Space-Based Solar Power(SBSP) presents a promising solution for achieving carbon neutrality and Renewable Electricity 100%(RE100) goals by offering a stable and continuous energy supply. However, its commercialization...Space-Based Solar Power(SBSP) presents a promising solution for achieving carbon neutrality and Renewable Electricity 100%(RE100) goals by offering a stable and continuous energy supply. However, its commercialization faces significant obstacles due to the technical challenges of long-distance microwave Wireless Power Transmission(WPT) from geostationary orbit. Even ground-based kilometer-scale WPT experiments remain difficult because of limited testing infrastructure, high costs, and strict electromagnetic wave regulations. Since the 1975 NASA-Raytheon experiment, which successfully recovered 30 kW of power over 1.55 km, there has been little progress in extending the transmission distance or increasing the retrieved power. This study proposes a cost-effective methodology for conducting long-range WPT experiments in constrained environments by utilizing existing infrastructure. A deep space antenna operating at 2.08 GHz with an output power of 2.3 kW and a gain of 55.3 dBi was used as the transmitter. Two test configurations were implemented: a 1.81 km ground-to-air test using an aerostat to elevate the receiver and a 1.82 km ground-to-ground test using a ladder truck positioned on a plateau. The rectenna consists of a lightweight 3×3 patch antenna array(0.9 m × 0.9 m), accompanied by a steering device and LED indicators to verify power reception. The aerostat-based test achieved a power density of 154.6 mW/m2, which corresponds to approximately 6.2% of the theoretical maximum. The performance gap is primarily attributed to near-field interference, detuning of the patch antenna, rectifier mismatch, and alignment issues. These limitations are expected to be mitigated through improved patch antenna fabrication, a transition from GaN to GaAs rectifiers optimized for lower input power, and the implementation of an automated alignment system. With these enhancements, the recovered power is expected to improve by approximately four to five times. The results demonstrate a practical and scalable framework for long-range WPT experiments under constrained conditions and provide key insights for advancing SBSP technology.展开更多
Network-on-Chip(NoC)systems are progressively deployed in connecting massively parallel megacore systems in the new computing architecture.As a result,application mapping has become an important aspect of performance ...Network-on-Chip(NoC)systems are progressively deployed in connecting massively parallel megacore systems in the new computing architecture.As a result,application mapping has become an important aspect of performance and scalability,as current trends require the distribution of computation across network nodes/points.In this paper,we survey a large number of mapping and scheduling techniques designed for NoC architectures.This time,we concentrated on 3D systems.We take a systematic literature review approach to analyze existing methods across static,dynamic,hybrid,and machine-learning-based approaches,alongside preliminary AI-based dynamic models in recent works.We classify them into several main aspects covering power-aware mapping,fault tolerance,load-balancing,and adaptive for dynamic workloads.Also,we assess the efficacy of each method against performance parameters,such as latency,throughput,response time,and error rate.Key challenges,including energy efficiency,real-time adaptability,and reinforcement learning integration,are highlighted as well.To the best of our knowledge,this is one of the recent reviews that identifies both traditional and AI-based algorithms for mapping over a modern NoC,and opens research challenges.Finally,we provide directions for future work toward improved adaptability and scalability via lightweight learned models and hierarchical mapping frameworks.展开更多
Founded in September 2020,the International SparkLink Alliance(iSLA)now has approximately 1,200 members in diverse sectors including terminals,homes,vehicles,manufacturing,transportation,finance and healthcare.The iSL...Founded in September 2020,the International SparkLink Alliance(iSLA)now has approximately 1,200 members in diverse sectors including terminals,homes,vehicles,manufacturing,transportation,finance and healthcare.The iSLA has established a technical standards system for wireless short-range communication covering full-stack standards such as the end-to-end protocol system.展开更多
Wi-Fi technology has evolved significantly since its introduction in 1997,advancing to Wi-Fi 6 as the latest standard,with Wi-Fi 7 currently under development.Despite these advancements,integrating machine learning in...Wi-Fi technology has evolved significantly since its introduction in 1997,advancing to Wi-Fi 6 as the latest standard,with Wi-Fi 7 currently under development.Despite these advancements,integrating machine learning into Wi-Fi networks remains challenging,especially in decentralized environments with multiple access points(mAPs).This paper is a short review that summarizes the potential applications of federated reinforcement learning(FRL)across eight key areas of Wi-Fi functionality,including channel access,link adaptation,beamforming,multi-user transmissions,channel bonding,multi-link operation,spatial reuse,and multi-basic servic set(multi-BSS)coordination.FRL is highlighted as a promising framework for enabling decentralized training and decision-making while preserving data privacy.To illustrate its role in practice,we present a case study on link activation in a multi-link operation(MLO)environment with multiple APs.Through theoretical discussion and simulation results,the study demonstrates how FRL can improve performance and reliability,paving the way for more adaptive and collaborative Wi-Fi networks in the era of Wi-Fi 7 and beyond.展开更多
In the wireless energy transmission service composition optimization problem,a key challenge is accurately capturing users’preferences for service criteria under complex influencing factors,and optimally selecting a ...In the wireless energy transmission service composition optimization problem,a key challenge is accurately capturing users’preferences for service criteria under complex influencing factors,and optimally selecting a composition solution under their budget constraints.Existing studies typically evaluate satisfaction solely based on energy transmission capacity,while overlooking critical factors such as price and trustworthiness of the provider,leading to a mismatch between optimization outcomes and user needs.To address this gap,we construct a user satisfaction evaluation model for multi-user and multi-provider scenarios,systematically incorporating service price,transmission capacity,and trustworthiness into the satisfaction assessment framework.Furthermore,we propose a Budget-Aware Preference Adjustment Model that predicts users’baseline preference weights from historical data and dynamically adjusts them according to budget levels,thereby reflecting user preferences more realistically under varying budget constraints.In addition,to tackle the composition optimization problem,we develop a ReflectiveEvolutionary Large Language Model—Guided Ant Colony Optimization algorithm,which leverages the reflective evolution capability of large language models to iteratively generate and refine heuristic information that guides the search process.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework effectively integrates personalized preferences with budget sensitivity,accurately predicts users’preferences,and significantly enhances their satisfaction under complex constraints.展开更多
Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)have become foundational in numerous real-world applications,ranging from environmental monitoring and industrial automation to healthcare systems and smart city development.As these netw...Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)have become foundational in numerous real-world applications,ranging from environmental monitoring and industrial automation to healthcare systems and smart city development.As these networks continue to grow in scale and complexity,the need for energy-efficient,scalable,and robust communication protocols becomes more critical than ever.Metaheuristic algorithms have shown significant promise in addressing these challenges,offering flexible and effective solutions for optimizing WSN performance.Among them,the Grey Wolf Optimizer(GWO)algorithm has attracted growing attention due to its simplicity,fast convergence,and strong global search capabilities.Accordingly,this survey provides an in-depth review of the applications of GWO and its variants for clustering,multi-hop routing,and hybrid cluster-based routing in WSNs.We categorize and analyze the existing GWO-based approaches across these key network optimization tasks,discussing the different problem formulations,decision variables,objective functions,and performance metrics used.In doing so,we examine standard GWO,multi-objective GWO,and hybrid GWO models that incorporate other computational intelligence techniques.Each method is evaluated based on how effectively it addresses the core constraints of WSNs,including energy consumption,communication overhead,and network lifetime.Finally,this survey outlines existing gaps in the literature and proposes potential future research directions aimed at enhancing the effectiveness and real-world applicability of GWO-based techniques for WSN clustering and routing.Our goal is to provide researchers and practitioners with a clear,structured understanding of the current state of GWO in WSNs and inspire further innovation in this evolving field.展开更多
This paper studies wireless vehicular communication(VehCom)in intelligent transportation systems using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation(OFDM-IM).In the concept of IM,data is transmit...This paper studies wireless vehicular communication(VehCom)in intelligent transportation systems using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation(OFDM-IM).In the concept of IM,data is transmitted not only through the modulated symbols but also via the indices of the active subcarriers.In contrast to the original OFDM,OFDM-IM activates only non-zero subcarriers,increasing energy efficiency.However,the pilotassisted channel estimation(CE)method is a significant challenge in OFDM-IM,where the desired pilot subcarrier interval is related to the OFDM-IM subblock length.This paper proposes a walsh-scattered pilot-assisted CE for OFDM-IM VehCom.The optimum walsh-scattered pilot assignment is proposed to improve the transmission efficiency.Furthermore,a space-time block code with a high transmit diversity gain is employed for OFDM-IM VehCom to enhance VehCom's signal quality.The results show that the proposed method performs higher CE accuracy and better bit-error rate with significant spectral and energy efficiencies than conventional methods.展开更多
Wireless networks support numerous terminals,manage large data volumes,and provide diverse services,but the vulnerability to environmental changes leads to increased complexity and costs.Situational awareness has been...Wireless networks support numerous terminals,manage large data volumes,and provide diverse services,but the vulnerability to environmental changes leads to increased complexity and costs.Situational awareness has been widely applied in network management,but existing methods fail to find optimal solutions due to the high heterogeneity of base stations,numerous metrics,and complex intercell dependencies.To address this gap,this paper proposes a specialized framework for wireless networks,integrating an evaluation model and control approach.The framework expands the indicator set into four key areas,introduces an evaluation method,and proposes the indicator perturbation greedy(IPG)algorithm and the adjustment scheme selection method based on damping coefficient(DCSS)for effective network optimization.A case study in an urban area demonstrates the framework’s ability to balance and improve network performance,enhancing situational awareness and operational efficiency under dynamic conditions.展开更多
Optical network-on-chip(ONoC) systems have emerged as a promising solution to overcome limitations of traditional electronic interconnects. Efficient ONoC architectures rely on optical routers, enabling high-speed dat...Optical network-on-chip(ONoC) systems have emerged as a promising solution to overcome limitations of traditional electronic interconnects. Efficient ONoC architectures rely on optical routers, enabling high-speed data transfer, efficient routing, and scalability. This paper presents a comprehensive survey analyzing optical router designs, specifically microring resonators(MRRs), Mach-Zehnder interferometers(MZIs), and hybrid architectures. Selected comparison criteria, chosen for their critical importance, significantly impact router functionality and performance. By emphasizing these criteria, valuable insights into the strengths and limitations of different designs are gained, facilitating informed decisions and advancements in optical networking. While other factors contribute to performance and efficiency, the chosen criteria consistently address fundamental elements, enabling meaningful evaluation. This work serves as a valuable resource for beginners, providing a solid foundation in understanding ONoC and optical routers. It also offers an in-depth survey for experts, laying the groundwork for further exploration. Additionally, the importance of considering design constraints and requirements when selecting an optimal router design is highlighted. Continued research and innovation will enable the development of efficient optical router solutions that meet the evolving needs of modern computing systems. This survey underscores the significance of ongoing advancements in the field and their potential impact on future technologies.展开更多
This study presents an energy-efficient Internet of Things(IoT)-based wireless sensor network(WSN)framework for autonomous data validation in remote environmental monitoring.We address two critical challenges in WSNs:...This study presents an energy-efficient Internet of Things(IoT)-based wireless sensor network(WSN)framework for autonomous data validation in remote environmental monitoring.We address two critical challenges in WSNs:ensuring data reliability and optimizing energy consumption.Our novel approach integrates an artificial neural network(ANN)-based multi-fault detection algorithm with an energy-efficient IoT-WSN architecture.The proposed ANN model is designed to simultaneously detect multiple fault types,including spike faults,stuckat faults,outliers,and out-of-range faults.We collected sensor data at 5-minute intervals over three months,using temperature and humidity sensors.The ANN was trained on 70%of the 26,280 data points per sensor,with 15%each for validation and testing.Our framework demonstrated a 97.1%improvement in fault detection accuracy(measured by F1 score)compared to existing methods,including rule-based,moving average,and statistical outlier detection approaches.The energy efficiency of the system was evaluated through 24-h power consumption tests,showing significant savings over traditional WSN architectures.Key contributions include a multi-fault detection ANN model balancing accuracy and computational efficiency,an energy-optimized IoTWSN architecture for remote deployments,and a comprehensive performance evaluation framework.While our approach offers improvements in both data validation and energy efficiency,we acknowledge limitations such as potential scalability issues and the need for further real-world testing.This research advances the field of remote environmental monitoring by providing a robust,energy-efficient solution for ensuring data reliability in challenging deployment scenarios.Future work will explore more advanced machine learning techniques and extended field testing to further validate and improve the system’s performance.展开更多
