takes students’English proficiency and their characteristics of learning English into consideration which may influence students’response to the teacher written feedback differently.
文摘The most important reason why an average writing is different from a good writing lies in whether the writing uses written language or spoken language. To tell the differences between them, the essay analyzes rich features such as lexical density, grammatical intricacy, and use of noun phrase of some examples. Therefore, students may learn how to write in a new point of view.
文摘Corrective feedback on writing(WCF)has been one of the most controversial topics in ESL/EFL teaching.In the past decades,much has been disputed regarding the effectiveness and preferences of the quantity,focus,directness and source of WCF.With so much uncertainty,the researcher set out to investigate how research-informed secondary school teachers in Macao reported their beliefs,rationales,practices and constraints of administering corrective feedback for EFL writing in Macao secondary schools.Twelve secondary school teachers were recruited at a TESOL conference to conduct focus-group discussions.Similar to previous findings,results suggest teachers had clear rationales as to their ways of practising WCF.However,many expressed difficulties in acting according to rationales and beliefs.Despite their experience and knowledge,practical constraints such as school policies and teacher workload made it unlikely for them to follow their thoughts with feedback on writing.This study identified six sources of constraints that could prohibit practices and potentially reshape ones’beliefs,which sheds light on future directions of WCF research.
文摘This study aims to analyze the descriptions in breast cancer journals written by patients and to understand the experience of benefit finding among patients with breast cancer. We selected 22 such breast cancer journals written by patients published after 2000 in Japan. The extracted statements related to benefit finding of patients experiencing breast cancer from the 22 journals were subjected to a qualitative analysis, and the following seven benefit finding elements were extracted: “Gratitude toward others”, “Benefits due to cancer”, “Happiness at living a normal life”, “Realization of and satisfaction with my growth”, “Awareness of the meaning of my existence”, “Hopes for life”, and “Willingness to contribute to others”. These benefit findings suggest that these particulars fulfill cultural, practical, spiritual, and social meanings, and lead to self-revaluation in daily life.
文摘About one tenth of the world’s population cannot read and write sufficiently. Cognitive abilities, such as selective attention and crystallized as well as fluid intelligence, have been defined as crucial factors for the acquisition of written language skills. However, it is unclear whether these abilities are necessary also for the alphabetization of adults. Before and after a one-year alphabetization course, we compared the attention and intelligence of 47 illiterate individuals to 41 matched literate controls who did not take part in the alphabetization course. Illiterate individuals improved in selective attention and crystallized intelligence from before to after the alphabetization course;however, they did not reach the same level of functioning as literate controls. In addition, the fluid intelligence of illiterates did not improve. More importantly, when controlling for attention improvement, we found that improvement in crystallized intelligence was associated with alphabetization above and beyond the influence of attention. Our results suggest that alphabetization is closely related to improvements in attention and crystallized intelligence. Specifically, socio-cultural, knowledge- specific learning processes improve during the acquisition of written language skills and may not depend on only the enhancement of the ability to attend to relevant stimuli. Alphabetization programs may, therefore, benefit from distinct considerations of attentional, intellectual, and literacy related skill acquisitions.
文摘The Cameroonian daily press is now taking a new look at the use of photography in its columns. Photography is therefore at the heart of the new information system: the application of a new formula, a photographic formula, therefore visual, which is a novelty. The aim of our article is to highlight how the Cameroonian daily press constructs the discursive staging of this visual content. It proposes to examine the ways in which the news image in <i>Cameroon Tribune</i> is constituted in journalistic writing. In this article, we will analyse the photographic content of the daily newspaper <i>Cameroon Tribune</i>. The corpus consists of 1245 photographs from 25 issues published between 21 October and 22 November 2019. The technique used is media content analysis, which allows us to produce exhaustive descriptive statements that meet the criteria of scientific validity and reproducibility. Emancipated from its strict illustrative function, photography in the daily newspaper <i>Cameroon Tribune</i> then becomes fully a means of information and communication, in the same way as text. This translates into the construction of informative sets such as the importance of the surface area of the visual content which gives pride of place to the visual, giving an impression of abundance that is perceptible from the Front Page. One of the important features of the newspaper’s iconography is the great positivity of its images, which reinforces the closeness between the reader and the news. In total, the newspaper highlights photographs of limited informative interest: these are portraits that show the faces of the protagonists of the articles, to the detriment of current events.
