Angle of break(AOB)is the acute angle created by the coal seam bedding plane and caving line formed by roof strata movement after extraction of a longwall panel.It has a significant influence on stress redistribution ...Angle of break(AOB)is the acute angle created by the coal seam bedding plane and caving line formed by roof strata movement after extraction of a longwall panel.It has a significant influence on stress redistribution both in the gob and abutment.Throughout numerical simulation investigations up to now,little attention has been paid to it or an AOB of 90°was used,which however,is not realistic.This paper presents a detailed numerical modelling incorporating the AOB against Zhenchengdi Coal Mine.The AOB was obtained through cross-measure boreholes.Hoek-Brown constitutive model was used to simulate the rock masses.Double-yield constitutive model,which was best fitted by Salamon's model,was used to simulate the gob.The results show that a‘‘/\shape"shear failure zone develops around the gob.The shear failure in the floor along the panel edge is due to opposite shear of rock mass on two sides of the caving line,and the number of yielded zones within the gob floor close to the gob edge is smaller.According to the research,the entry was determined to be driven under the gob edge employing splitlevel longwall panel layout(SLPL).The other numerical simulation for SLPL shows that stress around the god-side entry is much smaller than pre-mining stress,and the area of intact rock mass at the elevating section is larger than conventional layout.Numerical modelling was then validated by field observation.展开更多
A leaf inclination angle distribution model, which is applicable to simulate leaf inclination angle distribution in six heights of layered canopy at different growth stages, was established by component factors affect...A leaf inclination angle distribution model, which is applicable to simulate leaf inclination angle distribution in six heights of layered canopy at different growth stages, was established by component factors affecting plant type in rice. The accuracy of the simulation results was validated by measured values from a field experiment. The coefficient of determination （R2） and the root mean square error （RMSE） between the simulated and measured values were 0.9472 and 3.93%, respectively. The simulation results showed that the distribution of leaf inclination angles differed among the three plant types. The leaf inclination angles were larger in the compact variety Liangyoupeijiu with erect leaves than in the loose variety Shanyou 63 with droopy leaves and the intermediate variety Liangyou Y06. The leaf inclination angles were distributed in the lower range in Shanyou 63, which matched up with field measurements. The distribution of leaf inclination angles in the same variety changed throughout the seven growth stages. The leaf inclination angles enlarged gradually from transplanting to booting. During the post-booting period, the leaf inclination angle increased in Shanyou 63 and Liangyou Y06, but changed little in Liangyoupeijiu. At every growth stage of each variety, canopy leaf inclination angle distribution on the six heights of canopy layers was variable. As canopy height increased, the layered leaf area index （LAI） decreased in all the three plant types. However, while the leaf inclination angles showed little change in Liangyoupeijiu, they became larger in Shanyou 63 but smaller in Liangyou Y06. The simulation results used in the constructed model were very similar to the actual measurement values. The model provides a method for estimating canopy leaf inclination angle distribution in rice production.展开更多
Aiming at the paddle tilt angle of the spray-blowing agitation composite process,the four-blade stirring and blowing composite desulfurization agitator was chosen as the research object,and the computational fluid dyn...Aiming at the paddle tilt angle of the spray-blowing agitation composite process,the four-blade stirring and blowing composite desulfurization agitator was chosen as the research object,and the computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation was used to investigate the changes in flow field velocity,turbulent kinetic energy magnitude,and distribution caused by the blade tilt angle.Furthermore,the impact of blade tilt angle on the flow fragmentation behavior of individual bubbles and the coalescence process of multiple bubbles at different positions was studied.Under the same stirring and blowing process parameters,with the increase in the blade tilt angle of the agitator,the velocity of the flow field and the average turbulent kinetic energy inside the agitator decreased,and the bubble fragmentation speed decreased while the merging speed accelerated.The turbulent kinetic energy at the agitator bottom was greater when the blade tilt angle was 3.2°compared to when it was 13.2°,while the turbulent kinetic energy at the agitator upper part was relatively smaller.The results for single bubbles represented the state and trajectory of the bubble fragmentation process,and the results for multiple bubbles illustrated the state and trajectory of the bubble aggregation process.展开更多
During the diagenetic processes of compaction and cementation,shale forms multiple beddings,significantly effecting the rock anisotropy.Therefore,it is important to study the effect of bedding on the mechanical proper...During the diagenetic processes of compaction and cementation,shale forms multiple beddings,significantly effecting the rock anisotropy.Therefore,it is important to study the effect of bedding on the mechanical properties of shale to guide fracturing engineering.To study the failure mode and fracture morphology of shale with bedding planes under different bedding dip angles,Brazilian disc splitting tests andfinite element numerical simulations are performed for shale samples and the results are compared.(1)The bedding angle has a significant effect on the failure mode and tensile strength of shale,and the tensile strength tends to increase with increasing bedding angle.(2)The failure modes of shale under different bedding dip angles can be divided into three types:tensile failure along the bedding plane;comprehensive shear and tensile failure of the matrix and the bedding plane;and matrix tensile failure.(3)The direction of secondary cracks is mostly perpendicular to the bedding plane,and a smaller angle between the load application direction and the bedding direction results in a larger number of generated cracks with more complex shapes.(4)When the loading angle of the bedding is 30,the tensile strength is low and the matrix and the bedding plane are comprehensively destroyed by shear and tension,resulting in a more complex joint mesh;conversely,when the bedding angle is greater than 60,the tensile strength increases and the complexity of the seam mesh decreases.Thesefindings can provide guidance for the selection of the bedding angle and the design of fracturing schemes in fracturing engineering.展开更多
