Investigated is the coupled response of a tension leg platform （TLP） for random waves. Inferred are the mass matrix, coupling stiffness matrix, damping matrix in the vibration differential equation and external load...Investigated is the coupled response of a tension leg platform （TLP） for random waves. Inferred are the mass matrix, coupling stiffness matrix, damping matrix in the vibration differential equation and external load of TLP in moving coordinating system. Infinitesimal method is applied to divide columns and pontoons into small parts. Time domain motion equation is solved by Runge-Kutta integration scheme. Jonswap spectrum is simulated in the random wave, current is simulated by linear interpolation, and NPD spectrum is applied as wind spectrum. The Monte Carlo method is used to simulate random waves and fluctuated wind. Coupling dynamic response, change of tendon tension and riser tension in different sea conditions are analyzed by power spectral density （PSD）. The influence of approach angle on dynamic response of TLP and tendon tension is compared.展开更多
The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered: one from the wave modeling(WAM) program proposed by Hasselmann...The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered: one from the wave modeling(WAM) program proposed by Hasselmann and Komen and the other provided by Tsagareli and Babanin. The solution adopted for our study was presented by Song for the wave-modifi ed Ekman current model that included the Stokes drift, wind input, and wave dissipation with eddy viscosity increasing linearly with depth. Using the Combi spectrum with tail effects, the solutions are calculated using two formulations for wind input and wave dissipation, and compared. Differences in the results are not negligible. Furthermore, the solution presented by Song and Xu for the eddy viscosity formulated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme under wind input and wave dissipation given by Tsagareli and Babanin is compared with that obtained for a depth-dependent eddy viscosity. The solutions are further compared with the available well-known observational data. The result indicates that the Tsagareli and Babanin scheme is more suitable for use in the model when capillary waves are included, and the solution calculated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme agrees best with observations.展开更多
The main intention of the present study is to reduce wind, wave, and seismic induced vibrations of jacket- type offshore wind turbines （JOWTs） through a newly developed vibration absorber, called tuned liquid column...The main intention of the present study is to reduce wind, wave, and seismic induced vibrations of jacket- type offshore wind turbines （JOWTs） through a newly developed vibration absorber, called tuned liquid column gas damper （TLCGD）. Using a Simulink-based model, an analytical model is developed to simulate global behavior of JOWTs under different dynamic excitations. The study is followed by a parametric study to explore efficiency of the TLCGD in terms of nacelle acceleration reduction under wind, wave, and earthquake loads. Study results indicate that optimum frequency of the TLCGD is rather insensitive to excitation type. In addition, while the gain in vibration control from TLCGDs with higher mass ratios is generally more pronounced, heavy TLCGDs are more sensitive to their tuned frequency such that ill-regulated TLCGD with high mass ratio can lead to destructive results. It is revealed that a well regulated TLCGD has noticeable contribution to the dynamic response of the JOWT under any excitation.展开更多
Floating wind turbines(FWTs) are subjected to combined aerodynamic and hydrodynamic loads varying both in time and amplitude. In this study, a multi-column tension-leg-type FWT(i.e., Wind Star TLP system) is investiga...Floating wind turbines(FWTs) are subjected to combined aerodynamic and hydrodynamic loads varying both in time and amplitude. In this study, a multi-column tension-leg-type FWT(i.e., Wind Star TLP system) is investigated for its global performance under normal operating conditions and when parked. The selected variables are analysed using a fully coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic time domain simulation tool FAST.Three different loading scenarios(wind only, wave only and both combined) are examined to identify the dominant load influencing each response. The key response variables are obtained and compared with those for an NREL5 MW baseline wind turbine installed on land. The results should aid the detailed design of the Wind Star TLP system.展开更多
We explore the incorporation of an oscillating water column(OWC)device into a monopile foundation designed for offshore wind power generation.The hydrodynamic characteristics of the structure are investigated,includin...We explore the incorporation of an oscillating water column(OWC)device into a monopile foundation designed for offshore wind power generation.The hydrodynamic characteristics of the structure are investigated,including the free water surface and air pressure response inside the OwC chamber,the wave energy capture performance,and the wave load response under various power take-off(PTO)damping and wave conditions.An orifice is employed to represent the quadratic PTO damping effect.Results indicate that increasing the PTO opening ratio increases the peak frequency of the water surface oscillation coefficient inside the OWC chamber,as well as the OWC pneumatic power.The load-reduction effect of the OWC device in the positive direction is likely related to the water surface oscillation inside the chamber and the wave energy extraction efficiency.At high wave frequencies,the water surface oscillation coefficient is relatively small,while the pneumatic power remains at a large value,and the OwC device can effectively reduce wave loads in the direction of incoming waves.The optimal opening ratio of 1.51%may balance wave energy utilization efficiency with structural protection for the device.展开更多