This article explores the design of a wireless fire alarm system supported by advanced data fusion technology.It includes discussions on the basic design ideas of the wireless fire alarm system,hardware design analysi...This article explores the design of a wireless fire alarm system supported by advanced data fusion technology.It includes discussions on the basic design ideas of the wireless fire alarm system,hardware design analysis,software design analysis,and simulation analysis,all supported by data fusion technology.Hopefully,this analysis can provide some reference for the rational application of data fusion technology to meet the actual design and application requirements of the system.展开更多
In the context of the rapid iteration of information technology,the Internet of Things(IoT)has established itself as a pivotal hub connecting the digital world and the physical world.Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),dee...In the context of the rapid iteration of information technology,the Internet of Things(IoT)has established itself as a pivotal hub connecting the digital world and the physical world.Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),deeply embedded in the perception layer architecture of the IoT,play a crucial role as“tactile nerve endings.”A vast number of micro sensor nodes are widely distributed in monitoring areas according to preset deployment strategies,continuously and accurately perceiving and collecting real-time data on environmental parameters such as temperature,humidity,light intensity,air pressure,and pollutant concentration.These data are transmitted to the IoT cloud platform through stable and reliable communication links,forming a massive and detailed basic data resource pool.By using cutting-edge big data processing algorithms,machine learning models,and artificial intelligence analysis tools,in-depth mining and intelligent analysis of these multi-source heterogeneous data are conducted to generate high-value-added decision-making bases.This precisely empowers multiple fields,including agriculture,medical and health care,smart home,environmental science,and industrial manufacturing,driving intelligent transformation and catalyzing society to move towards a new stage of high-quality development.This paper comprehensively analyzes the technical cores of the IoT and WSNs,systematically sorts out the advanced key technologies of WSNs and the evolution of their strategic significance in the IoT system,deeply explores the innovative application scenarios and practical effects of the two in specific vertical fields,and looks forward to the technological evolution trends.It provides a detailed and highly practical guiding reference for researchers,technical engineers,and industrial decision-makers.展开更多
In 6th Generation Mobile Networks(6G),the Space-Integrated-Ground(SIG)Radio Access Network(RAN)promises seamless coverage and exceptionally high Quality of Service(QoS)for diverse services.However,achieving this neces...In 6th Generation Mobile Networks(6G),the Space-Integrated-Ground(SIG)Radio Access Network(RAN)promises seamless coverage and exceptionally high Quality of Service(QoS)for diverse services.However,achieving this necessitates effective management of computation and wireless resources tailored to the requirements of various services.The heterogeneity of computation resources and interference among shared wireless resources pose significant coordination and management challenges.To solve these problems,this work provides an overview of multi-dimensional resource management in 6G SIG RAN,including computation and wireless resource.Firstly it provides with a review of current investigations on computation and wireless resource management and an analysis of existing deficiencies and challenges.Then focusing on the provided challenges,the work proposes an MEC-based computation resource management scheme and a mixed numerology-based wireless resource management scheme.Furthermore,it outlines promising future technologies,including joint model-driven and data-driven resource management technology,and blockchain-based resource management technology within the 6G SIG network.The work also highlights remaining challenges,such as reducing communication costs associated with unstable ground-to-satellite links and overcoming barriers posed by spectrum isolation.Overall,this comprehensive approach aims to pave the way for efficient and effective resource management in future 6G networks.展开更多
It is difficult to improve both energy consumption and detection accuracy simultaneously,and even to obtain the trade-off between them,when detecting and tracking moving targets,especially for Underwater Wireless Sens...It is difficult to improve both energy consumption and detection accuracy simultaneously,and even to obtain the trade-off between them,when detecting and tracking moving targets,especially for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSNs).To this end,this paper investigates the relationship between the Degree of Target Change(DoTC)and the detection period,as well as the impact of individual nodes.A Hierarchical Detection and Tracking Approach(HDTA)is proposed.Firstly,the network detection period is determined according to DoTC,which reflects the variation of target motion.Secondly,during the network detection period,each detection node calculates its own node detection period based on the detection mutual information.Taking DoTC as pheromone,an ant colony algorithm is proposed to adaptively adjust the network detection period.The simulation results show that the proposed HDTA with the optimizations of network level and node level significantly improves the detection accuracy by 25%and the network energy consumption by 10%simultaneously,compared to the traditional adaptive period detection schemes.展开更多
This paper studies the problem of jamming decision-making for dynamic multiple communication links in wireless communication networks(WCNs).We propose a novel jamming channel allocation and power decision-making(JCAPD...This paper studies the problem of jamming decision-making for dynamic multiple communication links in wireless communication networks(WCNs).We propose a novel jamming channel allocation and power decision-making(JCAPD)approach based on multi-agent deep reinforcement learning(MADRL).In high-dynamic and multi-target aviation communication environments,the rapid changes in channels make it difficult for sensors to accurately capture instantaneous channel state information.This poses a challenge to make centralized jamming decisions with single-agent deep reinforcement learning(DRL)approaches.In response,we design a distributed multi-agent decision architecture(DMADA).We formulate multi-jammer resource allocation as a multiagent Markov decision process(MDP)and propose a fingerprint-based double deep Q-Network(FBDDQN)algorithm for solving it.Each jammer functions as an agent that interacts with the environment in this framework.Through the design of a reasonable reward and training mechanism,our approach enables jammers to achieve distributed cooperation,significantly improving the jamming success rate while considering jamming power cost,and reducing the transmission rate of links.Our experimental results show the FBDDQN algorithm is superior to the baseline methods.展开更多
