The biggest insufficiency of the present mathematics is that it consists, in fact, of the eclectic mixture of two different models. In the first model, the world is taken as infinity and what is chosen as an element h...The biggest insufficiency of the present mathematics is that it consists, in fact, of the eclectic mixture of two different models. In the first model, the world is taken as infinity and what is chosen as an element here is the unit. Everything is measured by the multiples of the unit. According to the second model, this world is in unity and its mathematical manifestation is the unit. The world is between zero and one. Everything here is measured by fraction The simplified variants of the mathematical model of the world paves the way for the comparative analysis of its alternative philosophical interpretations.展开更多
Traffic signal control is shifting from passive control to proactive control, which enables the controller to direct current traffic flow to reach its expected destinations. To this end, an effective prediction model ...Traffic signal control is shifting from passive control to proactive control, which enables the controller to direct current traffic flow to reach its expected destinations. To this end, an effective prediction model is needed for signal controllers. What to predict, how to predict, and how to leverage the prediction for control policy optimization are critical problems for proactive traffic signal control. In this paper, we use an image that contains vehicle positions to describe intersection traffic states. Then, inspired by a model-based reinforcement learning method, DreamerV2,we introduce a novel learning-based traffic world model. The traffic world model that describes traffic dynamics in image form is used as an abstract alternative to the traffic environment to generate multi-step planning data for control policy optimization. In the execution phase, the optimized traffic controller directly outputs actions in real time based on abstract representations of traffic states, and the world model can also predict the impact of different control behaviors on future traffic conditions. Experimental results indicate that the traffic world model enables the optimized real-time control policy to outperform common baselines, and the model achieves accurate image-based prediction, showing promising applications in futuristic traffic signal control.展开更多
In traditional philosophy, man is usually treated as a subject of knowledge, not as a subject of activity. This naturally led to an ignorance of his creative side and had its echoes in the models of the world put forw...In traditional philosophy, man is usually treated as a subject of knowledge, not as a subject of activity. This naturally led to an ignorance of his creative side and had its echoes in the models of the world put forward. Thus, when the world was mentioned the world meant was that perceived by man and the world man created or planned to create himself was given either a secondary treatment or else it was completely forgotten. But, as man is carrier of active spirit, the things he creates have their place in this world along those created by God. It is without doubt that things created by man are not produced against God＇s will. Still, human creativity is the corruption of the original creation, of the harmony of the world, of the book of nature. Man brings order, so to speak, to the world. He achieves this however at the cost of corrupting the Great Order within some narrow limits. Man himself is among the many highly interesting books written before and there exist as many variations of this book as there are human beings. What is the most difficult for man is though, to read his own book, to understand himself. In this article, the concept of the culture as a human creation is analyzed in the light of Man-World and Man-Nature-God relations. In this case, the author firstly explains the four different world models and then determines the boundaries of science and culture, as well as the individual and social strata of culture.展开更多
This paper describes a numerical model of the world ocean based on the fully primitive equations. A 'Standard' ocean state is introduced into the equations of the model and the perturbed thermodynamic variable...This paper describes a numerical model of the world ocean based on the fully primitive equations. A 'Standard' ocean state is introduced into the equations of the model and the perturbed thermodynamic variables are used in the modlc's calculations. Both a free upper surface and a bottom topography are included in the model and a sigma coordinate is used to normalize the model's vertical component. The model has four unevenly-spaced layers and 4 × 5 horizontal resolution based on C-grid system. The finite-difference scheme of the model is designed to conserve the gross available energy in order to avoid fictitious energy generation or decay.The model has been tested in response to the annual mean surface wind stress, sea level air pressure and sea level air temperature as a preliminary step to its further improvement and its coupling with a global atmospheric general circulation model. Some of results, including currents, temperature and sea surface elevation simulated by the mode! arc presented.展开更多
