The management of eating behavior plays an important role in health maintenance. In this study, we investigated the relationship between eating behavior and effortful control in female young adults. Participants compl...The management of eating behavior plays an important role in health maintenance. In this study, we investigated the relationship between eating behavior and effortful control in female young adults. Participants completed the questionnaire measures of effortful control and eating behaviors and Stroop cognitive interference task. The results showed that restrained eating was positively correlated with activation control;emotional eating was negatively correlated with inhibitory control and attentional control;external eating was negatively correlated with inhibitory, activation, and attentional control. The scores for activation control and restrained eating were higher for participants with a low Stroop error rate than for those with a high Stroop error rate. These results indicate that restrained eating has a different association with effortful control than doing emotional and external eating.展开更多
This study investigated the neural mechanisms located in the prefrontal cortex(PFC)involved in maintaining addictive-like eating behavior.Therefore,we aimed toll a gap in the existing literature and help clarify the f...This study investigated the neural mechanisms located in the prefrontal cortex(PFC)involved in maintaining addictive-like eating behavior.Therefore,we aimed toll a gap in the existing literature and help clarify the food addiction(FA)cycle by inspecting the relationship between the executive control and psychopathology involved in the FA cycle.Twenty-three students recruited from the University of Macao participated in this study.We investigated a hemodynamic response captured by NIRS recordings,activated during n-back,set-shifting,and go/nogo paradigms.Moreover,we investigated the FA symptoms through the YFAS clinical inventory to better understand the relationship between hemodynamic response and clinical symptomatology in college students.First,the hemodynamicndings conrm that altered cognitive control in executive function performance appears to be linked to addictive-like eating behaviors,which in turn conrms a circuit similarity between FA and the substance abuse population(SUD)as reported in previous fMRI studies.Secondly,the psychologicalndings conrm the signicant association between the working memory decits and symptoms severity which suggest the role of self-control and regulation in limiting the storage resources as a potential trigger to develop overconsumption episodes in the FA cycle.Ourndings highlight how disrupted self-control and regulation of craving and negative a®ect induced by mental imagery might shape and overload the working memory storage as a potential trigger to develop binge eating episodes to maintain the FA cycle.In conclusion,the use of fNIRS in the context of eating disorders studies represents a valuable application,noninvasive,and patientfriendly tool,providing new insights into understanding the addiction cycle and treatment guidelines.展开更多
Although plasticity in the neural system underlies working memory, and working memory can be improved by training, there is thus far no evidence that children with developmental dyslexia can benefit from working-memor...Although plasticity in the neural system underlies working memory, and working memory can be improved by training, there is thus far no evidence that children with developmental dyslexia can benefit from working-memory training. In the present study, thirty dyslexic children aged 8-11 years were recruited from an elementary school in Wuhan, China. They received working-memory training including training in visuospatial memory, verbal memory, and central executive tasks. The difficulty of the tasks was adjusted based on the performance of each subject, and the training sessions lasted 40 minutes per day, for 5 weeks. The results showed that working-memory training significantly enhanced performance on the nontrained working memory tasks such as the visuospatial, the verbal domains, and central executive tasks in children with developmental dyslexia. More importantly, the visual rhyming task and reading fluency task were also significantly improved by training. Progress on working memory measures was related to changes in reading skills. These experimental findings indicate that working memory is a pivotal factor in reading development among children with developmental dyslexia, and interventions to improve working memory may help dyslexic children to become more proficient in reading.展开更多
The current study compared the processes of updating verbal and visuospatial working memory(WM)and examined the roles of central executive and slave systems in working memory updating tasks,by changing the number of i...The current study compared the processes of updating verbal and visuospatial working memory(WM)and examined the roles of central executive and slave systems in working memory updating tasks,by changing the number of items updated simultaneously to manipulate the load on central executive.Ex-periment 1 used the verbal WM updating task,and the results validated the efficiency of the paradigm to manipulate the load on central executive.Experiment 2 employed the verbal WM updating task,with the articulatory suppression task to interfere with the phonological loop.The results supported the study by Morris and Jones,revealing that the central executive system played an important role in the updating component of verbal WM,while the phonological loop was responsible for the serial recall component.Experiment 3 employed the visuospatial WM updating task,with the spatial tapping task to interfere with the visuospatial sketchpad.The results suggested that the visuospatial sketchpad and the central execu-tive together dealt with the updating component,while the visuospatial sketchpad was responsible for the serial recall component by itself.These results are consistent with the findings that visuospatial sketch-pad has close links with central executive,while the phonological loop is separated from the central ex-ecutive.It suggests that updating visuospatial and verbal WM are not two parallel processes.展开更多