This study explores the influence of rotor blade angle on stall inception in an axial fan by means of numerical simulations grounded in the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)equations and the Realizable k-εturbule...This study explores the influence of rotor blade angle on stall inception in an axial fan by means of numerical simulations grounded in the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)equations and the Realizable k-εturbulence model.By analyzing the temporal behavior of the outlet static pressure,along with the propagation velocity of stall inception,the research identifies distinct patterns in the development of stall.The results reveal that stall inception originates in the second rotor impeller.At a blade angle of 27°,the stall inception follows a modal wave pattern,while in all other cases,it assumes the form of spike-type stall.The flow field associated with spike stall inception demonstrates a relatively uniform gradient in the radial direction,whereas the modal wave stall case displays a distinctive“L”-shaped propagation feature.At blade angles of multiple stall inceptions are observed.-9°and-18°,These phenomena initiate at the blade’s leading edge,propagate along both axial and radial directions,and transition dynamically between single and multiple inception states.展开更多
The existing research on improving the hydraulic performance of centrifugal pumps mainly focuses on the design method and the parameter optimization. The traditional design method for centrifugal impellers relies more...The existing research on improving the hydraulic performance of centrifugal pumps mainly focuses on the design method and the parameter optimization. The traditional design method for centrifugal impellers relies more on experience of engineers that typically only satisfies the continuity equation of the fluid. In this study, on the basis of the direct and inverse iteration design method which simultaneously solves the continuity and motion equations of the fluid and shapes the blade geometry by controlling the wrap angle, three centrifugal pump impellers are designed by altering blade wrap angles while keeping other parameters constant. The three-dimensional flow fields in three centrifugal pumps are numerically simulated, and the simulation results illustrate that the blade with larger wrap angle has more powerful control ability on the flow pattern in impeller. The three pumps have nearly the same pressure distributions at the small flow rate, but the pressure gradient increase in the pump with the largest wrap angle is smoother than the other two pumps at the design and large flow rates. The pump head and efficiency are also influenced by the blade wrap angle. The highest head and efficiency are also observed for the largest angle. An experiment rig is designed and built to test the performance of the pump with the largest wrap angle. The test results show that the wide space of its efficiency area and the stability of its operation ensure the excellent performance of the design method and verify the numerical analysis. The analysis on influence of the blade wrap angle for centrifugal pump performance in this paper can be beneficial to the optimization design of the centrifugal pump.展开更多
The three-dimensional Navier Stokes equation and the k-ε viscous model are used to simulate the attack angle characteristics of a hemisphere nose-tip with an opposing jet thermal protection system in supersonic flow ...The three-dimensional Navier Stokes equation and the k-ε viscous model are used to simulate the attack angle characteristics of a hemisphere nose-tip with an opposing jet thermal protection system in supersonic flow conditions. The numerical method is validated by the relevant experiment. The flow field parameters, aerodynamic forces, and surface heat flux distributions for attack angles of 0°, 2°, 5°, 7°, and 10° are obtained. The detailed numerical results show that the cruise attack angle has a great influence on the flow field parameters, aerodynamic force, and surface heat flux distribution of the supersonic vehicle nose-tip with an opposing jet thermal protection system. When the attack angle reaches 10°, the heat flux on the windward generatrix is close to the maximal heat flux on the wall surface of the nose-tip without thermal protection system, thus the thermal protection has failed.展开更多
The two-dimensional coupled implicit Navier-Stokes equations and standard k-ε viscous models are used to simulate the angle of attack characteristics of an inte- grated hypersonic vehicle with a hark head configurati...The two-dimensional coupled implicit Navier-Stokes equations and standard k-ε viscous models are used to simulate the angle of attack characteristics of an inte- grated hypersonic vehicle with a hark head configuration under three kinds of working conditions： inlet cut-off, engine through-flow, and engine ignition. Influence of each com- ponent on aero-propulsive performance of the vehicle is discussed. It is concluded that the longitudinal static stability of the vehicle is good, and there is enough lift-to-drag ratio to satisfy the flying requirement of the vehicle. At the same time, it is important to change configurations of engine and upper surface of airframe to improve aero-propulsive ~erformance of the vehicle.展开更多
Friction stir welding （FSW） is applied extensively in industry for joining of nonferrous metals especially aluminum. A three-dimensional model based on finite element analysis was used to study the thermal character...Friction stir welding （FSW） is applied extensively in industry for joining of nonferrous metals especially aluminum. A three-dimensional model based on finite element analysis was used to study the thermal characteristic of copper C I 1000 during the FSW process. The model incorporates the mechanical reaction of the tool and thermo-mechanieal characteristics of the weld material, while the friction between the material and the probe and the shoulder serves as the heat source. It was observed that the predicted results about the temperature were in good compatibility with the experimental results. Additionally, it was concluded that the numerical method can be simply applied to measuring the temperature of workpiece just beneath the tool. The effects of preheating temperature and pin angle on temperature distribution were also studied numerically. The increase of pin angle enhances the temperature around the weld line, but preheating does not affect temperature distribution along the weld line considerably.展开更多
Intense precipitation infiltration and intricate excavation processes are crucial factors that impact the stability and security of towering and steep rock slopes within mining sites.The primary aim of this research w...Intense precipitation infiltration and intricate excavation processes are crucial factors that impact the stability and security of towering and steep rock slopes within mining sites.The primary aim of this research was to investigate the progression of cumulative failure within a cracked rock formation,considering the combined effects of precipitation and excavation activities.The study was conducted in the Huangniuqian eastern mining area of the Dexing Copper Mine in Jiangxi Province,China.An engineering geological investigation was conducted,a physical model experiment was performed,numerical calculations and theoretical analysis were conducted using the matrix discrete element method(Mat-DEM),and the deformation characteristics and the effect of the slope angle of a fractured rock mass under different scenarios were examined.The failure and instability mechanisms of the fractured rock mass under three slope angle models were analyzed.The experimental results indicate that as the slope angle increases,the combined effect of rainfall infiltration and excavation unloading is reduced.A novel approach to simulating unsaturated seepage in a rock mass,based on the van Genuchten model(VGM),has been developed.Compared to the vertical displacement observed in a similar physical experiment,the average relative errors associated with the slope angles of 45,50,and 55were 2.094%,1.916%,and 2.328%,respectively.Accordingly,the combined effect of rainfall and excavation was determined using the proposed method.Moreover,the accuracy of the numerical simulation was validated.The findings contribute to the seepage field in a meaningful way,offering insight that can inform and enhance existing methods and theories for research on the underlying mechanism of ultra-high and steep rock slope instability,which can inform the development of more effective risk management strategies.展开更多