We present a multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis （MFDFA） of the time series of return generated by our recently-proposed Ising financial market model with underlying small world topology. The result of the M...We present a multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis （MFDFA） of the time series of return generated by our recently-proposed Ising financial market model with underlying small world topology. The result of the MFDFA shows that there exists obvious multifractal scaling behavior in produced time series. We compare the MFDFA results for original time series with those for shuffled series, and find that its multifractal nature is due to two factors： broadness of probability density function of the series and different correlations in small- and large-scale fluctuations. This may provide new insight to the problem of the origin of multifractality in financial time series.展开更多
Recently some P2P systems have constructed the small world network using the small world model so as to improve the routing performance.In this paper,we propose a novel probabilistic cache scheme to construct the smal...Recently some P2P systems have constructed the small world network using the small world model so as to improve the routing performance.In this paper,we propose a novel probabilistic cache scheme to construct the small world network based on the small world model and use it to improve CAN,that is,PCCAN(Probabilistic Cache-based CAN).PCCAN caches the long contact.It uses the worm routing replacing mechanism and probabilistic replacing strategy on the cache.The probabilistic cache scheme proves to be an efficient approach to model the small world phenomenon.Experiments in both the static and the dynamic network show that PCCAN can converge to the steady state with the cache scheme,and the routing performance is significantly improved with additional low overheads in the network compared with CAN.展开更多
|Editorial Note| Since reform and opening up,China has embarked on a path of development featuring socialism with Chinese characteristics,scoring remarkable achievements that have drawn attention from all over the wor...|Editorial Note| Since reform and opening up,China has embarked on a path of development featuring socialism with Chinese characteristics,scoring remarkable achievements that have drawn attention from all over the world.What has reform and opening up achieved?What are its experiences?What are the intrinsic values of socialism with Chinese characteristics?How is China’s development path viewed in the international community? This paper gives an overview of these questions,shedding light on the problems that the country faces and optimism about its future.展开更多
The recently discovered alignment of quasar polarizations on very large scales could possibly be explained by considering cosmic strings on a warped five dimensional spacetime. Compact objects, such as cosmic strings,...The recently discovered alignment of quasar polarizations on very large scales could possibly be explained by considering cosmic strings on a warped five dimensional spacetime. Compact objects, such as cosmic strings, could have tremendous mass in the bulk, while their warped manifestations in the brane can be consistent with general relativity in 4D. The self-gravitating cosmic string induces gravitational wavelike disturbances which could have effects felt on the brane, i.e., the massive effective 4D modes (Kaluza-Klein modes) of the perturbative 5D graviton. This effect is amplified by the time dependent part of the warp factor. Due to this warp factor, disturbances don’t fade away during the expansion of the universe. From a nonlinear perturbation analysis it is found that the effective Einstein 4D equations on an axially symmetric spacetime, contain a “back-reaction” term on the righthand side caused by the projected 5D Weyl tensor and can act as a dark energy term. The propagation equations to first order for the metric components and scalar-gauge fields contain -dependent terms, so the approximate wave solutions are no longer axially symmetric. The disturbances, amplified by the warp factor, can possess extremal values for fixed polar angles. This could explain the two preferred polarization vectors mod .展开更多
With the purpose to smooth the way of a correct understanding of information concepts and their evolution,in this paper,is discussed the evolution and development of the concept of information in biological systems,sh...With the purpose to smooth the way of a correct understanding of information concepts and their evolution,in this paper,is discussed the evolution and development of the concept of information in biological systems,showing that this concept was intuitively perceived even since ancient times by our predecessors,and described according to their language level of that times,but the crystallization of the real meaning of information is an achievement of our nowadays,by successive contribution of various scientific branches and personalities of the scientific community of the world,leading to a modern description/modeling of reality,in which information plays a fundamental role.It is shown that our reality can be understood as a contribution of