Objective: To demonstrate that high IQ children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD tend to suffer from executive function (EF) impairments that: a) can be identified with a combination of standardized measures and no...Objective: To demonstrate that high IQ children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD tend to suffer from executive function (EF) impairments that: a) can be identified with a combination of standardized measures and normed self-report data;and b) occur more frequently in this group than in the general population. Method: From charts of 117 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years with high IQ ( ≥ 120) who fully met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD, data on 8 normed measures of executive function (EF) were extracted: IQ index scores for working memory and processing speed, a standardized measure of auditory verbal memory, and 5 clusters of the Brown ADD Scale, a normed, age-graded rating scale for ADHD-related executive function impairments in daily life. Significant impairment was computed for each individual relative to age-appropriate norms for each measure and comparisons were made to base-line rates in the general population. Results: Sixty-two percent of participants were significantly impaired on at least 5 of these 8 markers of EF. Chi-square comparisons of scores from these high IQ participants were significantly different (p < 0.001) from standardization norms for each of the eight EF measures. Conclusions: High IQ children and adolescents with ADHD, despite their cognitive strengths, tend to suffer from significant impairments of executive functions that can be assessed with these measures;incidence of these impairments is significantly greater than in the general population. These results are fully consistent with data on high IQ adults diagnosed with ADHD.展开更多
Objective: Cognitive impairments are common complaints among people with epilepsy with its occurrence to emanate a great topic in the course of the illness, so our study aimed to examine the executive functions in adu...Objective: Cognitive impairments are common complaints among people with epilepsy with its occurrence to emanate a great topic in the course of the illness, so our study aimed to examine the executive functions in adult patients with idiopathic epilepsy. Methods: Forty consecutive adult patients with idiopathic epilepsy (either generalized or focal) with age range from 18 - 45 years old, IQ > 85, treated with either monotherapy or polytherapy, matched with forty healthy adult volunteers by age, sex and educational level. They were examined in executive functions tests: cognitive flexibility and set shifting (Wisconsin Card sorting Test), Planning (Tower of London), response inhibition (Continuous Performance Test) and working memory (verbal and visuospatial). Results: Patients with epilepsy showed deficits in all executive functions tests, with no difference between patients with generalized and focal epilepsy except for correct response time mean in CPT. There was significant positive correlation between frequency of seizures and mean total time, mean number of extra movies in TOL, in verbal working memory (digit back word), and omission errors in CPT;at the same time there was significant negative correlation between target accuracy rate and frequency of seizures in CPT, and in visuo-spatial part of working memory (Corsi Block-Tapping Test). Conclusion: Adult patients with idiopathic epilepsy had executive dysfunctions than healthy control, with no difference between generalized and focal epilepsy except for correct response time mean in CPT;the increase of the frequency of seizure is associated with impairment in planning, attention and working memory (either verbal or viuso-spatial).展开更多
Purpose: Although exercise and sleep duration habits are associated with cognitive function, their beneficial effects on cognitive function remain unclear. We aimed to examine the effect of sleep duration and daily ph...Purpose: Although exercise and sleep duration habits are associated with cognitive function, their beneficial effects on cognitive function remain unclear. We aimed to examine the effect of sleep duration and daily physical activity on cognitive function, elucidating the neural mechanisms using near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS).Methods: A total of 23 healthy young adults(age 22.0 ± 2.2 years) participated in this study. Exercise amount was assessed using a uniaxial accelerometer. We evaluated total sleep time(TST) and sleep efficiency by actigraphy. Cognitive function was tested using the N-back task, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), and the Continuous Performance Test—Identical Pairs(CPT-IP), and the cortical oxygenated hemoglobin levels during a word fluency task were measured with NIRS.Results: Exercise amount was significantly correlated with reaction time on 0- and 1-back tasks(r = —0.602, p = 0.002; r = —0.446, p = 0.033,respectively), whereas TST was significantly correlated with % corrects on the 2-back task(r = 0.486, p = 0.019). Multiple regression analysis,including exercise amount, TST, and sleep efficiency, revealed that exercise amount was the most significant factor for reaction time on 0- and 1-back tasks(b = —0.634, p = 0.002; b = —0.454, p = 0.031, respectively), and TST was the most significant factor for % corrects on the 2-back task(b = 0.542, p = 0.014). The parameter measured by WCST and CPT-IP was not significantly correlated with TST or exercise amount. Exercise amount, but not TST, was significantly correlated with the mean area under the NIRS curve in the prefrontal area(r = 0.492, p = 0.017).Conclusion: Exercise amount and TST had differential effects on working memory and cortical activation in the prefrontal area. Daily physical activity and appropriate sleep duration may play an important role in working memory.展开更多