Globe control valve is widely used in chemical, petroleum and hydraulic industries, and its throttling feature is achieved by the adopting of valve plug. However, very limited information is available in literature re...Globe control valve is widely used in chemical, petroleum and hydraulic industries, and its throttling feature is achieved by the adopting of valve plug. However, very limited information is available in literature regarding the influence of valve plug on the internal and external features in globe control valves. Thus the effect of valve plug is studied by CFD and experiment in this paper. It is obtained from external features that the pressure drop between upstream and downstream pressure-sampling position increases exponentially with flow rate. And for small valve opening, the increment of pressure drop decreases with the increase of cone angle（β）. However, with the increase of valve opening, the effect of cone angle diminishes significantly. It is also found that the cone angle has little effect on flow coefficient（Cv） when the valve opening is larger than 70%. But for the cases less than 70%, Cv curve varies from an arc to a straight line. The variation of valve performance is caused by the change of internal flow. The results of internal flow show that cone angle has negligible effect on flow properties for the cases of valve opening larger than 70%. However, when valve opening is smaller than 70%, the pressure drop of orifice decreases with the increase of β, making the reduction in value and scope of the high speed zone around the conical surface of valve plug, and then results in a decreasing intensity of adjacent downstream vortex. Meanwhile, it is concluded from the results that the increase of cone angle will be beneficial for the anti-cavitation and anti-erosion of globe control valve. This paper focuses on the internal and external features of globe control valve that caused by the variation of cone angle, arriving at some results beneficial for the design and usage of globe control valve.展开更多
Combined with the kinetic model of liquid film spreading, a new numerical method of solid-liquid-gas three-phase flow was developed for the moving of contact line, which was a hybrid method of computational fluid dyna...Combined with the kinetic model of liquid film spreading, a new numerical method of solid-liquid-gas three-phase flow was developed for the moving of contact line, which was a hybrid method of computational fluid dynamics and lattice Boltzmalm method （LBM）. By taking the effect of molecule force in droplet and the wall surface on liquid film into account, the changing law of contact angle with different surface tensions was analyzed on glass and aluminum foil surfaces. Compared with experimental results, the standard deviation by using LBM is less than 0.5°, which validates the feasibility of LBM simulation on the dynamic process of liquid film spreading. In addition, oscillations are discovered both at the initial and end phases. The phenomenon of retraction is also found and the maximum retraction angle is 7.58°. The obtained result shows that the retraction is proved to be correlative with precursor film by tracking the volume change of liquid film contour. Furthermore, non-dimensional coefficient 2 is introduced to measure the liquid film retraction capacity.展开更多
This paper studies the riblet drag reduction effect for an infinite swept wing under a low Reynolds number using a large-eddy simulation.The results show that the drag reduction ratio is not linear under different swe...This paper studies the riblet drag reduction effect for an infinite swept wing under a low Reynolds number using a large-eddy simulation.The results show that the drag reduction ratio is not linear under different sweep angles.The maximum drag reduction ratio in this study is 9.5%for a wing with a 45°sweep angle.The local surface streamline angle and turbulence quantities are calculated to analyze the drag reduction mechanism.The results demonstrate that the riblets considerably suppress the Reynolds stresses above the wing upper surface,while the turbulence kinetic energy in the near wake is increased.A possible relaminarization phenomenon is observed at the middle part of the wing.Quasi-two-dimensional flow structures are observed near the wall,and a peak frequency is considered as the dominant frequency of the region.展开更多
Due to the tremendous amount of high-resolution measurement information,array laterolog is widely used in evaluations of deviated anisotropic reservoirs.However,the precision of a complementary numerical simulation sh...Due to the tremendous amount of high-resolution measurement information,array laterolog is widely used in evaluations of deviated anisotropic reservoirs.However,the precision of a complementary numerical simulation should be improved as high as the core of fine-scale reservoir evaluation.Therefore,the 3D finite element method(3D-FEM)is presented to simulate the array laterolog responses.Notably,a downscaled physical simulation system is introduced to validate and calibrate the precision of the 3D-FEM.First,the size of the downscaled system is determined by COMSOL.Then,the surrounding and investigated beds are represented by a sodium chloride solution and planks soaked in solution,respectively.Finally,a half-space measurement scheme is presented to improve the experimental efficiency.Moreover,the corresponding sensitivity function and separation factor are established to analyze the effects of the formation anisotro py and dipping angle on the array laterolog responses.The numerical and experimental results indicate that the half-space method is practical,and the mean relative error between the numerical and experimental results is less than 5%,which indicates that the numerical simulation is accurate.With the proposed approach,the reversal angle of array laterolog response curves in anisotropic formations can be observed,and this range is determined to be 50°-62°.展开更多
Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)is one of the four major oil crops in the world and has high economic value.However,the lack of discrete element method(DEM)models and parameters for sunflower seeds hinders the applicat...Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)is one of the four major oil crops in the world and has high economic value.However,the lack of discrete element method(DEM)models and parameters for sunflower seeds hinders the application of DEM for computer simulation in the key working processes of sunflower seed sowing and harvesting.The present study was conducted on two varieties of sunflower,and the DEM model of sunflower seeds was established by using 3D scanning technology based on the distribution of triaxial dimensions and volumes of the geometric model of sunflower seeds.Similarly,the physical characteristics parameters of sunflower seeds were determined by physical tests and the simulation parameters were screened for significance based on the Plackett-Burman test.Our results show that the coefficient of static friction between sunflower seeds and the coefficient of rolling friction have significant effects on the repose angle of the simulation test.Furthermore,the optimal range of the significance parameters was further determined by the steepest climb test,and the second-order regression model of the significance parameters and the repose angle was obtained according to the Box-Behnken design test and Response Surface Methodology(RSM),with the repose angle measured by the physical test as the optimized target value to obtain the optimal parameter combination.Finally,a two-sample t-test for the repose angle of the physical test and the repose angle of the simulation test yielded P>0.05.Our results confirms that the repose angle obtained from simulation is not significantly different from the physical test value,and the relative errors between the repose angle of the simulation test and the physical test are 1.43%and 0.40%,respectively,for the optimal combination of parameters.Based on these results it can be concluded that the optimal parameters obtained from the calibration can be used for DEM simulation experiments related to the sunflower seed sowing and harvesting process.展开更多
Wind energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine(S-VAWT) appears to be particularly promising for the shortage of fossil fuel reserves owing to its distinct...Wind energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine(S-VAWT) appears to be particularly promising for the shortage of fossil fuel reserves owing to its distinct advantages, but suffers from poor self-starting and low power coefficient. Variable-pitch method was recognized as an attractive solution to performance improvement, thus majority efforts had been devoted into blade pitch angle effect on aerodynamic performance. Taken into account the local flow field of S-VAWT, mathematical model was built to analyze the relationship between power outputs and pitch angle. Numerical simulations on static and dynamic performances of blade were carried out and optimized pitch angle along the rotor were presented. Comparative analyses of fixed pitch and variable-pitch S-VAWT were conducted, and a considerable improvement of the performance was obtained by the optimized blade pitch angle, in particular, a relative increase of the power coefficient by more than 19.3%. It is further demonstrated that the self-starting is greatly improved with the optimized blade pitch angle.展开更多
With the increasing attention to environmental protection,it is still necessary to strictly control the oil evaporation loss from the IFRT(internal floating-roof tank)to the atmosphere.Upon using n-hexane as a represe...With the increasing attention to environmental protection,it is still necessary to strictly control the oil evaporation loss from the IFRT(internal floating-roof tank)to the atmosphere.Upon using n-hexane as a representative of light oil,the effects of the WDAs(wind deviation angles)on airflow distribution,the wind speed,the n-hexane vapor concentration,and the evaporation loss rate in the IFRT were investigated,and the mass transfer of the vapor-air was analyzed.The results are shown as follows:when the WDA is 0°,the vapor concentration in the gas space above the floating deck is the lowest;when the WDA is 22.5°,the oil evaporation loss rate is the largest;when the WDA is 45°,the vapor concentration is the highest,but the evaporation loss rate is the smallest.It is recommended to arrange the vent to the wind direction with an angle of 45°to reduce the evaporation loss and protect the atmospheric environment.展开更多
By use of the global PPMLR Magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) model,a serial of quasisteady-state numerical simulations were conducted to examine the modulation property of the interplanetary magnetic field clock angle θ on t...By use of the global PPMLR Magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) model,a serial of quasisteady-state numerical simulations were conducted to examine the modulation property of the interplanetary magnetic field clock angle θ on the solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere.All the simulations can be divided into seven groups according to different criteria of solar wind conditions.For each group,37 numerical examples are analyzed,with the clock angle varying from 0° to 360° with an interval of 10°,keeping the other solar wind parameters(such as the solar wind number density,velocity,and the magnetic field magnitude) unchanged.As expected,the solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere is modulated by the IMF clock angle.The axisymmetrical bell-shaped curve peaks at the clock angle of 180°.However,the modulation effect remains invariant with varying other solar wind conditions.The function form of such an invariant modulation is found to be sin(0/2)^(2.70) + 0.25.展开更多
The intrusion process of a C60 molecular ball into a sliding contact space with garaphene layered surfaces was simulated using the Molecular Dynamic approach.The contact space was made up by two silicon substrates wit...The intrusion process of a C60 molecular ball into a sliding contact space with garaphene layered surfaces was simulated using the Molecular Dynamic approach.The contact space was made up by two silicon substrates with graphene layered on the surface of the upper substrate forming an included angle which was defined as initial entry angle changing from 20°to 90°.Then a linear velocity of 30/ps was applied to the lower substrate along horizontal direction.The simulation was carried out using Tesoff potential of C and Si atoms at room temperature 300K.The simulation results showed that when the intrusion angle exceeded a critical angle of 80°,the C60 ball could not intrude the contact space,and the number of the sticking atoms sharply increased.Also,the dependence of maximum pull-off force acting on the upper substrate on the initial entry angle during the C60 intrusion process was calculated in which the critical force for C60 intrusion is found.All the results showed that the upper silicon substrate was well protected by the mono graphene layer.展开更多
The orientation distribution function of cylindrical particle suspensions was deduced and numerically simulated, and an application was taken in a wedge-shaped flow field. The relationship between the orientation dist...The orientation distribution function of cylindrical particle suspensions was deduced and numerically simulated, and an application was taken in a wedge-shaped flow field. The relationship between the orientation distribution function and particle orientation angles was obtained. The results show that comparing with the most probable angle distribution which comes to being in short time, the distribution of the steady state doesn't vary much. in range; the main difference is the anti-clockwise rotation in the right and upper field, that is, particles rotate more at the points where the velocity gradients are larger. The most probable orientations are close to the direction of local streamlines. In the direction of streamlines, with poleradius decreasing, the most probable angles increase, but the angles between their orientations and the local streamlines decrease.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Young Scientists Fund(No.51804209)NSFC-Shanxi Joint Fund for Coal-Based Low-Carbon Technology(No.U1710258)Shanxi Applied Basic Research Programs,Science and Technology Foundation for Youths(No.201801D221363).THX.