matter/energy/information and represented/discussed as the model of the Universal Triangle of Reality(UTR),where various previous models can be suggestively inserted,as a function of their basic concern.The modern concepts on information starting from a theoretic experiment which would infringe the thermodynamics laws and reaching the theory of information and modern philosophic concepts on the world structuration allow us to show that information is a fundamental component of the material world and of the biological structures,in correlation with the structuration/destructuration processes of matter,involving absorption/release of information.Based on these concepts,is discussed the functionality of the biologic structures and is presented the informational model of the human body and living structures,as a general model of info-organization on the entire biological scale,showing that a rudimentary proto-consciousness should be operative even at the low-scale biological systems,because they work on the same principles,like the most developed bio-systems.The operability of biologic structures as informational devices is also pointed out.展开更多
The coming century will be one of grand global challenges.We will be facing global warming,a growing world population and growing economies.To meet the needs of all world citizens in a sustainable way will not be easy...The coming century will be one of grand global challenges.We will be facing global warming,a growing world population and growing economies.To meet the needs of all world citizens in a sustainable way will not be easy.One of the challenges will be to feed the growing world population,while limiting global warming.Food and water security are at risk,and we will need to invest in innovative and clean technologies to ensure that also in the future there will be enough food to feed the word.This all is reflected in the UN Sustainable Development Goals.展开更多
Chinese models still have a long way to go A Chinese debutante garnered most of the limelight at the annual Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show in New York in November last year. He Sui, a newcomer to the modeling world, ...Chinese models still have a long way to go A Chinese debutante garnered most of the limelight at the annual Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show in New York in November last year. He Sui, a newcomer to the modeling world, was the focus of many photographers as the dark haired beauty walked down the runway in a mermaid inspired ensemble.He was followed by another展开更多
Leading Chinese model Yue Mei won thetitle of World Super Model at the ’98 WorldSuper Model Competition held in FranceSeptember 6 - 17. Yue, a university studentfrom the Xinjiang Uygur AutonomousRegion, had won the t...Leading Chinese model Yue Mei won thetitle of World Super Model at the ’98 WorldSuper Model Competition held in FranceSeptember 6 - 17. Yue, a university studentfrom the Xinjiang Uygur AutonomousRegion, had won the top title at ’98 ChinaSuper Model Competition held in Beijingone month earier.After that, she underwentone month’s professional modeling trainingwith the New Silk Road ModelingManagement Company before setting off forthe world competition. In France, Yueimpressed the judges with her strikingfeatures, and display of oriental elegance展开更多
Aiming at the convergence between Earth observation(EO)Big Data and Artificial General Intelligence(AGI),this two-part paper identifies an innovative,but realistic EO optical sensory imagederived semantics-enriched An...Aiming at the convergence between Earth observation(EO)Big Data and Artificial General Intelligence(AGI),this two-part paper identifies an innovative,but realistic EO optical sensory imagederived semantics-enriched Analysis Ready Data(ARD)productpair and process gold standard as linchpin for success of a new notion of Space Economy 4.0.To be implemented in operational mode at the space segment and/or midstream segment by both public and private EO big data providers,it is regarded as necessarybut-not-sufficient“horizontal”(enabling)precondition for:(I)Transforming existing EO big raster-based data cubes at the midstream segment,typically affected by the so-called data-rich information-poor syndrome,into a new generation of semanticsenabled EO big raster-based numerical data and vector-based categorical(symbolic,semi-symbolic or subsymbolic)information cube management systems,eligible for semantic content-based image retrieval and semantics-enabled information/knowledge discovery.(II)Boosting the downstream segment in the development of an ever-increasing ensemble of“vertical”(deep and narrow,user-specific and domain-dependent)value–adding information products and services,suitable for a potentially huge worldwide market of institutional and private end-users of space technology.For the sake of readability,this paper consists of two parts.In the present Part 1,first,background notions in the remote sensing metascience domain are critically revised for harmonization across the multidisciplinary domain of cognitive science.In short,keyword“information”is disambiguated into the two complementary notions of quantitative/unequivocal information-as-thing and qualitative/equivocal/inherently ill-posed information-as-data-interpretation.Moreover,buzzword“artificial intelligence”is disambiguated into the two better-constrained notions of Artificial Narrow Intelligence as part-without-inheritance-of AGI.Second,based on a betterdefined and better-understood vocabulary of multidisciplinary terms,existing EO optical sensory image-derived Level 2/ARD products and processes are investigated at the Marr five levels of understanding of an information processing system.To overcome their drawbacks,an innovative,but realistic EO optical sensory image-derived semantics-enriched ARD product-pair and process gold standard is proposed in the subsequent Part 2.展开更多