-Drift current induced by wind and waves is investigated with phase-averaged Navier-Stokes equation in which the Reynolds stress is closed by k-ε model. The governing equations are solved by the finite volume method ...-Drift current induced by wind and waves is investigated with phase-averaged Navier-Stokes equation in which the Reynolds stress is closed by k-ε model. The governing equations are solved by the finite volume method in a system of nonorthogonal coordinates which is fitted to the phase-averaged wave surface. The predicted drift current is fairly reasonable and the drag coefficient of sea-surface predicted with the newly developed interface conditions shows good agreement with previous measurements when breaking waves do not exist.展开更多
Tower, Spar platform and mooring system are designed in the project based on a given 6-MW wind turbine. Under wind-induced only, wave-induced only and combined wind and wave induced loads, dynamic response is analyzed...Tower, Spar platform and mooring system are designed in the project based on a given 6-MW wind turbine. Under wind-induced only, wave-induced only and combined wind and wave induced loads, dynamic response is analyzed for a 6-MW Spar-type floating offshore wind turbine （FOWT） under operating conditions and parked conditions respectively. Comparison with a platform-fixed system （land-based system） ofa 6-MW wind turbine is carried out as well. Results demonstrate that the maximal out-of-plane deflection of the blade of a Spar-type system is 3.1% larger than that of a land-based system; the maximum response value of the nacelle acceleration is 215% larger for all the designed load cases being considered; the ultimate tower base fore-aft bending moment of the Spar-type system is 92% larger than that of the land-based system in all of the Design Load Cases （DLCs） being considered; the fluctuations of the mooring tension is mainly wave-induced, and the safety factor of the mooring tension is adequate for the 6-MW FOWT. The results can provide relevant modifications to the initial design for the Spar-type system, the detailed design and model basin test of the 6-MW Spar-type system.展开更多
To address the problem of poor wave resistance of existing offshore floating wind turbines,a new type of semisubmersible platform with truncated-cone-type upper pontoons is proposed by combining the characteristics of...To address the problem of poor wave resistance of existing offshore floating wind turbines,a new type of semisubmersible platform with truncated-cone-type upper pontoons is proposed by combining the characteristics of offshore wind turbine semi-submersible floating platforms.Based on the coupled hydrodynamic,aerodynamic,and mooring force physical fields of FAST,the surge,heave,pitch,and yaw motions responses of the floating wind turbine under different wave heights and periods are obtained,and the mooring line tension responses are also obtained;and compare the dynamic response of the new semi-submersible platform with the OC4-DeepCwind platformat six degrees of freedom.The results show that different wave conditions have obvious effects on the heave and pitch motions of the new floating wind turbine,and fewer effects on the surge and yaw motions;the tensegrity response of the mooring system is more affected by the wave conditions;compared with the OC4-DeepCwind floating wind turbine,the pitch and roll response of the new floating wind turbine has been significantly reduced and has good stability.展开更多
A 6 MW spar-type floating offshore wind turbine （FOWT） model is put forward and a fully coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic time domain model is established in the fatigue, aerodynamics, structures and turbulence （FAS...A 6 MW spar-type floating offshore wind turbine （FOWT） model is put forward and a fully coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic time domain model is established in the fatigue, aerodynamics, structures and turbulence （FAST） code. Influence rules of wind 10ad and wave load on the characteristics of 6 MW spar-type FOWT are investigated. Firstly, validation of the model is carried out and a satisfactory result is obtained. The maximal deviations of rotor thrust and power between simulation results and reference values are 4.54% and -2.74%, respectively. Then the characteristics, including rotor thrust, rotor power, out-of-plane blade deflection, tower base fore-aft bending moment, and mooring line tension, are researched. The results illustrate that the mean value of dynamic response characteristics is mainly controlled by the wind-induced action. For characteristics of tower base fore-aft bending moment and platform pitch motion, the oscillation is dominated by the wave-induced action during all conditions considered. For characteristics of out-of-plane blade tip deflection and mooring line tension, the oscillation is commanded by combination effect of wave and wind loads when the wind speed is lower than the rated wind speed （hereinafter referred to as below rated wind speed） and is controlled by the wave-induced action when the wind speed is higher than the rated wind speed （hereinafter referred to as above rated wind speed）. As to the rotor thrust and power, the oscillation is dominated by the wind induced action at below rated wind speed and by the combination action of wind and wave loads at above rated wind speed. The results should be useful to the detailed design and model basin test of the 6 MW spar-type FOWT.展开更多
