Morphing aircraft are designed to adaptively adjust their shape for changing flight missions,which enables them to improve their flight performance significantly for future applications.The folding wingtips represent ...Morphing aircraft are designed to adaptively adjust their shape for changing flight missions,which enables them to improve their flight performance significantly for future applications.The folding wingtips represent a key research aspect for morphing aircraft,since they can lead to potential improvements in flight range,maneuverability,load alleviation and airport compatibility.This paper proposes a hinge mechanism design for folding wingtips based on the shape memory alloy torsion tube,aiming to achieve successful folding using the actuation effect of the shape memory alloy.The proposed design employs a shape memory alloy torsion tube as the actuator for the active folding of the wingtip,which is motivated by the characteristics of the tube,enabling a simplified structure for the integration with high energy density.Through numerical simulation and testing of the folding wingtip structure,the concept is verified,which shows its potential as an actuator for folding wingtips.展开更多
During its evolution to the far field,the wingtip vortex exhibits complex instability behaviors such as long-wave/short-wave instability and vortex wandering.However,the quantification influence of vortex instability ...During its evolution to the far field,the wingtip vortex exhibits complex instability behaviors such as long-wave/short-wave instability and vortex wandering.However,the quantification influence of vortex instability on its velocity field statistics has not been well investigated.To this end,experimental measurements of a canonical wingtip vortex generated by an elliptical wing under various angles of attack and Reynolds numbers were conducted using particle image velocimetry.It is found that the streamwise variation of wandering amplitude presents an exponential growth within the middle-to-far wake region and asymptotically saturates to 10−1b in the far wake,which differs from the previous report of a linear growth trend in the nearwake region.Further,two average methods,i.e.,time average(TA)and ensemble average(EA),were adopted to compare the velocity field statistics.In both TA-and EA-obtained flow fields,the vortex radius rc,peak vorticity x p,and vortex circulationΓall demonstrate a power-law scaling with respect to the streamwise location,rc∝x^(kr),Ω_(x)^(p) ∝x^(-kω) and Г∝x^(kГ),respectively.For a full rolling-up wingtip vortex in the middle-to-far wake region,the fact that kГ=k_(ω)-2k_(r) demonstrates that the vortex circulation can be scaled Г=Ω_(x)^(p)(r_(c))^(2).On the other hand,TA overestimates the decay rate of peak vorticity k and the growth rate of vortex radius kr.Furthermore,the TA-introduced bias level of the peak vorticity and vortex radius is found to be scaled with an empirical scaling between the wandering amplitude by a power law,respectively.These findings provide significant practical value for detecting wake vortex in wake vortex spacing systems.展开更多
The Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry(SPIV)technology is applied to measure the wingtip vortices generated by the up-down symmetrical split winglet.Then,the temporal biglobal Linear Stability Analysis(bi-global LSA)is...The Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry(SPIV)technology is applied to measure the wingtip vortices generated by the up-down symmetrical split winglet.Then,the temporal biglobal Linear Stability Analysis(bi-global LSA)is performed on this nearly equal-strength corotating vortex pair,which is composed of an upper vortex(vortex-u)and a down vortex(vortex-d).The results show that the instability eigenvalue spectrum illustrated by(ωr,ω_(i))contains two types of branches:discrete branch and continuous branch.The discrete branch contains the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d,the secondary branch of vortex-d and coupled branch,of which all of the eigenvalues are located in the unstable half-plane ofω_(i)>0,indicating that the wingtip vortex pair is temporally unstable.By contrast,the eigenvalues of the continuous branch are concentrated on the half-plane ofω_(i)<0 and the perturbation modes correspond to the freestream perturbation.In the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d,Mode P_(u) and Mode Pd are the primary perturbation modes,which exhibit the structures enclosed with azimuthal wavenumber m and radial wavenumber n,respectively.Besides,the results of stability curves for vortex-u and vortex-d demonstrate that the instability growth rates of vortex-u are larger than those of vortex-d,and the perturbation energy of Mode P_(u) is also larger than that of Mode Pd.Moreover,the perturbation energy of Mode P_(u) is up to 0.02650 and accounts for 33.56%percent in the corresponding branch,thereby indicating that the instability development of wingtip vortex is dominated by Mode P_(u).By further investigating the topological structures of Mode P_(u) and Mode Pd with streamwise wavenumbers,the most unstable perturbation mode with a large azimuthal wavenumber of m=5-6 is identified,which imposes on the entire core region of vortex-u.This large azimuthal wavenumber perturbation mode can suggest the potential physical-based flow control strategy by manipulating it.展开更多