Aiming at the convergence between Earth observation(EO)Big Data and Artificial General Intelligence(AGI),this paper consists of two parts.In the previous Part 1,existing EO optical sensory imagederived Level 2/Analysi...Aiming at the convergence between Earth observation(EO)Big Data and Artificial General Intelligence(AGI),this paper consists of two parts.In the previous Part 1,existing EO optical sensory imagederived Level 2/Analysis Ready Data(ARD)products and processes are critically compared,to overcome their lack of harmonization/standardization/interoperability and suitability in a new notion of Space Economy 4.0.In the present Part 2,original contributions comprise,at the Marr five levels of system understanding:(1)an innovative,but realistic EO optical sensory image-derived semantics-enriched ARD co-product pair requirements specification.First,in the pursuit of third-level semantic/ontological interoperability,a novel ARD symbolic(categorical and semantic)co-product,known as Scene Classification Map(SCM),adopts an augmented Cloud versus Not-Cloud taxonomy,whose Not-Cloud class legend complies with the standard fully-nested Land Cover Classification System’s Dichotomous Phase taxonomy proposed by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.Second,a novel ARD subsymbolic numerical co-product,specifically,a panchromatic or multispectral EO image whose dimensionless digital numbers are radiometrically calibrated into a physical unit of radiometric measure,ranging from top-of-atmosphere reflectance to surface reflectance and surface albedo values,in a five-stage radiometric correction sequence.(2)An original ARD process requirements specification.(3)An innovative ARD processing system design(architecture),where stepwise SCM generation and stepwise SCM-conditional EO optical image radiometric correction are alternated in sequence.(4)An original modular hierarchical hybrid(combined deductive and inductive)computer vision subsystem design,provided with feedback loops,where software solutions at the Marr two shallowest levels of system understanding,specifically,algorithm and implementation,are selected from the scientific literature,to benefit from their technology readiness level as proof of feasibility,required in addition to proven suitability.To be implemented in operational mode at the space segment and/or midstream segment by both public and private EO big data providers,the proposed EO optical sensory image-derived semantics-enriched ARD product-pair and process reference standard is highlighted as linchpin for success of a new notion of Space Economy 4.0.展开更多
文摘The biggest insufficiency of the present mathematics is that it consists, in fact, of the eclectic mixture of two different models. In the first model, the world is taken as infinity and what is chosen as an element here is the unit. Everything is measured by the multiples of the unit. According to the second model, this world is in unity and its mathematical manifestation is the unit. The world is between zero and one. Everything here is measured by fraction The simplified variants of the mathematical model of the world paves the way for the comparative analysis of its alternative philosophical interpretations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 62173329 and U1811463)。
文摘Traffic signal control is shifting from passive control to proactive control, which enables the controller to direct current traffic flow to reach its expected destinations. To this end, an effective prediction model is needed for signal controllers. What to predict, how to predict, and how to leverage the prediction for control policy optimization are critical problems for proactive traffic signal control. In this paper, we use an image that contains vehicle positions to describe intersection traffic states. Then, inspired by a model-based reinforcement learning method, DreamerV2,we introduce a novel learning-based traffic world model. The traffic world model that describes traffic dynamics in image form is used as an abstract alternative to the traffic environment to generate multi-step planning data for control policy optimization. In the execution phase, the optimized traffic controller directly outputs actions in real time based on abstract representations of traffic states, and the world model can also predict the impact of different control behaviors on future traffic conditions. Experimental results indicate that the traffic world model enables the optimized real-time control policy to outperform common baselines, and the model achieves accurate image-based prediction, showing promising applications in futuristic traffic signal control.