目的系统综述身体活动对注意力缺陷多动障碍儿童青少年工作记忆的影响,对影响干预效果的因素进行梳理,并讨论影响机制。方法采用主题词检索法,共检索Web of Science、PubMed、Embase、EBSCO、The Cochrane Library、ProQuest、CNKI等7...目的系统综述身体活动对注意力缺陷多动障碍儿童青少年工作记忆的影响,对影响干预效果的因素进行梳理,并讨论影响机制。方法采用主题词检索法,共检索Web of Science、PubMed、Embase、EBSCO、The Cochrane Library、ProQuest、CNKI等7个数据库,检索时间范围为建库至2024年1月,从文献中提取作者和国家等10项内容,并采用物理治疗证据数据库(PEDro)量表对文献进行质量评价,然后进行系统综述。结果最终纳入15篇文献,来自6个国家,13项是随机对照试验,2项是随机临床试验,共涉及813例研究对象,主要以男性为主。所有纳入研究的质量平均分为7.26分,整体研究质量较好。结论纳入文献中共有11篇(73.3%)显示身体活动可以改善ADHD儿童青少年的工作记忆,且持续4周及以上,30~60 min/次、3次/周的开放式运动技能和有氧运动等中等强度训练,效果可能更佳。展开更多
文摘The management of eating behavior plays an important role in health maintenance. In this study, we investigated the relationship between eating behavior and effortful control in female young adults. Participants completed the questionnaire measures of effortful control and eating behaviors and Stroop cognitive interference task. The results showed that restrained eating was positively correlated with activation control;emotional eating was negatively correlated with inhibitory control and attentional control;external eating was negatively correlated with inhibitory, activation, and attentional control. The scores for activation control and restrained eating were higher for participants with a low Stroop error rate than for those with a high Stroop error rate. These results indicate that restrained eating has a different association with effortful control than doing emotional and external eating.
基金FDCT 025/2015/A1 grants from the Macao government and by research grants MYRG2014-00093-FHS,MYRG 2015-00036-FHS from the University of Macao.
文摘This study investigated the neural mechanisms located in the prefrontal cortex(PFC)involved in maintaining addictive-like eating behavior.Therefore,we aimed toll a gap in the existing literature and help clarify the food addiction(FA)cycle by inspecting the relationship between the executive control and psychopathology involved in the FA cycle.Twenty-three students recruited from the University of Macao participated in this study.We investigated a hemodynamic response captured by NIRS recordings,activated during n-back,set-shifting,and go/nogo paradigms.Moreover,we investigated the FA symptoms through the YFAS clinical inventory to better understand the relationship between hemodynamic response and clinical symptomatology in college students.First,the hemodynamicndings conrm that altered cognitive control in executive function performance appears to be linked to addictive-like eating behaviors,which in turn conrms a circuit similarity between FA and the substance abuse population(SUD)as reported in previous fMRI studies.Secondly,the psychologicalndings conrm the signicant association between the working memory decits and symptoms severity which suggest the role of self-control and regulation in limiting the storage resources as a potential trigger to develop overconsumption episodes in the FA cycle.Ourndings highlight how disrupted self-control and regulation of craving and negative a®ect induced by mental imagery might shape and overload the working memory storage as a potential trigger to develop binge eating episodes to maintain the FA cycle.In conclusion,the use of fNIRS in the context of eating disorders studies represents a valuable application,noninvasive,and patientfriendly tool,providing new insights into understanding the addiction cycle and treatment guidelines.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30872132
文摘Although plasticity in the neural system underlies working memory, and working memory can be improved by training, there is thus far no evidence that children with developmental dyslexia can benefit from working-memory training. In the present study, thirty dyslexic children aged 8-11 years were recruited from an elementary school in Wuhan, China. They received working-memory training including training in visuospatial memory, verbal memory, and central executive tasks. The difficulty of the tasks was adjusted based on the performance of each subject, and the training sessions lasted 40 minutes per day, for 5 weeks. The results showed that working-memory training significantly enhanced performance on the nontrained working memory tasks such as the visuospatial, the verbal domains, and central executive tasks in children with developmental dyslexia. More importantly, the visual rhyming task and reading fluency task were also significantly improved by training. Progress on working memory measures was related to changes in reading skills. These experimental findings indicate that working memory is a pivotal factor in reading development among children with developmental dyslexia, and interventions to improve working memory may help dyslexic children to become more proficient in reading.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.30770717)
文摘The current study compared the processes of updating verbal and visuospatial working memory(WM)and examined the roles of central executive and slave systems in working memory updating tasks,by changing the number of items updated simultaneously to manipulate the load on central executive.Ex-periment 1 used the verbal WM updating task,and the results validated the efficiency of the paradigm to manipulate the load on central executive.Experiment 2 employed the verbal WM updating task,with the articulatory suppression task to interfere with the phonological loop.The results supported the study by Morris and Jones,revealing that the central executive system played an important role in the updating component of verbal WM,while the phonological loop was responsible for the serial recall component.Experiment 3 employed the visuospatial WM updating task,with the spatial tapping task to interfere with the visuospatial sketchpad.The results suggested that the visuospatial sketchpad and the central execu-tive together dealt with the updating component,while the visuospatial sketchpad was responsible for the serial recall component by itself.These results are consistent with the findings that visuospatial sketch-pad has close links with central executive,while the phonological loop is separated from the central ex-ecutive.It suggests that updating visuospatial and verbal WM are not two parallel processes.