文摘This study was designed to investigate the effect of written corrective feedback （WCF） on junior English learners＇writing. Eighty-two Chinese junior students from two classes were observed in a draft-to-draft writing program.Results included error distribution and WCF＇s effect on the subjects＇ writing. Specifically, the number of localerrors dropped more significantly than that of global errors. Both direct feedback （DF） and indirect feedback （IF）worked for local errors, but they did not have noticeable effects on global errors. For some errors as wrong word,DF was almost helpless in eliminating them, but IF worked better since it could engage students in reflecting ontheir own errors. For Chinglish and word order errors, however, IF＇s role was very limited in revision andcorrection, due to students＇ inefficient syntactic knowledge. This study indicated that WCF had varying effects fordifferent types of errors and a combination of DF and IF might be more helpful. In addition, positive input andcertain amount of explicit grammar teaching are necessary for long-term improvement of accuracy in writing.
文摘South Africa is to establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic ofChina by the end of this year while cutting off its official ties with Taiwan.This will be a major event worthy of warm celebrations. It will usher in a newstage in the annals of bilateral relations of friendship and cooperation. The decisionfor the changeover in diplomatic recognition by the new South Africa Governmentis a wise, crucial strategic action taken after all-round deliberations on its long-termstate interests and carried out in accordance with diplomatic norms accepted in theinternational community. No doubt, it will exert positive impact worldwide.
文摘The semantics of pure indexicals ＂I,＂ ＂here,＂ and ＂now＂ has been discussed in the area of philosophy of language. According to David Kaplan, in face-to-face communication, ＂I,＂ ＂here,＂ and ＂now＂ refer respectively to the agent, the place, and the time of the context of utterance. In recorded and written messages, however, the identification of pure indexical references is nontrivial, given that there is a gap between the time of utterance and that of interpretation. In the literature, four major views are proposed from a philosophical perspective. While these are theoretically competing, no empirical data or pragmatic analyses have been provided. How is the reference of ＂now＂ in written messages interpreted？ Which views proposed in the literature are supported empirically？ This paper investigates these questions from experimental and pragmatic perspectives.
文摘The types of teachers’ written feedback and their effects have been the focuses of researches on feedback in EFL writing. This paper aims at providing some references and suggestions on the effective feedback types in EFL writing in China through reviewing the recent ten-year researches on teachers’ written feedback in EFL writing in China from the perspectives of feedback source, content, types and comments, and exploring the future development of the researches from research design, feedback types, and research perspectives and so on.Literature research shows that the answers remain controversial on which kind of feedback source, feedback content, feedback type, and feedback comments are the best to students in EFL writing. However, the supplementary roles of peer feedback and electronic feedback are well recognized; form-focused feedback combined with content-focused feedback is popular with the students; the demand for the degree of feedback directness and feedback comments varies with the level of students. Compared to the past, recent domestic researches on teachers’ feedback are more various in research methods, more diversified in research perspectives and extended more in research content. Future domestic research on teachers’ feedback needs to make efforts on designing the experiment, expanding the feedback content, combining different feedback types and broadening research perspectives in order to further verify the effectiveness of teachers’ written feedback.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11304384the Research Project of National University of Defense Technology under Grant No JC13-07-02
文摘Exploiting new concepts for dense, fast, and nonvolatile random access memory with reduced energy consump- tion is a significant issue for information technology. Here we design an ＇electrically written and optically read＇ information storage device employing BiFeO3/A u heterostruetures with strong absorption resonance. The electro- optic effect is the basis for the device design, which arises from the strong absorption resonance in BiFeO3/Au heterostructures and the electrically tunable significant birefringence of the BiFeO3 film. We first construct a sim- ulation calculation of the BiFeO3/Au structure spectrum and identify absorption resonance and electro-optical modulation characteristics. Following a micro scale partition, the surface reflected light intensity of different polarization units is calculated. The results depend on electric polarization states of the BiFeO3 film, thus BiFeO3/Au heterostructures can essentially be designed as a type of electrically written and optically read infor- mation storage device by utilizing the scanning near-field optical microscopy technology based on the conductive silicon cantilever tip with nanofabricated aperture. This work will shed light on information storage technology.