文摘In traditional philosophy, man is usually treated as a subject of knowledge, not as a subject of activity. This naturally led to an ignorance of his creative side and had its echoes in the models of the world put forward. Thus, when the world was mentioned the world meant was that perceived by man and the world man created or planned to create himself was given either a secondary treatment or else it was completely forgotten. But, as man is carrier of active spirit, the things he creates have their place in this world along those created by God. It is without doubt that things created by man are not produced against God＇s will. Still, human creativity is the corruption of the original creation, of the harmony of the world, of the book of nature. Man brings order, so to speak, to the world. He achieves this however at the cost of corrupting the Great Order within some narrow limits. Man himself is among the many highly interesting books written before and there exist as many variations of this book as there are human beings. What is the most difficult for man is though, to read his own book, to understand himself. In this article, the concept of the culture as a human creation is analyzed in the light of Man-World and Man-Nature-God relations. In this case, the author firstly explains the four different world models and then determines the boundaries of science and culture, as well as the individual and social strata of culture.
文摘This paper describes a numerical model of the world ocean based on the fully primitive equations. A 'Standard' ocean state is introduced into the equations of the model and the perturbed thermodynamic variables are used in the modlc's calculations. Both a free upper surface and a bottom topography are included in the model and a sigma coordinate is used to normalize the model's vertical component. The model has four unevenly-spaced layers and 4 × 5 horizontal resolution based on C-grid system. The finite-difference scheme of the model is designed to conserve the gross available energy in order to avoid fictitious energy generation or decay.The model has been tested in response to the annual mean surface wind stress, sea level air pressure and sea level air temperature as a preliminary step to its further improvement and its coupling with a global atmospheric general circulation model. Some of results, including currents, temperature and sea surface elevation simulated by the mode! arc presented.
基金Supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars of State Education Ministry
文摘We present a multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis （MFDFA） of the time series of return generated by our recently-proposed Ising financial market model with underlying small world topology. The result of the MFDFA shows that there exists obvious multifractal scaling behavior in produced time series. We compare the MFDFA results for original time series with those for shuffled series, and find that its multifractal nature is due to two factors： broadness of probability density function of the series and different correlations in small- and large-scale fluctuations. This may provide new insight to the problem of the origin of multifractality in financial time series.
基金Sponsored by the Science & Technology Committee of Shanghai Municipality Key Technologies R&D Project(Grant No.03dz15027)the Science & Technology Committee of Shanghai Municipality Key Project(Grant No.025115032).
文摘Recently some P2P systems have constructed the small world network using the small world model so as to improve the routing performance.In this paper,we propose a novel probabilistic cache scheme to construct the small world network based on the small world model and use it to improve CAN,that is,PCCAN(Probabilistic Cache-based CAN).PCCAN caches the long contact.It uses the worm routing replacing mechanism and probabilistic replacing strategy on the cache.The probabilistic cache scheme proves to be an efficient approach to model the small world phenomenon.Experiments in both the static and the dynamic network show that PCCAN can converge to the steady state with the cache scheme,and the routing performance is significantly improved with additional low overheads in the network compared with CAN.
文摘|Editorial Note| Since reform and opening up,China has embarked on a path of development featuring socialism with Chinese characteristics,scoring remarkable achievements that have drawn attention from all over the world.What has reform and opening up achieved?What are its experiences?What are the intrinsic values of socialism with Chinese characteristics?How is China’s development path viewed in the international community? This paper gives an overview of these questions,shedding light on the problems that the country faces and optimism about its future.