In the context of security systems,adequate signal coverage is paramount for the communication between security personnel and the accurate positioning of personnel.Most studies focus on optimizing base station deploym...In the context of security systems,adequate signal coverage is paramount for the communication between security personnel and the accurate positioning of personnel.Most studies focus on optimizing base station deployment under the assumption of static obstacles,aiming to maximize the perception coverage of wireless RF(Radio Frequency)signals and reduce positioning blind spots.However,in practical security systems,obstacles are subject to change,necessitating the consideration of base station deployment in dynamic environments.Nevertheless,research in this area still needs to be conducted.This paper proposes a Dynamic Indoor Environment Beacon Deployment Algorithm(DIE-BDA)to address this problem.This algorithm considers the dynamic alterations in obstacle locations within the designated area.It determines the requisite number of base stations,the requisite time,and the area’s practical and overall signal coverage rates.The experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm can calculate the deployment strategy in 0.12 s following a change in obstacle positions.Experimental results show that the algorithm in this paper requires 0.12 s to compute the deployment strategy after the positions of obstacles change.With 13 base stations,it achieves an effective coverage rate of 93.5%and an overall coverage rate of 97.75%.The algorithm can rapidly compute a revised deployment strategy in response to changes in obstacle positions within security systems,thereby ensuring the efficacy of signal coverage.展开更多
Wireless Power Transmission(WPT)has been widely used to replenish energy for various rechargeable devices.The ElectroMagnetic Radiation(EMR)of WPT has attracted great attention of safety concerns.It is possible for th...Wireless Power Transmission(WPT)has been widely used to replenish energy for various rechargeable devices.The ElectroMagnetic Radiation(EMR)of WPT has attracted great attention of safety concerns.It is possible for the malicious attacker to launch the EMR attack by capturing multiple wireless chargers.Little work has studied the EMR attack itself.In this paper,we propose a realistic EMR hazard model,which outputs the diminishing marginal hazard with EMR,with adjustable parameters to the target entities.We formulate three EMR attack models,termed Cumulative EMR Attack(CEA),Overall EMR Attack(OEA)and Unsafety EMR Attack(UEA),and propose the performance guaranteed algorithm of EMR attack for each model.We conduct extensive simulations and field experiments on a testbed.The results show that the proposed algorithms can output the near-optimal solution with much less running time than the optimal algorithms.The results of field experiments in a small testbed show that the utilities of CEAA and OEAA are increased by 70.5%and 12.9%than the comparison algorithms,respectively.Moreover,the number of captured chargers of UEAA is 5.9%less than the comparison algorithms.Our simulations also show the designed algorithms can perform better in a large-scale charging network.展开更多
As a natural biopolymer material,silk fibroin with unique mechanical properties can be used in the preparation of biocomposite hydrogels for strain sensors.But,the electromechanical properties of bio-composite hydroge...As a natural biopolymer material,silk fibroin with unique mechanical properties can be used in the preparation of biocomposite hydrogels for strain sensors.But,the electromechanical properties of bio-composite hydrogel strain sensors are still insufficient,such as the deterioration of electrical signals and low sensitivity,which need to develop a hydrogel with a stable transmission network for electric con-duction.Herein,a silk fibroin biocomposite hydrogel is prepared by incorporating tannic acid and MXene nanosheets into a polyacrylamide and silk fibroin double network.The electromechanical properties of hydrogels are improved by optimizing the proportion of material components.As a result,the double network structure and supramolecular interaction enhance the stretchability of hydrogels(692% fracture strain).The hydrogel also exhibits good biocompatibility and conductivity(0.85 S/m),which shows the application prospect in wearable sensors.The wireless strain sensor assembled by this biocomposite hy-drogel presents good portability and sensing performance,such as high sensitivity(gauge factor=6.04),wide working range(500% strain),and outstanding stability(1000 cycles at 100%strain).The results in-dicate that the hydrogel strain sensor can be used to monitor human body movement.The biocomposite hydrogel is expected to be applied in the field of wearable strain sensors,and this study can provide a new way for the design of flexible electronic materials.展开更多
Wireless energy transmission technology through the transmitter will be converted into microwave,laser or electromagnetic field and other energy carriers to realize the transmission of space,and the receiver will be c...Wireless energy transmission technology through the transmitter will be converted into microwave,laser or electromagnetic field and other energy carriers to realize the transmission of space,and the receiver will be captured back to the energy conversion of electrical energy,the whole process can be completed without physical contact energy transfer.The core mechanism is to build the energy coupling channel of the transmitter-receiver system,and realize the spatial power transmission through electromagnetic field interaction.In the electromagnetic induction coupled transmission system,the industrial frequency alternating current is converted into direct current by rectification and filtering,and then converted into high-frequency alternating current by high-frequency inverter.This current excites the primary side transmitting winding to generate a time-varying magnetic field,and through magnetic coupling in the secondary side receiving winding inductance electromotive force,and ultimately through the high-frequency rectifier and power regulation circuit to the load power supply.The essence of the process is to establish a transceiver double-ended resonant network,through the magnetic field resonance to achieve efficient energy exchange,and its transmission characteristics follow the laws of electromagnetic induction and the circuit resonance principle of double constraints.展开更多
Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)have gained significant attention over recent years due to their extensive applications in various domains such as environmentalmonitoring,healthcare systems,industrial automation,and smar...Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)have gained significant attention over recent years due to their extensive applications in various domains such as environmentalmonitoring,healthcare systems,industrial automation,and smart cities.However,such networks are inherently vulnerable to different types of attacks because they operate in open environments with limited resources and constrained communication capabilities.Thepaper addresses challenges related to modeling and analysis of wireless sensor networks and their susceptibility to attacks.Its objective is to create versatile modeling tools capable of detecting attacks against network devices and identifying anomalies caused either by legitimate user errors or malicious activities.A proposed integrated approach for data collection,preprocessing,and analysis in WSN outlines a series of steps applicable throughout both the design phase and operation stage.This ensures effective detection of attacks and anomalies within WSNs.An introduced attackmodel specifies potential types of unauthorized network layer attacks targeting network nodes,transmitted data,and services offered by the WSN.Furthermore,a graph-based analytical framework was designed to detect attacks by evaluating real-time events from network nodes and determining if an attack is underway.Additionally,a simulation model based on sequences of imperative rules defining behaviors of both regular and compromised nodes is presented.Overall,this technique was experimentally verified using a segment of a WSN embedded in a smart city infrastructure,simulating a wormhole attack.Results demonstrate the viability and practical significance of the technique for enhancing future information security measures.Validation tests confirmed high levels of accuracy and efficiency when applied specifically to detecting wormhole attacks targeting routing protocols in WSNs.Precision and recall rates averaged above the benchmark value of 0.95,thus validating the broad applicability of the proposed models across varied scenarios.展开更多