文摘Objective: To demonstrate that high IQ children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD tend to suffer from executive function (EF) impairments that: a) can be identified with a combination of standardized measures and normed self-report data;and b) occur more frequently in this group than in the general population. Method: From charts of 117 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years with high IQ ( ≥ 120) who fully met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD, data on 8 normed measures of executive function (EF) were extracted: IQ index scores for working memory and processing speed, a standardized measure of auditory verbal memory, and 5 clusters of the Brown ADD Scale, a normed, age-graded rating scale for ADHD-related executive function impairments in daily life. Significant impairment was computed for each individual relative to age-appropriate norms for each measure and comparisons were made to base-line rates in the general population. Results: Sixty-two percent of participants were significantly impaired on at least 5 of these 8 markers of EF. Chi-square comparisons of scores from these high IQ participants were significantly different (p < 0.001) from standardization norms for each of the eight EF measures. Conclusions: High IQ children and adolescents with ADHD, despite their cognitive strengths, tend to suffer from significant impairments of executive functions that can be assessed with these measures;incidence of these impairments is significantly greater than in the general population. These results are fully consistent with data on high IQ adults diagnosed with ADHD.
文摘Objective: Cognitive impairments are common complaints among people with epilepsy with its occurrence to emanate a great topic in the course of the illness, so our study aimed to examine the executive functions in adult patients with idiopathic epilepsy. Methods: Forty consecutive adult patients with idiopathic epilepsy (either generalized or focal) with age range from 18 - 45 years old, IQ > 85, treated with either monotherapy or polytherapy, matched with forty healthy adult volunteers by age, sex and educational level. They were examined in executive functions tests: cognitive flexibility and set shifting (Wisconsin Card sorting Test), Planning (Tower of London), response inhibition (Continuous Performance Test) and working memory (verbal and visuospatial). Results: Patients with epilepsy showed deficits in all executive functions tests, with no difference between patients with generalized and focal epilepsy except for correct response time mean in CPT. There was significant positive correlation between frequency of seizures and mean total time, mean number of extra movies in TOL, in verbal working memory (digit back word), and omission errors in CPT;at the same time there was significant negative correlation between target accuracy rate and frequency of seizures in CPT, and in visuo-spatial part of working memory (Corsi Block-Tapping Test). Conclusion: Adult patients with idiopathic epilepsy had executive dysfunctions than healthy control, with no difference between generalized and focal epilepsy except for correct response time mean in CPT;the increase of the frequency of seizure is associated with impairment in planning, attention and working memory (either verbal or viuso-spatial).
基金supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI (25282210,15H05935)by Grants-in-Aid from the Comprehensive Research on Disability Health and Welfare+3 种基金the Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare of Japanthe Academic Frontier Project for Private UniversitiesComparative Cognitive Science InstitutesMeijo University
文摘Purpose: Although exercise and sleep duration habits are associated with cognitive function, their beneficial effects on cognitive function remain unclear. We aimed to examine the effect of sleep duration and daily physical activity on cognitive function, elucidating the neural mechanisms using near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS).Methods: A total of 23 healthy young adults(age 22.0 ± 2.2 years) participated in this study. Exercise amount was assessed using a uniaxial accelerometer. We evaluated total sleep time(TST) and sleep efficiency by actigraphy. Cognitive function was tested using the N-back task, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), and the Continuous Performance Test—Identical Pairs(CPT-IP), and the cortical oxygenated hemoglobin levels during a word fluency task were measured with NIRS.Results: Exercise amount was significantly correlated with reaction time on 0- and 1-back tasks(r = —0.602, p = 0.002; r = —0.446, p = 0.033,respectively), whereas TST was significantly correlated with % corrects on the 2-back task(r = 0.486, p = 0.019). Multiple regression analysis,including exercise amount, TST, and sleep efficiency, revealed that exercise amount was the most significant factor for reaction time on 0- and 1-back tasks(b = —0.634, p = 0.002; b = —0.454, p = 0.031, respectively), and TST was the most significant factor for % corrects on the 2-back task(b = 0.542, p = 0.014). The parameter measured by WCST and CPT-IP was not significantly correlated with TST or exercise amount. Exercise amount, but not TST, was significantly correlated with the mean area under the NIRS curve in the prefrontal area(r = 0.492, p = 0.017).Conclusion: Exercise amount and TST had differential effects on working memory and cortical activation in the prefrontal area. Daily physical activity and appropriate sleep duration may play an important role in working memory.
