The forking problem plays a key role in the security issue,which is a major concern in the blockchain system.Although many works studied the attack strategy,consensus mechanism,privacy-protecting and security performa...The forking problem plays a key role in the security issue,which is a major concern in the blockchain system.Although many works studied the attack strategy,consensus mechanism,privacy-protecting and security performance analysis,most of them only address the intentional forking caused by a malicious attacker.In fact,without any attacker,unintentional forking still remains due to transmission delay and failure,especially in wireless network scenarios.To this end,this paper investigates the reason for generating unintentional forking and derives the forking probability expression in Wireless Blockchain Networks(WBN).Furthermore,in order to illustrate the unintentional forking on the blockchain system,the performances in terms of resource utilization rate,block generation time,and Transaction Per Second(TPS)are investigated.The numerical results show that the target difficulty of hash algorithm in generating a new block,the delay time of broadcasting,the network scale,and the transmission failure probability would affect the unintentional forking probability significantly,which can provide a reliable basis for avoiding forking to save resource consumption and improving system performance.展开更多
The sixth-generation(6G)network must provide better performance than previous generations to meet the requirements of emerging services and applications,such as multi-gigabit transmission rate,higher reliability,and s...The sixth-generation(6G)network must provide better performance than previous generations to meet the requirements of emerging services and applications,such as multi-gigabit transmission rate,higher reliability,and sub-1 ms latency and ubiquitous connection for the Internet of Everything(IoE).However,with the scarcity of spectrum resources,efficient resource management and sharing are crucial to achieving all these ambitious requirements.One possible technology to achieve all this is the blockchain.Because of its inherent properties,the blockchain has recently gained an important position,which is of great significance to the 6G network and other networks.In particular,the integration of the blockchain in 6G will enable the network to monitor and manage resource utilization and sharing efficiently.Hence,in this paper,we discuss the potentials of the blockchain for resource management and sharing in 6G using multiple application scenarios,namely,Internet of things,deviceto-device communications,network slicing,and inter-domain blockchain ecosystems.展开更多
区块链技术对保证工业物联网(Industrial Internet of Things,IIoT)的数据安全性、可信度和透明度至关重要,推动了物联网(Internet of Things,IoT)设备之间的信任和安全交互,加速了工业自动化和智能化的发展。针对区块链在IIoT中的部署...区块链技术对保证工业物联网(Industrial Internet of Things,IIoT)的数据安全性、可信度和透明度至关重要,推动了物联网(Internet of Things,IoT)设备之间的信任和安全交互,加速了工业自动化和智能化的发展。针对区块链在IIoT中的部署优化面临网络拓扑动态复杂和无线节点能量受限等问题,提出了一种利用图卷积神经网络(graph convolutional neural network,GCN)的无线节点传输功率计算框架。通过拟合大量实验数据得到传输功率和时延之间的关系函数,引入能耗、分叉率、时延、算力等因素构建关于节点传输功率的系统效用最优化问题。经过训练后,GCN基于节点哈希算力、网络拓扑图、区块链出块间隔和区块大小等信息,可快速确定无线区块链节点最优传输功率,以提高IIoT区块链的系统能效和部署时效。实验结果表明,在复杂无线IoT环境下,所提方法能高效得到理想的无线区块链节点传输功率值,与最优值之间的平均相对偏差小于1.81%。展开更多
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61701059,Grant 61941114,and Grant 61831002in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of New Teachers Project,in part by the Basic and Advanced Research Projects of CSTC(No.cstc2019jcyj-zdxmX0008)+2 种基金in part by the Chongqing Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Support Program(CSTCCXLJR-C201710,and CSTCCXLJRC201908)in part by Chongqing Technological Innovation and Application Development Projects(cstc2019jscx-msxm1322)in part by the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.KJZD-K201900605).
文摘The forking problem plays a key role in the security issue,which is a major concern in the blockchain system.Although many works studied the attack strategy,consensus mechanism,privacy-protecting and security performance analysis,most of them only address the intentional forking caused by a malicious attacker.In fact,without any attacker,unintentional forking still remains due to transmission delay and failure,especially in wireless network scenarios.To this end,this paper investigates the reason for generating unintentional forking and derives the forking probability expression in Wireless Blockchain Networks(WBN).Furthermore,in order to illustrate the unintentional forking on the blockchain system,the performances in terms of resource utilization rate,block generation time,and Transaction Per Second(TPS)are investigated.The numerical results show that the target difficulty of hash algorithm in generating a new block,the delay time of broadcasting,the network scale,and the transmission failure probability would affect the unintentional forking probability significantly,which can provide a reliable basis for avoiding forking to save resource consumption and improving system performance.
基金This work was supported in part by the U.K.EPSRC(EP/S02476X/1)Sichuan International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation/Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Project(2019YFH0163)Key Research and Development Project of Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2018JZ0071).
文摘The sixth-generation(6G)network must provide better performance than previous generations to meet the requirements of emerging services and applications,such as multi-gigabit transmission rate,higher reliability,and sub-1 ms latency and ubiquitous connection for the Internet of Everything(IoE).However,with the scarcity of spectrum resources,efficient resource management and sharing are crucial to achieving all these ambitious requirements.One possible technology to achieve all this is the blockchain.Because of its inherent properties,the blockchain has recently gained an important position,which is of great significance to the 6G network and other networks.In particular,the integration of the blockchain in 6G will enable the network to monitor and manage resource utilization and sharing efficiently.Hence,in this paper,we discuss the potentials of the blockchain for resource management and sharing in 6G using multiple application scenarios,namely,Internet of things,deviceto-device communications,network slicing,and inter-domain blockchain ecosystems.
文摘区块链技术对保证工业物联网(Industrial Internet of Things,IIoT)的数据安全性、可信度和透明度至关重要,推动了物联网(Internet of Things,IoT)设备之间的信任和安全交互,加速了工业自动化和智能化的发展。针对区块链在IIoT中的部署优化面临网络拓扑动态复杂和无线节点能量受限等问题,提出了一种利用图卷积神经网络(graph convolutional neural network,GCN)的无线节点传输功率计算框架。通过拟合大量实验数据得到传输功率和时延之间的关系函数,引入能耗、分叉率、时延、算力等因素构建关于节点传输功率的系统效用最优化问题。经过训练后,GCN基于节点哈希算力、网络拓扑图、区块链出块间隔和区块大小等信息,可快速确定无线区块链节点最优传输功率,以提高IIoT区块链的系统能效和部署时效。实验结果表明,在复杂无线IoT环境下,所提方法能高效得到理想的无线区块链节点传输功率值,与最优值之间的平均相对偏差小于1.81%。