文摘Space-Based Solar Power(SBSP) presents a promising solution for achieving carbon neutrality and Renewable Electricity 100%(RE100) goals by offering a stable and continuous energy supply. However, its commercialization faces significant obstacles due to the technical challenges of long-distance microwave Wireless Power Transmission(WPT) from geostationary orbit. Even ground-based kilometer-scale WPT experiments remain difficult because of limited testing infrastructure, high costs, and strict electromagnetic wave regulations. Since the 1975 NASA-Raytheon experiment, which successfully recovered 30 kW of power over 1.55 km, there has been little progress in extending the transmission distance or increasing the retrieved power. This study proposes a cost-effective methodology for conducting long-range WPT experiments in constrained environments by utilizing existing infrastructure. A deep space antenna operating at 2.08 GHz with an output power of 2.3 kW and a gain of 55.3 dBi was used as the transmitter. Two test configurations were implemented: a 1.81 km ground-to-air test using an aerostat to elevate the receiver and a 1.82 km ground-to-ground test using a ladder truck positioned on a plateau. The rectenna consists of a lightweight 3×3 patch antenna array(0.9 m × 0.9 m), accompanied by a steering device and LED indicators to verify power reception. The aerostat-based test achieved a power density of 154.6 mW/m2, which corresponds to approximately 6.2% of the theoretical maximum. The performance gap is primarily attributed to near-field interference, detuning of the patch antenna, rectifier mismatch, and alignment issues. These limitations are expected to be mitigated through improved patch antenna fabrication, a transition from GaN to GaAs rectifiers optimized for lower input power, and the implementation of an automated alignment system. With these enhancements, the recovered power is expected to improve by approximately four to five times. The results demonstrate a practical and scalable framework for long-range WPT experiments under constrained conditions and provide key insights for advancing SBSP technology.
文摘Network-on-Chip(NoC)systems are progressively deployed in connecting massively parallel megacore systems in the new computing architecture.As a result,application mapping has become an important aspect of performance and scalability,as current trends require the distribution of computation across network nodes/points.In this paper,we survey a large number of mapping and scheduling techniques designed for NoC architectures.This time,we concentrated on 3D systems.We take a systematic literature review approach to analyze existing methods across static,dynamic,hybrid,and machine-learning-based approaches,alongside preliminary AI-based dynamic models in recent works.We classify them into several main aspects covering power-aware mapping,fault tolerance,load-balancing,and adaptive for dynamic workloads.Also,we assess the efficacy of each method against performance parameters,such as latency,throughput,response time,and error rate.Key challenges,including energy efficiency,real-time adaptability,and reinforcement learning integration,are highlighted as well.To the best of our knowledge,this is one of the recent reviews that identifies both traditional and AI-based algorithms for mapping over a modern NoC,and opens research challenges.Finally,we provide directions for future work toward improved adaptability and scalability via lightweight learned models and hierarchical mapping frameworks.
文摘Founded in September 2020,the International SparkLink Alliance(iSLA)now has approximately 1,200 members in diverse sectors including terminals,homes,vehicles,manufacturing,transportation,finance and healthcare.The iSLA has established a technical standards system for wireless short-range communication covering full-stack standards such as the end-to-end protocol system.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR)at King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah,Saudi Arabia,grant number RG-2-611-42(A.O.A.).
文摘Wi-Fi technology has evolved significantly since its introduction in 1997,advancing to Wi-Fi 6 as the latest standard,with Wi-Fi 7 currently under development.Despite these advancements,integrating machine learning into Wi-Fi networks remains challenging,especially in decentralized environments with multiple access points(mAPs).This paper is a short review that summarizes the potential applications of federated reinforcement learning(FRL)across eight key areas of Wi-Fi functionality,including channel access,link adaptation,beamforming,multi-user transmissions,channel bonding,multi-link operation,spatial reuse,and multi-basic servic set(multi-BSS)coordination.FRL is highlighted as a promising framework for enabling decentralized training and decision-making while preserving data privacy.To illustrate its role in practice,we present a case study on link activation in a multi-link operation(MLO)environment with multiple APs.Through theoretical discussion and simulation results,the study demonstrates how FRL can improve performance and reliability,paving the way for more adaptive and collaborative Wi-Fi networks in the era of Wi-Fi 7 and beyond.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62472264the Natural Science Distinguished Youth Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant ZR2025QA13。
文摘In the wireless energy transmission service composition optimization problem,a key challenge is accurately capturing users’preferences for service criteria under complex influencing factors,and optimally selecting a composition solution under their budget constraints.Existing studies typically evaluate satisfaction solely based on energy transmission capacity,while overlooking critical factors such as price and trustworthiness of the provider,leading to a mismatch between optimization outcomes and user needs.To address this gap,we construct a user satisfaction evaluation model for multi-user and multi-provider scenarios,systematically incorporating service price,transmission capacity,and trustworthiness into the satisfaction assessment framework.Furthermore,we propose a Budget-Aware Preference Adjustment Model that predicts users’baseline preference weights from historical data and dynamically adjusts them according to budget levels,thereby reflecting user preferences more realistically under varying budget constraints.In addition,to tackle the composition optimization problem,we develop a ReflectiveEvolutionary Large Language Model—Guided Ant Colony Optimization algorithm,which leverages the reflective evolution capability of large language models to iteratively generate and refine heuristic information that guides the search process.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework effectively integrates personalized preferences with budget sensitivity,accurately predicts users’preferences,and significantly enhances their satisfaction under complex constraints.