When a maintenance and operations ship is berthing,there is a chance the ship may collide into the wind turbine.When these ships collide into wind turbine structures,this can result in significant changes to the found...When a maintenance and operations ship is berthing,there is a chance the ship may collide into the wind turbine.When these ships collide into wind turbine structures,this can result in significant changes to the foundation and structure of the wind turbine.In this paper,the structural load of a 4 MW offshore wind turbine was analyzed during a collision with an operations and maintenance ship.The variations in the wind speeds on hub height,waves,and the sea currents were measured.The dynamic simulation of the wind turbine was carried out using the test data as the input parameters.As a result,the load condition of the turbine without a collision was obtained.Finally,the measured turbine load was compared with the simulation results.This study shows that the collision of the operation and the maintenance ship increases the bending moments at the tower’s bottom and the blade’s roots.展开更多
Wave impact under extreme sea conditions poses significant risks to offshore structures,such as the pontoons of floating wind turbines.Monitoring the structures and inverting the impact loads are crucial for structura...Wave impact under extreme sea conditions poses significant risks to offshore structures,such as the pontoons of floating wind turbines.Monitoring the structures and inverting the impact loads are crucial for structural safety design.In this study,an indirect approach is proposed for the localization and reconstruction of waves impacting flat plates,curved plates and floating wind turbine pontoons.For impact load localization,the correlation dimension method and the long short-term memory(LSTM)neural network method are employed.The correlation dimension method achieves accurate localization results only for flat plates,whereas the LSTM method shows good performance for all structures.For load time history reconstruction,the Tikhonov regularization method is applied.Reconstruction is achieved with very high accuracy.This work can provide guidelines for inverse estimation of environmental loads acting on offshore structures.展开更多
An unsteady load calculation method for the support configuration of a monopile-supported offshore wind turbine is developed based on the Fluent software platform.Firstly,the water wave is generated by imposing the in...An unsteady load calculation method for the support configuration of a monopile-supported offshore wind turbine is developed based on the Fluent software platform.Firstly,the water wave is generated by imposing the inlet boundary conditions according to the exact potential flow solution.Then the wave evolution is simulated by solving the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes(N-S)equations coupled with the volume of fluid method.For the small amplitude wave with reasonable wave parameters,the numerical wave result agrees well with that of the given wave model.Finally,a monopile support configuration is introduced and a CFD-based load calculation method is established to accurately calculate the unsteady load under the combined action of wave and wind.The computed unsteady wave load on a small-size monopile support located in the small amplitude wave flow coincides with that of the Morison formula.The load calculations are also performed on a large-size monopile support and a monopile-supported offshore wind turbine under the combined action of small amplitude wave and wind.展开更多
The effects of waves on Surface Drag Coefficient （SDC） and surface mixing length were analyzed and discussed by carrying out three-dimensional current modeling for the Bohai Sea in the present work. A threedimension...The effects of waves on Surface Drag Coefficient （SDC） and surface mixing length were analyzed and discussed by carrying out three-dimensional current modeling for the Bohai Sea in the present work. A threedimensional coupled hydrodynamical-ecological model for regional and shelf seas （COHERENS） incorporating the influences of wave-current interactions was coupled with the third-generation wave model swan taking into account time-varying currents. The effects of waves on currents were included in the SDC, surface mixing length and bottom drag coefficient. Firstly, the formulations in Donelan were incorporated into the COHERENS to account for wave-dependent SDC. In order to compare simulation results for the wave-dependent SDC, the simulation for wind-dependent SDC was also carried out. Second, Wave-Induced Surface Mixing Length （described as WISML sometimes in this paper） was incorporated into the COHERENS. Four numerical experiments were conducted to discuss the effects of two kinds of wave processes. Generally, the values of time series of current velocity and water surface elevation given by the simulation with all of the three wave processes have a good agreement with observed data. The existence of WISML changes obviously current vertical profiles and the existence of the wave dependent SDC modifies the current field of both top and bottom layers with the wind-dependent SDC.展开更多