Wingtip slots,where the outer primary feathers of birds split and spread vertically,are regarded as an evolved favorable feature that could effectively improve their aerodynamic performance.They have inspired many to ...Wingtip slots,where the outer primary feathers of birds split and spread vertically,are regarded as an evolved favorable feature that could effectively improve their aerodynamic performance.They have inspired many to perform experiments and simulations as well as to relate their results to aircraft design.This paper aims to provide guidance for the research on the aerodynamic mechanism of wingtip slots.Following a review of previous wingtip slot research,four imperfections are put forward:vacancies in research content,inconsistencies in research conclusions,limitations of early research methods,and shortage of the aerodynamic mechanism analysis.On this basis,further explorations and expansion of the influence factors for steady state are needed;more attention should be poured into the application of flow field integration method to decompose drag,and evaluation of variation in induced drag seems a more rational choice.Geometric and kinematic parameters of wingtip slot structure in the unsteady state,as well as the flexibility of wingtips,should be taken into account.As for the aerodynamic mechanism of wingtip slots,the emphasis can be placed on the study of the formation,development,and evolution of wingtip vortices on slotted wings.Besides,some research strategies and feasibility analyses are proposed for each part of the research.展开更多
In this paper,the flocking flight of Northern Bald Ibises(Geronticus eremita)and their induced drag during the flock are investigated.Northern Bald Ibises are long-range migratory birds.These birds fly in an echelon a...In this paper,the flocking flight of Northern Bald Ibises(Geronticus eremita)and their induced drag during the flock are investigated.Northern Bald Ibises are long-range migratory birds.These birds fly in an echelon and V-shaped formation,possibly to reduce their drag;therefore,as a result,they may save energy to fly farther.The aerodynamic drag forces of each individual bird and the flock are modeled theoretically.Extensive analysis shows how,during flocking flight,the drag force reduces as the size of the flock increases.Additionally,wingtip spacing effects on the total drag of the flock are investigated.The fraction of drag reduction of individual ibises is also analyzed.Four initial arrangement scenarios are considered for flocks of ibises of different sizes in this study.Two shuffling algorithms are applied for position switching and energy balancing of the ibises during their flight.It is suggested that ibises can save energy by means of different arrangements of flock members during long flights.The results indicate that how different sizes of the birds can manipulate their positions to fly further and save energy during migration.展开更多
The slotted wingtip structure of birds is considered to be the product of improving flight efficiency in the process of evolution. It can change the vortex structure of wingtip and improve aerodynamic efficiency. This...The slotted wingtip structure of birds is considered to be the product of improving flight efficiency in the process of evolution. It can change the vortex structure of wingtip and improve aerodynamic efficiency. This paper reports a numerical investigation of slotted wing configuration undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics(consisting of plunging and in-line movement)extracted from a free-flying bald eagle wing. The aim is to eluci-date the collective mechanism of the flow generated by slotted tips and the lift contribution of each tip. Specifi-cally, the objective of the study is to determine how changes in the wing spacing affect the resulting aerodynamic interaction between the slotted tips and how that affects the force generation and efficiency. Changes in the phase angle between the flapping motions of slotted tips, as well as the spacings among them,can affect the resulting vortex inter-actions. The rear tips often operates in the wake of the frontal tips and, meanwhile, the vortex generated by the movement of the rear tips promote the frontal tips.The interaction of vortices in time and space leads to wing-wing interference and the flow around slotted tips becomes complicated and unstable. The innovative study of wingtip slot in unsteady state leads us to find that the aerodynamic interaction among slotted tips makes the overall lift characteristic better than that of the unslotted wings. The slotted wing configuration can efficiently convert more energy into lift. As the flapping frequency increases, the collective feature of slotted wing with constantly changing gaps can be more advantageous to enhance lift-generation performance.展开更多