文摘Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)have become foundational in numerous real-world applications,ranging from environmental monitoring and industrial automation to healthcare systems and smart city development.As these networks continue to grow in scale and complexity,the need for energy-efficient,scalable,and robust communication protocols becomes more critical than ever.Metaheuristic algorithms have shown significant promise in addressing these challenges,offering flexible and effective solutions for optimizing WSN performance.Among them,the Grey Wolf Optimizer(GWO)algorithm has attracted growing attention due to its simplicity,fast convergence,and strong global search capabilities.Accordingly,this survey provides an in-depth review of the applications of GWO and its variants for clustering,multi-hop routing,and hybrid cluster-based routing in WSNs.We categorize and analyze the existing GWO-based approaches across these key network optimization tasks,discussing the different problem formulations,decision variables,objective functions,and performance metrics used.In doing so,we examine standard GWO,multi-objective GWO,and hybrid GWO models that incorporate other computational intelligence techniques.Each method is evaluated based on how effectively it addresses the core constraints of WSNs,including energy consumption,communication overhead,and network lifetime.Finally,this survey outlines existing gaps in the literature and proposes potential future research directions aimed at enhancing the effectiveness and real-world applicability of GWO-based techniques for WSN clustering and routing.Our goal is to provide researchers and practitioners with a clear,structured understanding of the current state of GWO in WSNs and inspire further innovation in this evolving field.
文摘This paper studies wireless vehicular communication(VehCom)in intelligent transportation systems using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation(OFDM-IM).In the concept of IM,data is transmitted not only through the modulated symbols but also via the indices of the active subcarriers.In contrast to the original OFDM,OFDM-IM activates only non-zero subcarriers,increasing energy efficiency.However,the pilotassisted channel estimation(CE)method is a significant challenge in OFDM-IM,where the desired pilot subcarrier interval is related to the OFDM-IM subblock length.This paper proposes a walsh-scattered pilot-assisted CE for OFDM-IM VehCom.The optimum walsh-scattered pilot assignment is proposed to improve the transmission efficiency.Furthermore,a space-time block code with a high transmit diversity gain is employed for OFDM-IM VehCom to enhance VehCom's signal quality.The results show that the proposed method performs higher CE accuracy and better bit-error rate with significant spectral and energy efficiencies than conventional methods.
文摘Wireless networks support numerous terminals,manage large data volumes,and provide diverse services,but the vulnerability to environmental changes leads to increased complexity and costs.Situational awareness has been widely applied in network management,but existing methods fail to find optimal solutions due to the high heterogeneity of base stations,numerous metrics,and complex intercell dependencies.To address this gap,this paper proposes a specialized framework for wireless networks,integrating an evaluation model and control approach.The framework expands the indicator set into four key areas,introduces an evaluation method,and proposes the indicator perturbation greedy(IPG)algorithm and the adjustment scheme selection method based on damping coefficient(DCSS)for effective network optimization.A case study in an urban area demonstrates the framework’s ability to balance and improve network performance,enhancing situational awareness and operational efficiency under dynamic conditions.
文摘Optical network-on-chip(ONoC) systems have emerged as a promising solution to overcome limitations of traditional electronic interconnects. Efficient ONoC architectures rely on optical routers, enabling high-speed data transfer, efficient routing, and scalability. This paper presents a comprehensive survey analyzing optical router designs, specifically microring resonators(MRRs), Mach-Zehnder interferometers(MZIs), and hybrid architectures. Selected comparison criteria, chosen for their critical importance, significantly impact router functionality and performance. By emphasizing these criteria, valuable insights into the strengths and limitations of different designs are gained, facilitating informed decisions and advancements in optical networking. While other factors contribute to performance and efficiency, the chosen criteria consistently address fundamental elements, enabling meaningful evaluation. This work serves as a valuable resource for beginners, providing a solid foundation in understanding ONoC and optical routers. It also offers an in-depth survey for experts, laying the groundwork for further exploration. Additionally, the importance of considering design constraints and requirements when selecting an optimal router design is highlighted. Continued research and innovation will enable the development of efficient optical router solutions that meet the evolving needs of modern computing systems. This survey underscores the significance of ongoing advancements in the field and their potential impact on future technologies.
基金supported by King Saud University through Researchers Supporting Project number(RSPD2024R1006),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘This study presents an energy-efficient Internet of Things(IoT)-based wireless sensor network(WSN)framework for autonomous data validation in remote environmental monitoring.We address two critical challenges in WSNs:ensuring data reliability and optimizing energy consumption.Our novel approach integrates an artificial neural network(ANN)-based multi-fault detection algorithm with an energy-efficient IoT-WSN architecture.The proposed ANN model is designed to simultaneously detect multiple fault types,including spike faults,stuckat faults,outliers,and out-of-range faults.We collected sensor data at 5-minute intervals over three months,using temperature and humidity sensors.The ANN was trained on 70%of the 26,280 data points per sensor,with 15%each for validation and testing.Our framework demonstrated a 97.1%improvement in fault detection accuracy(measured by F1 score)compared to existing methods,including rule-based,moving average,and statistical outlier detection approaches.The energy efficiency of the system was evaluated through 24-h power consumption tests,showing significant savings over traditional WSN architectures.Key contributions include a multi-fault detection ANN model balancing accuracy and computational efficiency,an energy-optimized IoTWSN architecture for remote deployments,and a comprehensive performance evaluation framework.While our approach offers improvements in both data validation and energy efficiency,we acknowledge limitations such as potential scalability issues and the need for further real-world testing.This research advances the field of remote environmental monitoring by providing a robust,energy-efficient solution for ensuring data reliability in challenging deployment scenarios.Future work will explore more advanced machine learning techniques and extended field testing to further validate and improve the system’s performance.