In Earth's high-latitude ionosphere, the poleward motion of east–west elongated auroral arcs has been attributed to standing hydromagnetic waves, especially when the auroral arcs appear quasi-periodically with a ...In Earth's high-latitude ionosphere, the poleward motion of east–west elongated auroral arcs has been attributed to standing hydromagnetic waves, especially when the auroral arcs appear quasi-periodically with a recurrence time of a few minutes. The validation of this scenario requires spacecraft observations of ultra-low-frequency hydromagnetic waves in the magnetosphere and simultaneous observations of poleward-moving auroral arcs near the spacecraft footprints. Here we present the first observational evidence from the multi-spacecraft THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) mission and the conjugated all-sky imager to support the scenario that standing hydromagnetic waves can generate the quasi-periodic appearance of poleward-moving auroral arcs. In this specific event, the observed waves were toroidal branches of the standing hydromagnetic waves, which were excited by a pulse in the solar wind dynamic pressure. Multi-spacecraft measurements from THEMIS also suggest higher wave frequencies at lower L shells (consistent with the distribution of magnetic field line eigenfrequencies), which indicates that the phase difference across latitudes would increase with time. As time proceeds, the enlarged phase difference corresponds to a lower propagation speed of the auroral arcs, which agrees very well with the ground-based optical data.展开更多
Submerged floating tunnel(SFTs)are typically subjected to complex external environmental and internal loads such as wave currents and traffic load.In this study,this problem is investigated through a finite element me...Submerged floating tunnel(SFTs)are typically subjected to complex external environmental and internal loads such as wave currents and traffic load.In this study,this problem is investigated through a finite element method able to account for fluid-structure interaction.The obtained results show that increasing the number of vehicles per unit length enhances the transverse vibrational displacements of the SFT cross sections.Under ultimate traffic load condition,one-way and two-way syntropic distributions can promote the dynamic responses of SFTs whereas two-way reverse distributions have the opposite effect.展开更多
This study focuses on determining the second-order irregular wave loads in the time domain without using the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform(IFFT).Considering the substantial displacement effects that Floating Offshore...This study focuses on determining the second-order irregular wave loads in the time domain without using the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform(IFFT).Considering the substantial displacement effects that Floating Offshore Wind Turbine(FOWT)support structures undergo when subjected to wave loads,the time-domain wave method is more suitable,while the frequency-domain method requiring IFFT cannot be used for moving bodies.Nonetheless,the computational challenges posed by the considerable computer time requirements of the time-domain wave method remain a significant obstacle.Thus,the paper incorporates various numerical schemes,including parallel computing and extrapolation of wave forces during specific time steps to improve overall efficiency.Despite the effectiveness of these schemes,the computational difficulties associated with the time-domain wave method persist.This study then proposes an innovative approach utilizing different randomnumbers in distinct segments,significantly reducing the computation of second-order wave loads.This random number interpolation ensures a smooth curve transition between two segments,emphasizingminimizing errors near the end of the first segment.Numerical analyses demonstrate substantial decreases in total computer time for FOWT structural analyses while maintaining consistent steel design results.The proposed method is uncomplicated,requiring only a simple subprogram modification in a conventional wave load computer program.展开更多
In this study, the combined actions of waves and tidal currents in estuarine and coastal areas are considered and a 2D mathematical model for sediment transport by waves and tidal currents has been established in orth...In this study, the combined actions of waves and tidal currents in estuarine and coastal areas are considered and a 2D mathematical model for sediment transport by waves and tidal currents has been established in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. Non-equilibrium transport equations of suspended load and bed load are used in the model. The concept of background concentration is introduced, and the formula of sediment transport capacity of tidal currents for the Oujiang River estuary is obtained. The Dou Guoren formula is employed for the sediment transport capacity of waves. Sediment transport capacity in the form of mud and the intensity of back silting are calculated by use of Luo Zaosen＇ s formula. The calculated tidal stages are in good agreement with the field data, and the calculated velocities and flow directions of 46 vertical lines for 8 cross sections are also in good agreement with the measured data. On such a basis, simulations of back silting after excavation of the waterway with a sand bar under complicated boundary conditions in the navigation channel induced by suspended load, bed load and mud by waves and tidal currents are discussed.展开更多