The present paper describes control of wingtip vortices generated by vertical type wind turbine. The wind turbine consists of three circular cylinders. Each cylinder rotates on its own vertical axis and moves in orbit...The present paper describes control of wingtip vortices generated by vertical type wind turbine. The wind turbine consists of three circular cylinders. Each cylinder rotates on its own vertical axis and moves in orbit. It is known that wingtip vortices give rise to decrease of power generation performance as well as aerodynamic noise. Therefore, the goal of the study is to control wingtip vortices and to improve power generation performance. Numerical study was conducted for 14 models to find out control factors to suppress wingtip vortices. Numerical simulation visualized wingtips by streamlines as well as pressure distribution on the circular cylinder for evaluating Magnus effect. As a result, the following findings were obtained: 1) Installation of fully covered protection plates at both ends of the circular cylinder blades is greatly effective to suppress the wingtip vortices. 2) Curved wings attached to each cylinder are more effective to enhance power generation efficiency than flat ones, due to great increase in Magnus effect caused by large pressure difference on both sides of the curved wing. The power efficiency of the optimized model was improved up to 2.8%, which means 11 times that of the original model.展开更多
The performance improvement of swarm drones through aerodynamic shape optimization may be challenging due to folded size constraints imposed by the specific launch approach.However,fixed-wing aircraft swarms can benef...The performance improvement of swarm drones through aerodynamic shape optimization may be challenging due to folded size constraints imposed by the specific launch approach.However,fixed-wing aircraft swarms can benefit from formation flight in terms of energy consumption.This study introduces the concept of the"aerodynamic formation unit",which consists of two or three aircraft that form an inseparable unit of the formation.Considering the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)distribution and wingtip vortex interference in the formation,two typical aerodynamic formation units are optimized by the variable-fidelity aerodynamic optimization method based on space mapping.The aerodynamic characteristics of the formation UAVs that affect flight performance,such as lift-to-drag ratio(L/D ratio)and static stability are analyzed by Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)simulations.The L/D ratio(cruising condition)of the following aircraft can be increased by 22.8%and 57.5%in the optimal units that involve two and three aircraft respectively.Moreover,this study conducts several CFD simulations for multi-aircraft formations formed by the units,which show that the average L/D ratio of the formation can be improved by more than 19%.These results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the"aerodynamic formation unit"concept and the optimization framework for formation parameters.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52305262)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(No.20230015052002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.NT2024001)。
文摘Morphing aircraft are designed to adaptively adjust their shape for changing flight missions,which enables them to improve their flight performance significantly for future applications.The folding wingtips represent a key research aspect for morphing aircraft,since they can lead to potential improvements in flight range,maneuverability,load alleviation and airport compatibility.This paper proposes a hinge mechanism design for folding wingtips based on the shape memory alloy torsion tube,aiming to achieve successful folding using the actuation effect of the shape memory alloy.The proposed design employs a shape memory alloy torsion tube as the actuator for the active folding of the wingtip,which is motivated by the characteristics of the tube,enabling a simplified structure for the integration with high energy density.Through numerical simulation and testing of the folding wingtip structure,the concept is verified,which shows its potential as an actuator for folding wingtips.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12202031,12225202,and 12102024)Tianmushan Laboratory Foundation(Grant No.TK2023-B-004).