基金Chongqing Engineering University Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project:Wireless Fire Automatic Alarm System(Project No.:CXCY2024017)Chongqing Municipal Education Commission Science and Technology Research Project:Development and Research of Chongqing Wireless Fire Automatic Alarm System(Project No.:KJQN202401906)。
文摘This article explores the design of a wireless fire alarm system supported by advanced data fusion technology.It includes discussions on the basic design ideas of the wireless fire alarm system,hardware design analysis,software design analysis,and simulation analysis,all supported by data fusion technology.Hopefully,this analysis can provide some reference for the rational application of data fusion technology to meet the actual design and application requirements of the system.
文摘In the context of the rapid iteration of information technology,the Internet of Things(IoT)has established itself as a pivotal hub connecting the digital world and the physical world.Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),deeply embedded in the perception layer architecture of the IoT,play a crucial role as“tactile nerve endings.”A vast number of micro sensor nodes are widely distributed in monitoring areas according to preset deployment strategies,continuously and accurately perceiving and collecting real-time data on environmental parameters such as temperature,humidity,light intensity,air pressure,and pollutant concentration.These data are transmitted to the IoT cloud platform through stable and reliable communication links,forming a massive and detailed basic data resource pool.By using cutting-edge big data processing algorithms,machine learning models,and artificial intelligence analysis tools,in-depth mining and intelligent analysis of these multi-source heterogeneous data are conducted to generate high-value-added decision-making bases.This precisely empowers multiple fields,including agriculture,medical and health care,smart home,environmental science,and industrial manufacturing,driving intelligent transformation and catalyzing society to move towards a new stage of high-quality development.This paper comprehensively analyzes the technical cores of the IoT and WSNs,systematically sorts out the advanced key technologies of WSNs and the evolution of their strategic significance in the IoT system,deeply explores the innovative application scenarios and practical effects of the two in specific vertical fields,and looks forward to the technological evolution trends.It provides a detailed and highly practical guiding reference for researchers,technical engineers,and industrial decision-makers.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB2900504).
文摘In 6th Generation Mobile Networks(6G),the Space-Integrated-Ground(SIG)Radio Access Network(RAN)promises seamless coverage and exceptionally high Quality of Service(QoS)for diverse services.However,achieving this necessitates effective management of computation and wireless resources tailored to the requirements of various services.The heterogeneity of computation resources and interference among shared wireless resources pose significant coordination and management challenges.To solve these problems,this work provides an overview of multi-dimensional resource management in 6G SIG RAN,including computation and wireless resource.Firstly it provides with a review of current investigations on computation and wireless resource management and an analysis of existing deficiencies and challenges.Then focusing on the provided challenges,the work proposes an MEC-based computation resource management scheme and a mixed numerology-based wireless resource management scheme.Furthermore,it outlines promising future technologies,including joint model-driven and data-driven resource management technology,and blockchain-based resource management technology within the 6G SIG network.The work also highlights remaining challenges,such as reducing communication costs associated with unstable ground-to-satellite links and overcoming barriers posed by spectrum isolation.Overall,this comprehensive approach aims to pave the way for efficient and effective resource management in future 6G networks.
文摘It is difficult to improve both energy consumption and detection accuracy simultaneously,and even to obtain the trade-off between them,when detecting and tracking moving targets,especially for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSNs).To this end,this paper investigates the relationship between the Degree of Target Change(DoTC)and the detection period,as well as the impact of individual nodes.A Hierarchical Detection and Tracking Approach(HDTA)is proposed.Firstly,the network detection period is determined according to DoTC,which reflects the variation of target motion.Secondly,during the network detection period,each detection node calculates its own node detection period based on the detection mutual information.Taking DoTC as pheromone,an ant colony algorithm is proposed to adaptively adjust the network detection period.The simulation results show that the proposed HDTA with the optimizations of network level and node level significantly improves the detection accuracy by 25%and the network energy consumption by 10%simultaneously,compared to the traditional adaptive period detection schemes.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61906156).
文摘This paper studies the problem of jamming decision-making for dynamic multiple communication links in wireless communication networks(WCNs).We propose a novel jamming channel allocation and power decision-making(JCAPD)approach based on multi-agent deep reinforcement learning(MADRL).In high-dynamic and multi-target aviation communication environments,the rapid changes in channels make it difficult for sensors to accurately capture instantaneous channel state information.This poses a challenge to make centralized jamming decisions with single-agent deep reinforcement learning(DRL)approaches.In response,we design a distributed multi-agent decision architecture(DMADA).We formulate multi-jammer resource allocation as a multiagent Markov decision process(MDP)and propose a fingerprint-based double deep Q-Network(FBDDQN)algorithm for solving it.Each jammer functions as an agent that interacts with the environment in this framework.Through the design of a reasonable reward and training mechanism,our approach enables jammers to achieve distributed cooperation,significantly improving the jamming success rate while considering jamming power cost,and reducing the transmission rate of links.Our experimental results show the FBDDQN algorithm is superior to the baseline methods.