文摘Angle of break(AOB)is the acute angle created by the coal seam bedding plane and caving line formed by roof strata movement after extraction of a longwall panel.It has a significant influence on stress redistribution both in the gob and abutment.Throughout numerical simulation investigations up to now,little attention has been paid to it or an AOB of 90°was used,which however,is not realistic.This paper presents a detailed numerical modelling incorporating the AOB against Zhenchengdi Coal Mine.The AOB was obtained through cross-measure boreholes.Hoek-Brown constitutive model was used to simulate the rock masses.Double-yield constitutive model,which was best fitted by Salamon's model,was used to simulate the gob.The results show that a‘‘/\shape"shear failure zone develops around the gob.The shear failure in the floor along the panel edge is due to opposite shear of rock mass on two sides of the caving line,and the number of yielded zones within the gob floor close to the gob edge is smaller.According to the research,the entry was determined to be driven under the gob edge employing splitlevel longwall panel layout(SLPL).The other numerical simulation for SLPL shows that stress around the god-side entry is much smaller than pre-mining stress,and the area of intact rock mass at the elevating section is larger than conventional layout.Numerical modelling was then validated by field observation.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. NSFC 30871479)
文摘A leaf inclination angle distribution model, which is applicable to simulate leaf inclination angle distribution in six heights of layered canopy at different growth stages, was established by component factors affecting plant type in rice. The accuracy of the simulation results was validated by measured values from a field experiment. The coefficient of determination （R2） and the root mean square error （RMSE） between the simulated and measured values were 0.9472 and 3.93%, respectively. The simulation results showed that the distribution of leaf inclination angles differed among the three plant types. The leaf inclination angles were larger in the compact variety Liangyoupeijiu with erect leaves than in the loose variety Shanyou 63 with droopy leaves and the intermediate variety Liangyou Y06. The leaf inclination angles were distributed in the lower range in Shanyou 63, which matched up with field measurements. The distribution of leaf inclination angles in the same variety changed throughout the seven growth stages. The leaf inclination angles enlarged gradually from transplanting to booting. During the post-booting period, the leaf inclination angle increased in Shanyou 63 and Liangyou Y06, but changed little in Liangyoupeijiu. At every growth stage of each variety, canopy leaf inclination angle distribution on the six heights of canopy layers was variable. As canopy height increased, the layered leaf area index （LAI） decreased in all the three plant types. However, while the leaf inclination angles showed little change in Liangyoupeijiu, they became larger in Shanyou 63 but smaller in Liangyou Y06. The simulation results used in the constructed model were very similar to the actual measurement values. The model provides a method for estimating canopy leaf inclination angle distribution in rice production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51904069)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N2223026)+1 种基金the Development Fund of State Key Laboratory for Clean Utilization of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources(No.CNMRCUKF2302)the Scientific Research Fund Project of Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao(No.XNY201808).
文摘Aiming at the paddle tilt angle of the spray-blowing agitation composite process,the four-blade stirring and blowing composite desulfurization agitator was chosen as the research object,and the computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation was used to investigate the changes in flow field velocity,turbulent kinetic energy magnitude,and distribution caused by the blade tilt angle.Furthermore,the impact of blade tilt angle on the flow fragmentation behavior of individual bubbles and the coalescence process of multiple bubbles at different positions was studied.Under the same stirring and blowing process parameters,with the increase in the blade tilt angle of the agitator,the velocity of the flow field and the average turbulent kinetic energy inside the agitator decreased,and the bubble fragmentation speed decreased while the merging speed accelerated.The turbulent kinetic energy at the agitator bottom was greater when the blade tilt angle was 3.2°compared to when it was 13.2°,while the turbulent kinetic energy at the agitator upper part was relatively smaller.The results for single bubbles represented the state and trajectory of the bubble fragmentation process,and the results for multiple bubbles illustrated the state and trajectory of the bubble aggregation process.
基金supported by the NationalKeyR&D Program of China(No.2020YFA 0711800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41972171)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2020CXNL11)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘During the diagenetic processes of compaction and cementation,shale forms multiple beddings,significantly effecting the rock anisotropy.Therefore,it is important to study the effect of bedding on the mechanical properties of shale to guide fracturing engineering.To study the failure mode and fracture morphology of shale with bedding planes under different bedding dip angles,Brazilian disc splitting tests andfinite element numerical simulations are performed for shale samples and the results are compared.(1)The bedding angle has a significant effect on the failure mode and tensile strength of shale,and the tensile strength tends to increase with increasing bedding angle.(2)The failure modes of shale under different bedding dip angles can be divided into three types:tensile failure along the bedding plane;comprehensive shear and tensile failure of the matrix and the bedding plane;and matrix tensile failure.(3)The direction of secondary cracks is mostly perpendicular to the bedding plane,and a smaller angle between the load application direction and the bedding direction results in a larger number of generated cracks with more complex shapes.(4)When the loading angle of the bedding is 30,the tensile strength is low and the matrix and the bedding plane are comprehensively destroyed by shear and tension,resulting in a more complex joint mesh;conversely,when the bedding angle is greater than 60,the tensile strength increases and the complexity of the seam mesh decreases.Thesefindings can provide guidance for the selection of the bedding angle and the design of fracturing schemes in fracturing engineering.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(Grant No.E2022502052)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.2022MS081)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.2023MS121).