文摘The recently discovered alignment of quasar polarizations on very large scales could possibly be explained by considering cosmic strings on a warped five dimensional spacetime. Compact objects, such as cosmic strings, could have tremendous mass in the bulk, while their warped manifestations in the brane can be consistent with general relativity in 4D. The self-gravitating cosmic string induces gravitational wavelike disturbances which could have effects felt on the brane, i.e., the massive effective 4D modes (Kaluza-Klein modes) of the perturbative 5D graviton. This effect is amplified by the time dependent part of the warp factor. Due to this warp factor, disturbances don’t fade away during the expansion of the universe. From a nonlinear perturbation analysis it is found that the effective Einstein 4D equations on an axially symmetric spacetime, contain a “back-reaction” term on the righthand side caused by the projected 5D Weyl tensor and can act as a dark energy term. The propagation equations to first order for the metric components and scalar-gauge fields contain -dependent terms, so the approximate wave solutions are no longer axially symmetric. The disturbances, amplified by the warp factor, can possess extremal values for fixed polar angles. This could explain the two preferred polarization vectors mod .
文摘With the purpose to smooth the way of a correct understanding of information concepts and their evolution,in this paper,is discussed the evolution and development of the concept of information in biological systems,showing that this concept was intuitively perceived even since ancient times by our predecessors,and described according to their language level of that times,but the crystallization of the real meaning of information is an achievement of our nowadays,by successive contribution of various scientific branches and personalities of the scientific community of the world,leading to a modern description/modeling of reality,in which information plays a fundamental role.It is shown that our reality can be understood as a contribution of matter/energy/information and represented/discussed as the model of the Universal Triangle of Reality(UTR),where various previous models can be suggestively inserted,as a function of their basic concern.The modern concepts on information starting from a theoretic experiment which would infringe the thermodynamics laws and reaching the theory of information and modern philosophic concepts on the world structuration allow us to show that information is a fundamental component of the material world and of the biological structures,in correlation with the structuration/destructuration processes of matter,involving absorption/release of information.Based on these concepts,is discussed the functionality of the biologic structures and is presented the informational model of the human body and living structures,as a general model of info-organization on the entire biological scale,showing that a rudimentary proto-consciousness should be operative even at the low-scale biological systems,because they work on the same principles,like the most developed bio-systems.The operability of biologic structures as informational devices is also pointed out.
文摘The coming century will be one of grand global challenges.We will be facing global warming,a growing world population and growing economies.To meet the needs of all world citizens in a sustainable way will not be easy.One of the challenges will be to feed the growing world population,while limiting global warming.Food and water security are at risk,and we will need to invest in innovative and clean technologies to ensure that also in the future there will be enough food to feed the word.This all is reflected in the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
文摘Chinese models still have a long way to go A Chinese debutante garnered most of the limelight at the annual Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show in New York in November last year. He Sui, a newcomer to the modeling world, was the focus of many photographers as the dark haired beauty walked down the runway in a mermaid inspired ensemble.He was followed by another
文摘Leading Chinese model Yue Mei won thetitle of World Super Model at the ’98 WorldSuper Model Competition held in FranceSeptember 6 - 17. Yue, a university studentfrom the Xinjiang Uygur AutonomousRegion, had won the top title at ’98 ChinaSuper Model Competition held in Beijingone month earier.After that, she underwentone month’s professional modeling trainingwith the New Silk Road ModelingManagement Company before setting off forthe world competition. In France, Yueimpressed the judges with her strikingfeatures, and display of oriental elegance