文摘In the context of security systems,adequate signal coverage is paramount for the communication between security personnel and the accurate positioning of personnel.Most studies focus on optimizing base station deployment under the assumption of static obstacles,aiming to maximize the perception coverage of wireless RF(Radio Frequency)signals and reduce positioning blind spots.However,in practical security systems,obstacles are subject to change,necessitating the consideration of base station deployment in dynamic environments.Nevertheless,research in this area still needs to be conducted.This paper proposes a Dynamic Indoor Environment Beacon Deployment Algorithm(DIE-BDA)to address this problem.This algorithm considers the dynamic alterations in obstacle locations within the designated area.It determines the requisite number of base stations,the requisite time,and the area’s practical and overall signal coverage rates.The experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm can calculate the deployment strategy in 0.12 s following a change in obstacle positions.Experimental results show that the algorithm in this paper requires 0.12 s to compute the deployment strategy after the positions of obstacles change.With 13 base stations,it achieves an effective coverage rate of 93.5%and an overall coverage rate of 97.75%.The algorithm can rapidly compute a revised deployment strategy in response to changes in obstacle positions within security systems,thereby ensuring the efficacy of signal coverage.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62372249,No.62072254)Jiangsu Graduate Scientific Research Innovation Program(No.KYCX210796).
文摘Wireless Power Transmission(WPT)has been widely used to replenish energy for various rechargeable devices.The ElectroMagnetic Radiation(EMR)of WPT has attracted great attention of safety concerns.It is possible for the malicious attacker to launch the EMR attack by capturing multiple wireless chargers.Little work has studied the EMR attack itself.In this paper,we propose a realistic EMR hazard model,which outputs the diminishing marginal hazard with EMR,with adjustable parameters to the target entities.We formulate three EMR attack models,termed Cumulative EMR Attack(CEA),Overall EMR Attack(OEA)and Unsafety EMR Attack(UEA),and propose the performance guaranteed algorithm of EMR attack for each model.We conduct extensive simulations and field experiments on a testbed.The results show that the proposed algorithms can output the near-optimal solution with much less running time than the optimal algorithms.The results of field experiments in a small testbed show that the utilities of CEAA and OEAA are increased by 70.5%and 12.9%than the comparison algorithms,respectively.Moreover,the number of captured chargers of UEAA is 5.9%less than the comparison algorithms.Our simulations also show the designed algorithms can perform better in a large-scale charging network.
基金supported by the National Key Re-search and Development Program of China(No.2021YFA0715700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52003212).
文摘As a natural biopolymer material,silk fibroin with unique mechanical properties can be used in the preparation of biocomposite hydrogels for strain sensors.But,the electromechanical properties of bio-composite hydrogel strain sensors are still insufficient,such as the deterioration of electrical signals and low sensitivity,which need to develop a hydrogel with a stable transmission network for electric con-duction.Herein,a silk fibroin biocomposite hydrogel is prepared by incorporating tannic acid and MXene nanosheets into a polyacrylamide and silk fibroin double network.The electromechanical properties of hydrogels are improved by optimizing the proportion of material components.As a result,the double network structure and supramolecular interaction enhance the stretchability of hydrogels(692% fracture strain).The hydrogel also exhibits good biocompatibility and conductivity(0.85 S/m),which shows the application prospect in wearable sensors.The wireless strain sensor assembled by this biocomposite hy-drogel presents good portability and sensing performance,such as high sensitivity(gauge factor=6.04),wide working range(500% strain),and outstanding stability(1000 cycles at 100%strain).The results in-dicate that the hydrogel strain sensor can be used to monitor human body movement.The biocomposite hydrogel is expected to be applied in the field of wearable strain sensors,and this study can provide a new way for the design of flexible electronic materials.
文摘Wireless energy transmission technology through the transmitter will be converted into microwave,laser or electromagnetic field and other energy carriers to realize the transmission of space,and the receiver will be captured back to the energy conversion of electrical energy,the whole process can be completed without physical contact energy transfer.The core mechanism is to build the energy coupling channel of the transmitter-receiver system,and realize the spatial power transmission through electromagnetic field interaction.In the electromagnetic induction coupled transmission system,the industrial frequency alternating current is converted into direct current by rectification and filtering,and then converted into high-frequency alternating current by high-frequency inverter.This current excites the primary side transmitting winding to generate a time-varying magnetic field,and through magnetic coupling in the secondary side receiving winding inductance electromotive force,and ultimately through the high-frequency rectifier and power regulation circuit to the load power supply.The essence of the process is to establish a transceiver double-ended resonant network,through the magnetic field resonance to achieve efficient energy exchange,and its transmission characteristics follow the laws of electromagnetic induction and the circuit resonance principle of double constraints.
基金the International Scientific Complex“Astana”was funded by the Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan(Grant No.AP19680345).
文摘Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)have gained significant attention over recent years due to their extensive applications in various domains such as environmentalmonitoring,healthcare systems,industrial automation,and smart cities.However,such networks are inherently vulnerable to different types of attacks because they operate in open environments with limited resources and constrained communication capabilities.Thepaper addresses challenges related to modeling and analysis of wireless sensor networks and their susceptibility to attacks.Its objective is to create versatile modeling tools capable of detecting attacks against network devices and identifying anomalies caused either by legitimate user errors or malicious activities.A proposed integrated approach for data collection,preprocessing,and analysis in WSN outlines a series of steps applicable throughout both the design phase and operation stage.This ensures effective detection of attacks and anomalies within WSNs.An introduced attackmodel specifies potential types of unauthorized network layer attacks targeting network nodes,transmitted data,and services offered by the WSN.Furthermore,a graph-based analytical framework was designed to detect attacks by evaluating real-time events from network nodes and determining if an attack is underway.Additionally,a simulation model based on sequences of imperative rules defining behaviors of both regular and compromised nodes is presented.Overall,this technique was experimentally verified using a segment of a WSN embedded in a smart city infrastructure,simulating a wormhole attack.Results demonstrate the viability and practical significance of the technique for enhancing future information security measures.Validation tests confirmed high levels of accuracy and efficiency when applied specifically to detecting wormhole attacks targeting routing protocols in WSNs.Precision and recall rates averaged above the benchmark value of 0.95,thus validating the broad applicability of the proposed models across varied scenarios.