文摘During its evolution to the far field,the wingtip vortex exhibits complex instability behaviors such as long-wave/short-wave instability and vortex wandering.However,the quantification influence of vortex instability on its velocity field statistics has not been well investigated.To this end,experimental measurements of a canonical wingtip vortex generated by an elliptical wing under various angles of attack and Reynolds numbers were conducted using particle image velocimetry.It is found that the streamwise variation of wandering amplitude presents an exponential growth within the middle-to-far wake region and asymptotically saturates to 10−1b in the far wake,which differs from the previous report of a linear growth trend in the nearwake region.Further,two average methods,i.e.,time average(TA)and ensemble average(EA),were adopted to compare the velocity field statistics.In both TA-and EA-obtained flow fields,the vortex radius rc,peak vorticity x p,and vortex circulationΓall demonstrate a power-law scaling with respect to the streamwise location,rc∝x^(kr),Ω_(x)^(p) ∝x^(-kω) and Г∝x^(kГ),respectively.For a full rolling-up wingtip vortex in the middle-to-far wake region,the fact that kГ=k_(ω)-2k_(r) demonstrates that the vortex circulation can be scaled Г=Ω_(x)^(p)(r_(c))^(2).On the other hand,TA overestimates the decay rate of peak vorticity k and the growth rate of vortex radius kr.Furthermore,the TA-introduced bias level of the peak vorticity and vortex radius is found to be scaled with an empirical scaling between the wandering amplitude by a power law,respectively.These findings provide significant practical value for detecting wake vortex in wake vortex spacing systems.
基金co-supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB744802)Major Research of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91952302)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018 M642007)。
文摘The Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry(SPIV)technology is applied to measure the wingtip vortices generated by the up-down symmetrical split winglet.Then,the temporal biglobal Linear Stability Analysis(bi-global LSA)is performed on this nearly equal-strength corotating vortex pair,which is composed of an upper vortex(vortex-u)and a down vortex(vortex-d).The results show that the instability eigenvalue spectrum illustrated by(ωr,ω_(i))contains two types of branches:discrete branch and continuous branch.The discrete branch contains the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d,the secondary branch of vortex-d and coupled branch,of which all of the eigenvalues are located in the unstable half-plane ofω_(i)>0,indicating that the wingtip vortex pair is temporally unstable.By contrast,the eigenvalues of the continuous branch are concentrated on the half-plane ofω_(i)<0 and the perturbation modes correspond to the freestream perturbation.In the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d,Mode P_(u) and Mode Pd are the primary perturbation modes,which exhibit the structures enclosed with azimuthal wavenumber m and radial wavenumber n,respectively.Besides,the results of stability curves for vortex-u and vortex-d demonstrate that the instability growth rates of vortex-u are larger than those of vortex-d,and the perturbation energy of Mode P_(u) is also larger than that of Mode Pd.Moreover,the perturbation energy of Mode P_(u) is up to 0.02650 and accounts for 33.56%percent in the corresponding branch,thereby indicating that the instability development of wingtip vortex is dominated by Mode P_(u).By further investigating the topological structures of Mode P_(u) and Mode Pd with streamwise wavenumbers,the most unstable perturbation mode with a large azimuthal wavenumber of m=5-6 is identified,which imposes on the entire core region of vortex-u.This large azimuthal wavenumber perturbation mode can suggest the potential physical-based flow control strategy by manipulating it.
基金support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11872314 and U1613227)Youth Program of Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(Grant 2019JQ-394)Key R&D Program in Shaanxi Province of China(Grant 2020GY-154).
文摘Wingtip slots,where the outer primary feathers of birds split and spread vertically,are regarded as an evolved favorable feature that could effectively improve their aerodynamic performance.They have inspired many to perform experiments and simulations as well as to relate their results to aircraft design.This paper aims to provide guidance for the research on the aerodynamic mechanism of wingtip slots.Following a review of previous wingtip slot research,four imperfections are put forward:vacancies in research content,inconsistencies in research conclusions,limitations of early research methods,and shortage of the aerodynamic mechanism analysis.On this basis,further explorations and expansion of the influence factors for steady state are needed;more attention should be poured into the application of flow field integration method to decompose drag,and evaluation of variation in induced drag seems a more rational choice.Geometric and kinematic parameters of wingtip slot structure in the unsteady state,as well as the flexibility of wingtips,should be taken into account.As for the aerodynamic mechanism of wingtip slots,the emphasis can be placed on the study of the formation,development,and evolution of wingtip vortices on slotted wings.Besides,some research strategies and feasibility analyses are proposed for each part of the research.