Prediction of coastal sediment transport is of particularly importance for analyzing coast erosion accurately and solving the corresponding coast protection engineering problems.The present study provided a numerical ...Prediction of coastal sediment transport is of particularly importance for analyzing coast erosion accurately and solving the corresponding coast protection engineering problems.The present study provided a numerical scheme for sediment transport in coastal waves and wave-induced currents.In the scheme,the sand transport model was implemented with wave refraction-diffraction model and near-shore current model.Coastal water wave was simulated by using the parabolic mild-slope equation in which wave refraction,diffraction and breaking effects are considered.Wave-induced current was simulated by using the nonlinear shallow water equations in which wave provides radiation stresses for driving current.Then,sediment transport in waves and wave-induced currents was simulated by using the two-dimensional suspended sediment transport equations for suspended sediment and the bed-load transport equation for bed load.The numerical scheme was validated by experiment results from the Large-scale Sediment Transport Facility at the US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center in Vicksburg.The numerical results showed that the present scheme is an effective tool for modeling coastal sediment transport in waves and near-shore currents.展开更多
Using an irregularly oscillating tray and flume, a series of experiments are completed to evaluate bed-load sediment transport rate under irregular wave -current coexistent field. Testing conditions include three i...Using an irregularly oscillating tray and flume, a series of experiments are completed to evaluate bed-load sediment transport rate under irregular wave -current coexistent field. Testing conditions include three interaction angles 0', 45', 90' and two kinds of median sizes (0.38 and 1.10 mm). The results of transport rate show that the net sediment transport rate can be expressed approximately as the function of the maximum bottom shear stress of waves, mean shear stress of current and the grain size.展开更多
A dynamic response analysis in the frequency domain is presented for risers subjected to combined wave and current loading. Considering the effects of current, a modified wave spectrum is adopted to compute the linear...A dynamic response analysis in the frequency domain is presented for risers subjected to combined wave and current loading. Considering the effects of current, a modified wave spectrum is adopted to compute the linearized drag force. An additional drag force convolution term is added to the linearized drag force spectrum, therefore the error is reduced which arises from the truncation of higher order terms in the drag force auto-correlation function. An expression of linearized drag force spectrum is given taking the relative velocity into account. It is found that the additional term is a fold convolution integral. In this paper dynamic responses of risers are investigated, while the influence of floater motion on risers is considered. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of the present method reaches the degree required in time domain analysis.展开更多
文摘Investigated is the coupled response of a tension leg platform （TLP） for random waves. Inferred are the mass matrix, coupling stiffness matrix, damping matrix in the vibration differential equation and external load of TLP in moving coordinating system. Infinitesimal method is applied to divide columns and pontoons into small parts. Time domain motion equation is solved by Runge-Kutta integration scheme. Jonswap spectrum is simulated in the random wave, current is simulated by linear interpolation, and NPD spectrum is applied as wind spectrum. The Monte Carlo method is used to simulate random waves and fluctuated wind. Coupling dynamic response, change of tendon tension and riser tension in different sea conditions are analyzed by power spectral density （PSD）. The influence of approach angle on dynamic response of TLP and tendon tension is compared.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41176016)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(Nos.2012CB417402,2011CB403501)the Fund for Creative Research Groups by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41121064)
文摘The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered: one from the wave modeling(WAM) program proposed by Hasselmann and Komen and the other provided by Tsagareli and Babanin. The solution adopted for our study was presented by Song for the wave-modifi ed Ekman current model that included the Stokes drift, wind input, and wave dissipation with eddy viscosity increasing linearly with depth. Using the Combi spectrum with tail effects, the solutions are calculated using two formulations for wind input and wave dissipation, and compared. Differences in the results are not negligible. Furthermore, the solution presented by Song and Xu for the eddy viscosity formulated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme under wind input and wave dissipation given by Tsagareli and Babanin is compared with that obtained for a depth-dependent eddy viscosity. The solutions are further compared with the available well-known observational data. The result indicates that the Tsagareli and Babanin scheme is more suitable for use in the model when capillary waves are included, and the solution calculated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme agrees best with observations.