文摘Aiming at the convergence between Earth observation(EO)Big Data and Artificial General Intelligence(AGI),this two-part paper identifies an innovative,but realistic EO optical sensory imagederived semantics-enriched Analysis Ready Data(ARD)productpair and process gold standard as linchpin for success of a new notion of Space Economy 4.0.To be implemented in operational mode at the space segment and/or midstream segment by both public and private EO big data providers,it is regarded as necessarybut-not-sufficient“horizontal”(enabling)precondition for:(I)Transforming existing EO big raster-based data cubes at the midstream segment,typically affected by the so-called data-rich information-poor syndrome,into a new generation of semanticsenabled EO big raster-based numerical data and vector-based categorical(symbolic,semi-symbolic or subsymbolic)information cube management systems,eligible for semantic content-based image retrieval and semantics-enabled information/knowledge discovery.(II)Boosting the downstream segment in the development of an ever-increasing ensemble of“vertical”(deep and narrow,user-specific and domain-dependent)value–adding information products and services,suitable for a potentially huge worldwide market of institutional and private end-users of space technology.For the sake of readability,this paper consists of two parts.In the present Part 1,first,background notions in the remote sensing metascience domain are critically revised for harmonization across the multidisciplinary domain of cognitive science.In short,keyword“information”is disambiguated into the two complementary notions of quantitative/unequivocal information-as-thing and qualitative/equivocal/inherently ill-posed information-as-data-interpretation.Moreover,buzzword“artificial intelligence”is disambiguated into the two better-constrained notions of Artificial Narrow Intelligence as part-without-inheritance-of AGI.Second,based on a betterdefined and better-understood vocabulary of multidisciplinary terms,existing EO optical sensory image-derived Level 2/ARD products and processes are investigated at the Marr five levels of understanding of an information processing system.To overcome their drawbacks,an innovative,but realistic EO optical sensory image-derived semantics-enriched ARD product-pair and process gold standard is proposed in the subsequent Part 2.
基金ASAP 16 project call,project title:SemantiX-A cross-sensor semantic EO data cube to open and leverage essential climate variables with scientists and the public,Grant ID:878939ASAP 17 project call,project title:SIMS-Soil sealing identification and monitoring system,Grant ID:885365.
文摘Aiming at the convergence between Earth observation(EO)Big Data and Artificial General Intelligence(AGI),this paper consists of two parts.In the previous Part 1,existing EO optical sensory imagederived Level 2/Analysis Ready Data(ARD)products and processes are critically compared,to overcome their lack of harmonization/standardization/interoperability and suitability in a new notion of Space Economy 4.0.In the present Part 2,original contributions comprise,at the Marr five levels of system understanding:(1)an innovative,but realistic EO optical sensory image-derived semantics-enriched ARD co-product pair requirements specification.First,in the pursuit of third-level semantic/ontological interoperability,a novel ARD symbolic(categorical and semantic)co-product,known as Scene Classification Map(SCM),adopts an augmented Cloud versus Not-Cloud taxonomy,whose Not-Cloud class legend complies with the standard fully-nested Land Cover Classification System’s Dichotomous Phase taxonomy proposed by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.Second,a novel ARD subsymbolic numerical co-product,specifically,a panchromatic or multispectral EO image whose dimensionless digital numbers are radiometrically calibrated into a physical unit of radiometric measure,ranging from top-of-atmosphere reflectance to surface reflectance and surface albedo values,in a five-stage radiometric correction sequence.(2)An original ARD process requirements specification.(3)An innovative ARD processing system design(architecture),where stepwise SCM generation and stepwise SCM-conditional EO optical image radiometric correction are alternated in sequence.(4)An original modular hierarchical hybrid(combined deductive and inductive)computer vision subsystem design,provided with feedback loops,where software solutions at the Marr two shallowest levels of system understanding,specifically,algorithm and implementation,are selected from the scientific literature,to benefit from their technology readiness level as proof of feasibility,required in addition to proven suitability.To be implemented in operational mode at the space segment and/or midstream segment by both public and private EO big data providers,the proposed EO optical sensory image-derived semantics-enriched ARD product-pair and process reference standard is highlighted as linchpin for success of a new notion of Space Economy 4.0.