文摘This study explores the influence of rotor blade angle on stall inception in an axial fan by means of numerical simulations grounded in the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)equations and the Realizable k-εturbulence model.By analyzing the temporal behavior of the outlet static pressure,along with the propagation velocity of stall inception,the research identifies distinct patterns in the development of stall.The results reveal that stall inception originates in the second rotor impeller.At a blade angle of 27°,the stall inception follows a modal wave pattern,while in all other cases,it assumes the form of spike-type stall.The flow field associated with spike stall inception demonstrates a relatively uniform gradient in the radial direction,whereas the modal wave stall case displays a distinctive“L”-shaped propagation feature.At blade angles of multiple stall inceptions are observed.-9°and-18°,These phenomena initiate at the blade’s leading edge,propagate along both axial and radial directions,and transition dynamically between single and multiple inception states.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51176088,51179090)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,Grant No.2009CB724304)+1 种基金General Financial Grant from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2011M500315)Open Research Fund Program of State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering of China(Grant No.sklhse-2012-E-02)
文摘The existing research on improving the hydraulic performance of centrifugal pumps mainly focuses on the design method and the parameter optimization. The traditional design method for centrifugal impellers relies more on experience of engineers that typically only satisfies the continuity equation of the fluid. In this study, on the basis of the direct and inverse iteration design method which simultaneously solves the continuity and motion equations of the fluid and shapes the blade geometry by controlling the wrap angle, three centrifugal pump impellers are designed by altering blade wrap angles while keeping other parameters constant. The three-dimensional flow fields in three centrifugal pumps are numerically simulated, and the simulation results illustrate that the blade with larger wrap angle has more powerful control ability on the flow pattern in impeller. The three pumps have nearly the same pressure distributions at the small flow rate, but the pressure gradient increase in the pump with the largest wrap angle is smoother than the other two pumps at the design and large flow rates. The pump head and efficiency are also influenced by the blade wrap angle. The highest head and efficiency are also observed for the largest angle. An experiment rig is designed and built to test the performance of the pump with the largest wrap angle. The test results show that the wide space of its efficiency area and the stability of its operation ensure the excellent performance of the design method and verify the numerical analysis. The analysis on influence of the blade wrap angle for centrifugal pump performance in this paper can be beneficial to the optimization design of the centrifugal pump.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 90916018)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 200899980006)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(Grant No. 09JJ3109)
文摘The three-dimensional Navier Stokes equation and the k-ε viscous model are used to simulate the attack angle characteristics of a hemisphere nose-tip with an opposing jet thermal protection system in supersonic flow conditions. The numerical method is validated by the relevant experiment. The flow field parameters, aerodynamic forces, and surface heat flux distributions for attack angles of 0°, 2°, 5°, 7°, and 10° are obtained. The detailed numerical results show that the cruise attack angle has a great influence on the flow field parameters, aerodynamic force, and surface heat flux distribution of the supersonic vehicle nose-tip with an opposing jet thermal protection system. When the attack angle reaches 10°, the heat flux on the windward generatrix is close to the maximal heat flux on the wall surface of the nose-tip without thermal protection system, thus the thermal protection has failed.
基金supported by the Excellent Graduate Student Innovative Project of National University of Defense Technology (No. B070101)Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate(No. 3206)
文摘The two-dimensional coupled implicit Navier-Stokes equations and standard k-ε viscous models are used to simulate the angle of attack characteristics of an inte- grated hypersonic vehicle with a hark head configuration under three kinds of working conditions： inlet cut-off, engine through-flow, and engine ignition. Influence of each com- ponent on aero-propulsive performance of the vehicle is discussed. It is concluded that the longitudinal static stability of the vehicle is good, and there is enough lift-to-drag ratio to satisfy the flying requirement of the vehicle. At the same time, it is important to change configurations of engine and upper surface of airframe to improve aero-propulsive ~erformance of the vehicle.
文摘Friction stir welding （FSW） is applied extensively in industry for joining of nonferrous metals especially aluminum. A three-dimensional model based on finite element analysis was used to study the thermal characteristic of copper C I 1000 during the FSW process. The model incorporates the mechanical reaction of the tool and thermo-mechanieal characteristics of the weld material, while the friction between the material and the probe and the shoulder serves as the heat source. It was observed that the predicted results about the temperature were in good compatibility with the experimental results. Additionally, it was concluded that the numerical method can be simply applied to measuring the temperature of workpiece just beneath the tool. The effects of preheating temperature and pin angle on temperature distribution were also studied numerically. The increase of pin angle enhances the temperature around the weld line, but preheating does not affect temperature distribution along the weld line considerably.