文摘The main intention of the present study is to reduce wind, wave, and seismic induced vibrations of jacket- type offshore wind turbines （JOWTs） through a newly developed vibration absorber, called tuned liquid column gas damper （TLCGD）. Using a Simulink-based model, an analytical model is developed to simulate global behavior of JOWTs under different dynamic excitations. The study is followed by a parametric study to explore efficiency of the TLCGD in terms of nacelle acceleration reduction under wind, wave, and earthquake loads. Study results indicate that optimum frequency of the TLCGD is rather insensitive to excitation type. In addition, while the gain in vibration control from TLCGDs with higher mass ratios is generally more pronounced, heavy TLCGDs are more sensitive to their tuned frequency such that ill-regulated TLCGD with high mass ratio can lead to destructive results. It is revealed that a well regulated TLCGD has noticeable contribution to the dynamic response of the JOWT under any excitation.
基金the National Basic Research Program(973)of China(No.2014CB046205)
文摘Floating wind turbines(FWTs) are subjected to combined aerodynamic and hydrodynamic loads varying both in time and amplitude. In this study, a multi-column tension-leg-type FWT(i.e., Wind Star TLP system) is investigated for its global performance under normal operating conditions and when parked. The selected variables are analysed using a fully coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic time domain simulation tool FAST.Three different loading scenarios(wind only, wave only and both combined) are examined to identify the dominant load influencing each response. The key response variables are obtained and compared with those for an NREL5 MW baseline wind turbine installed on land. The results should aid the detailed design of the Wind Star TLP system.
基金supported by the“Pioneer”R&D Program of Zhejiang(No.2022C03009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52022092,51979247,and 52211530092),the Talent Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2021R52050)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LZ23E090001),China.
文摘We explore the incorporation of an oscillating water column(OWC)device into a monopile foundation designed for offshore wind power generation.The hydrodynamic characteristics of the structure are investigated,including the free water surface and air pressure response inside the OwC chamber,the wave energy capture performance,and the wave load response under various power take-off(PTO)damping and wave conditions.An orifice is employed to represent the quadratic PTO damping effect.Results indicate that increasing the PTO opening ratio increases the peak frequency of the water surface oscillation coefficient inside the OWC chamber,as well as the OWC pneumatic power.The load-reduction effect of the OWC device in the positive direction is likely related to the water surface oscillation inside the chamber and the wave energy extraction efficiency.At high wave frequencies,the water surface oscillation coefficient is relatively small,while the pneumatic power remains at a large value,and the OwC device can effectively reduce wave loads in the direction of incoming waves.The optimal opening ratio of 1.51%may balance wave energy utilization efficiency with structural protection for the device.
文摘-Drift current induced by wind and waves is investigated with phase-averaged Navier-Stokes equation in which the Reynolds stress is closed by k-ε model. The governing equations are solved by the finite volume method in a system of nonorthogonal coordinates which is fitted to the phase-averaged wave surface. The predicted drift current is fairly reasonable and the drag coefficient of sea-surface predicted with the newly developed interface conditions shows good agreement with previous measurements when breaking waves do not exist.
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,Grant No.2014CB046205)
文摘Tower, Spar platform and mooring system are designed in the project based on a given 6-MW wind turbine. Under wind-induced only, wave-induced only and combined wind and wave induced loads, dynamic response is analyzed for a 6-MW Spar-type floating offshore wind turbine （FOWT） under operating conditions and parked conditions respectively. Comparison with a platform-fixed system （land-based system） ofa 6-MW wind turbine is carried out as well. Results demonstrate that the maximal out-of-plane deflection of the blade of a Spar-type system is 3.1% larger than that of a land-based system; the maximum response value of the nacelle acceleration is 215% larger for all the designed load cases being considered; the ultimate tower base fore-aft bending moment of the Spar-type system is 92% larger than that of the land-based system in all of the Design Load Cases （DLCs） being considered; the fluctuations of the mooring tension is mainly wave-induced, and the safety factor of the mooring tension is adequate for the 6-MW FOWT. The results can provide relevant modifications to the initial design for the Spar-type system, the detailed design and model basin test of the 6-MW Spar-type system.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Number 2018YFB1501203)funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 52075305).