文摘In this paper,the flocking flight of Northern Bald Ibises(Geronticus eremita)and their induced drag during the flock are investigated.Northern Bald Ibises are long-range migratory birds.These birds fly in an echelon and V-shaped formation,possibly to reduce their drag;therefore,as a result,they may save energy to fly farther.The aerodynamic drag forces of each individual bird and the flock are modeled theoretically.Extensive analysis shows how,during flocking flight,the drag force reduces as the size of the flock increases.Additionally,wingtip spacing effects on the total drag of the flock are investigated.The fraction of drag reduction of individual ibises is also analyzed.Four initial arrangement scenarios are considered for flocks of ibises of different sizes in this study.Two shuffling algorithms are applied for position switching and energy balancing of the ibises during their flight.It is suggested that ibises can save energy by means of different arrangements of flock members during long flights.The results indicate that how different sizes of the birds can manipulate their positions to fly further and save energy during migration.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11872314 and U1613227)the Key R&D Program in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2020GY-154)。
文摘The slotted wingtip structure of birds is considered to be the product of improving flight efficiency in the process of evolution. It can change the vortex structure of wingtip and improve aerodynamic efficiency. This paper reports a numerical investigation of slotted wing configuration undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics(consisting of plunging and in-line movement)extracted from a free-flying bald eagle wing. The aim is to eluci-date the collective mechanism of the flow generated by slotted tips and the lift contribution of each tip. Specifi-cally, the objective of the study is to determine how changes in the wing spacing affect the resulting aerodynamic interaction between the slotted tips and how that affects the force generation and efficiency. Changes in the phase angle between the flapping motions of slotted tips, as well as the spacings among them,can affect the resulting vortex inter-actions. The rear tips often operates in the wake of the frontal tips and, meanwhile, the vortex generated by the movement of the rear tips promote the frontal tips.The interaction of vortices in time and space leads to wing-wing interference and the flow around slotted tips becomes complicated and unstable. The innovative study of wingtip slot in unsteady state leads us to find that the aerodynamic interaction among slotted tips makes the overall lift characteristic better than that of the unslotted wings. The slotted wing configuration can efficiently convert more energy into lift. As the flapping frequency increases, the collective feature of slotted wing with constantly changing gaps can be more advantageous to enhance lift-generation performance.
文摘The present paper describes control of wingtip vortices generated by vertical type wind turbine. The wind turbine consists of three circular cylinders. Each cylinder rotates on its own vertical axis and moves in orbit. It is known that wingtip vortices give rise to decrease of power generation performance as well as aerodynamic noise. Therefore, the goal of the study is to control wingtip vortices and to improve power generation performance. Numerical study was conducted for 14 models to find out control factors to suppress wingtip vortices. Numerical simulation visualized wingtips by streamlines as well as pressure distribution on the circular cylinder for evaluating Magnus effect. As a result, the following findings were obtained: 1) Installation of fully covered protection plates at both ends of the circular cylinder blades is greatly effective to suppress the wingtip vortices. 2) Curved wings attached to each cylinder are more effective to enhance power generation efficiency than flat ones, due to great increase in Magnus effect caused by large pressure difference on both sides of the curved wing. The power efficiency of the optimized model was improved up to 2.8%, which means 11 times that of the original model.
文摘The performance improvement of swarm drones through aerodynamic shape optimization may be challenging due to folded size constraints imposed by the specific launch approach.However,fixed-wing aircraft swarms can benefit from formation flight in terms of energy consumption.This study introduces the concept of the"aerodynamic formation unit",which consists of two or three aircraft that form an inseparable unit of the formation.Considering the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)distribution and wingtip vortex interference in the formation,two typical aerodynamic formation units are optimized by the variable-fidelity aerodynamic optimization method based on space mapping.The aerodynamic characteristics of the formation UAVs that affect flight performance,such as lift-to-drag ratio(L/D ratio)and static stability are analyzed by Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)simulations.The L/D ratio(cruising condition)of the following aircraft can be increased by 22.8%and 57.5%in the optimal units that involve two and three aircraft respectively.Moreover,this study conducts several CFD simulations for multi-aircraft formations formed by the units,which show that the average L/D ratio of the formation can be improved by more than 19%.These results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the"aerodynamic formation unit"concept and the optimization framework for formation parameters.