基金the Research Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.42477142 and 42277154)the Project of Slope Safety Control and Disaster Prevention Technology Innovation team of“Youth Innovation Talent Introduction and Education Plan”of Shandong Colleges and Universities(Grant No.Lu Jiao Ke Han[2021]No.51)。
文摘Intense precipitation infiltration and intricate excavation processes are crucial factors that impact the stability and security of towering and steep rock slopes within mining sites.The primary aim of this research was to investigate the progression of cumulative failure within a cracked rock formation,considering the combined effects of precipitation and excavation activities.The study was conducted in the Huangniuqian eastern mining area of the Dexing Copper Mine in Jiangxi Province,China.An engineering geological investigation was conducted,a physical model experiment was performed,numerical calculations and theoretical analysis were conducted using the matrix discrete element method(Mat-DEM),and the deformation characteristics and the effect of the slope angle of a fractured rock mass under different scenarios were examined.The failure and instability mechanisms of the fractured rock mass under three slope angle models were analyzed.The experimental results indicate that as the slope angle increases,the combined effect of rainfall infiltration and excavation unloading is reduced.A novel approach to simulating unsaturated seepage in a rock mass,based on the van Genuchten model(VGM),has been developed.Compared to the vertical displacement observed in a similar physical experiment,the average relative errors associated with the slope angles of 45,50,and 55were 2.094%,1.916%,and 2.328%,respectively.Accordingly,the combined effect of rainfall and excavation was determined using the proposed method.Moreover,the accuracy of the numerical simulation was validated.The findings contribute to the seepage field in a meaningful way,offering insight that can inform and enhance existing methods and theories for research on the underlying mechanism of ultra-high and steep rock slope instability,which can inform the development of more effective risk management strategies.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51406184,21276241)Science Foundation of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University of China(Grant No.14022005-Y)
文摘Globe control valve is widely used in chemical, petroleum and hydraulic industries, and its throttling feature is achieved by the adopting of valve plug. However, very limited information is available in literature regarding the influence of valve plug on the internal and external features in globe control valves. Thus the effect of valve plug is studied by CFD and experiment in this paper. It is obtained from external features that the pressure drop between upstream and downstream pressure-sampling position increases exponentially with flow rate. And for small valve opening, the increment of pressure drop decreases with the increase of cone angle（β）. However, with the increase of valve opening, the effect of cone angle diminishes significantly. It is also found that the cone angle has little effect on flow coefficient（Cv） when the valve opening is larger than 70%. But for the cases less than 70%, Cv curve varies from an arc to a straight line. The variation of valve performance is caused by the change of internal flow. The results of internal flow show that cone angle has negligible effect on flow properties for the cases of valve opening larger than 70%. However, when valve opening is smaller than 70%, the pressure drop of orifice decreases with the increase of β, making the reduction in value and scope of the high speed zone around the conical surface of valve plug, and then results in a decreasing intensity of adjacent downstream vortex. Meanwhile, it is concluded from the results that the increase of cone angle will be beneficial for the anti-cavitation and anti-erosion of globe control valve. This paper focuses on the internal and external features of globe control valve that caused by the variation of cone angle, arriving at some results beneficial for the design and usage of globe control valve.
基金Project(U1261107)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Combined with the kinetic model of liquid film spreading, a new numerical method of solid-liquid-gas three-phase flow was developed for the moving of contact line, which was a hybrid method of computational fluid dynamics and lattice Boltzmalm method （LBM）. By taking the effect of molecule force in droplet and the wall surface on liquid film into account, the changing law of contact angle with different surface tensions was analyzed on glass and aluminum foil surfaces. Compared with experimental results, the standard deviation by using LBM is less than 0.5°, which validates the feasibility of LBM simulation on the dynamic process of liquid film spreading. In addition, oscillations are discovered both at the initial and end phases. The phenomenon of retraction is also found and the maximum retraction angle is 7.58°. The obtained result shows that the retraction is proved to be correlative with precursor film by tracking the volume change of liquid film contour. Furthermore, non-dimensional coefficient 2 is introduced to measure the liquid film retraction capacity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.:91852108 and 11872230)Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Icing and Anti/De-icing of China(No.:IADL20190201)。
文摘This paper studies the riblet drag reduction effect for an infinite swept wing under a low Reynolds number using a large-eddy simulation.The results show that the drag reduction ratio is not linear under different sweep angles.The maximum drag reduction ratio in this study is 9.5%for a wing with a 45°sweep angle.The local surface streamline angle and turbulence quantities are calculated to analyze the drag reduction mechanism.The results demonstrate that the riblets considerably suppress the Reynolds stresses above the wing upper surface,while the turbulence kinetic energy in the near wake is increased.A possible relaminarization phenomenon is observed at the middle part of the wing.Quasi-two-dimensional flow structures are observed near the wall,and a peak frequency is considered as the dominant frequency of the region.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41974146,42074134)the Graduate Innovation Project of China University of Petroleum(East China)(YCX2021005)。
文摘Due to the tremendous amount of high-resolution measurement information,array laterolog is widely used in evaluations of deviated anisotropic reservoirs.However,the precision of a complementary numerical simulation should be improved as high as the core of fine-scale reservoir evaluation.Therefore,the 3D finite element method(3D-FEM)is presented to simulate the array laterolog responses.Notably,a downscaled physical simulation system is introduced to validate and calibrate the precision of the 3D-FEM.First,the size of the downscaled system is determined by COMSOL.Then,the surrounding and investigated beds are represented by a sodium chloride solution and planks soaked in solution,respectively.Finally,a half-space measurement scheme is presented to improve the experimental efficiency.Moreover,the corresponding sensitivity function and separation factor are established to analyze the effects of the formation anisotro py and dipping angle on the array laterolog responses.The numerical and experimental results indicate that the half-space method is practical,and the mean relative error between the numerical and experimental results is less than 5%,which indicates that the numerical simulation is accurate.With the proposed approach,the reversal angle of array laterolog response curves in anisotropic formations can be observed,and this range is determined to be 50°-62°.
基金funding for this study from Nature Science Foundation of China,Grant No.(51865047).
文摘Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)is one of the four major oil crops in the world and has high economic value.However,the lack of discrete element method(DEM)models and parameters for sunflower seeds hinders the application of DEM for computer simulation in the key working processes of sunflower seed sowing and harvesting.The present study was conducted on two varieties of sunflower,and the DEM model of sunflower seeds was established by using 3D scanning technology based on the distribution of triaxial dimensions and volumes of the geometric model of sunflower seeds.Similarly,the physical characteristics parameters of sunflower seeds were determined by physical tests and the simulation parameters were screened for significance based on the Plackett-Burman test.Our results show that the coefficient of static friction between sunflower seeds and the coefficient of rolling friction have significant effects on the repose angle of the simulation test.Furthermore,the optimal range of the significance parameters was further determined by the steepest climb test,and the second-order regression model of the significance parameters and the repose angle was obtained according to the Box-Behnken design test and Response Surface Methodology(RSM),with the repose angle measured by the physical test as the optimized target value to obtain the optimal parameter combination.Finally,a two-sample t-test for the repose angle of the physical test and the repose angle of the simulation test yielded P>0.05.Our results confirms that the repose angle obtained from simulation is not significantly different from the physical test value,and the relative errors between the repose angle of the simulation test and the physical test are 1.43%and 0.40%,respectively,for the optimal combination of parameters.Based on these results it can be concluded that the optimal parameters obtained from the calibration can be used for DEM simulation experiments related to the sunflower seed sowing and harvesting process.
基金Project(HEUCF110707)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ChinaProject(E201216)supported by Heilongjiang Natural Science Fund,China
文摘Wind energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine(S-VAWT) appears to be particularly promising for the shortage of fossil fuel reserves owing to its distinct advantages, but suffers from poor self-starting and low power coefficient. Variable-pitch method was recognized as an attractive solution to performance improvement, thus majority efforts had been devoted into blade pitch angle effect on aerodynamic performance. Taken into account the local flow field of S-VAWT, mathematical model was built to analyze the relationship between power outputs and pitch angle. Numerical simulations on static and dynamic performances of blade were carried out and optimized pitch angle along the rotor were presented. Comparative analyses of fixed pitch and variable-pitch S-VAWT were conducted, and a considerable improvement of the performance was obtained by the optimized blade pitch angle, in particular, a relative increase of the power coefficient by more than 19.3%. It is further demonstrated that the self-starting is greatly improved with the optimized blade pitch angle.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51574044)the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(Industry Foresight and Common Key Technology)(No.BE2018065)+1 种基金the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX182630)the Nature Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20150269)。
文摘With the increasing attention to environmental protection,it is still necessary to strictly control the oil evaporation loss from the IFRT(internal floating-roof tank)to the atmosphere.Upon using n-hexane as a representative of light oil,the effects of the WDAs(wind deviation angles)on airflow distribution,the wind speed,the n-hexane vapor concentration,and the evaporation loss rate in the IFRT were investigated,and the mass transfer of the vapor-air was analyzed.The results are shown as follows:when the WDA is 0°,the vapor concentration in the gas space above the floating deck is the lowest;when the WDA is 22.5°,the oil evaporation loss rate is the largest;when the WDA is 45°,the vapor concentration is the highest,but the evaporation loss rate is the smallest.It is recommended to arrange the vent to the wind direction with an angle of 45°to reduce the evaporation loss and protect the atmospheric environment.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program(2012CB825602)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNSFC,41204118,41231067)in part by the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories of China
文摘By use of the global PPMLR Magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) model,a serial of quasisteady-state numerical simulations were conducted to examine the modulation property of the interplanetary magnetic field clock angle θ on the solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere.All the simulations can be divided into seven groups according to different criteria of solar wind conditions.For each group,37 numerical examples are analyzed,with the clock angle varying from 0° to 360° with an interval of 10°,keeping the other solar wind parameters(such as the solar wind number density,velocity,and the magnetic field magnitude) unchanged.As expected,the solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere is modulated by the IMF clock angle.The axisymmetrical bell-shaped curve peaks at the clock angle of 180°.However,the modulation effect remains invariant with varying other solar wind conditions.The function form of such an invariant modulation is found to be sin(0/2)^(2.70) + 0.25.
基金NSFC(90923027 and 51050110137)The Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities
文摘The intrusion process of a C60 molecular ball into a sliding contact space with garaphene layered surfaces was simulated using the Molecular Dynamic approach.The contact space was made up by two silicon substrates with graphene layered on the surface of the upper substrate forming an included angle which was defined as initial entry angle changing from 20°to 90°.Then a linear velocity of 30/ps was applied to the lower substrate along horizontal direction.The simulation was carried out using Tesoff potential of C and Si atoms at room temperature 300K.The simulation results showed that when the intrusion angle exceeded a critical angle of 80°,the C60 ball could not intrude the contact space,and the number of the sticking atoms sharply increased.Also,the dependence of maximum pull-off force acting on the upper substrate on the initial entry angle during the C60 intrusion process was calculated in which the critical force for C60 intrusion is found.All the results showed that the upper silicon substrate was well protected by the mono graphene layer.
文摘The orientation distribution function of cylindrical particle suspensions was deduced and numerically simulated, and an application was taken in a wedge-shaped flow field. The relationship between the orientation distribution function and particle orientation angles was obtained. The results show that comparing with the most probable angle distribution which comes to being in short time, the distribution of the steady state doesn't vary much. in range; the main difference is the anti-clockwise rotation in the right and upper field, that is, particles rotate more at the points where the velocity gradients are larger. The most probable orientations are close to the direction of local streamlines. In the direction of streamlines, with poleradius decreasing, the most probable angles increase, but the angles between their orientations and the local streamlines decrease.