文摘To address the problem of poor wave resistance of existing offshore floating wind turbines,a new type of semisubmersible platform with truncated-cone-type upper pontoons is proposed by combining the characteristics of offshore wind turbine semi-submersible floating platforms.Based on the coupled hydrodynamic,aerodynamic,and mooring force physical fields of FAST,the surge,heave,pitch,and yaw motions responses of the floating wind turbine under different wave heights and periods are obtained,and the mooring line tension responses are also obtained;and compare the dynamic response of the new semi-submersible platform with the OC4-DeepCwind platformat six degrees of freedom.The results show that different wave conditions have obvious effects on the heave and pitch motions of the new floating wind turbine,and fewer effects on the surge and yaw motions;the tensegrity response of the mooring system is more affected by the wave conditions;compared with the OC4-DeepCwind floating wind turbine,the pitch and roll response of the new floating wind turbine has been significantly reduced and has good stability.
基金the National Basic Research Program(973) of China(No.2014CB046205)
文摘A 6 MW spar-type floating offshore wind turbine （FOWT） model is put forward and a fully coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic time domain model is established in the fatigue, aerodynamics, structures and turbulence （FAST） code. Influence rules of wind 10ad and wave load on the characteristics of 6 MW spar-type FOWT are investigated. Firstly, validation of the model is carried out and a satisfactory result is obtained. The maximal deviations of rotor thrust and power between simulation results and reference values are 4.54% and -2.74%, respectively. Then the characteristics, including rotor thrust, rotor power, out-of-plane blade deflection, tower base fore-aft bending moment, and mooring line tension, are researched. The results illustrate that the mean value of dynamic response characteristics is mainly controlled by the wind-induced action. For characteristics of tower base fore-aft bending moment and platform pitch motion, the oscillation is dominated by the wave-induced action during all conditions considered. For characteristics of out-of-plane blade tip deflection and mooring line tension, the oscillation is commanded by combination effect of wave and wind loads when the wind speed is lower than the rated wind speed （hereinafter referred to as below rated wind speed） and is controlled by the wave-induced action when the wind speed is higher than the rated wind speed （hereinafter referred to as above rated wind speed）. As to the rotor thrust and power, the oscillation is dominated by the wind induced action at below rated wind speed and by the combination action of wind and wave loads at above rated wind speed. The results should be useful to the detailed design and model basin test of the 6 MW spar-type FOWT.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB0904005)。
文摘When a maintenance and operations ship is berthing,there is a chance the ship may collide into the wind turbine.When these ships collide into wind turbine structures,this can result in significant changes to the foundation and structure of the wind turbine.In this paper,the structural load of a 4 MW offshore wind turbine was analyzed during a collision with an operations and maintenance ship.The variations in the wind speeds on hub height,waves,and the sea currents were measured.The dynamic simulation of the wind turbine was carried out using the test data as the input parameters.As a result,the load condition of the turbine without a collision was obtained.Finally,the measured turbine load was compared with the simulation results.This study shows that the collision of the operation and the maintenance ship increases the bending moments at the tower’s bottom and the blade’s roots.
基金the financial support from National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No 2022YFB2602800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No 52271283)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(22dz1204401,22dz1204402,22dz1206004,24ZR1491600).
文摘Wave impact under extreme sea conditions poses significant risks to offshore structures,such as the pontoons of floating wind turbines.Monitoring the structures and inverting the impact loads are crucial for structural safety design.In this study,an indirect approach is proposed for the localization and reconstruction of waves impacting flat plates,curved plates and floating wind turbine pontoons.For impact load localization,the correlation dimension method and the long short-term memory(LSTM)neural network method are employed.The correlation dimension method achieves accurate localization results only for flat plates,whereas the LSTM method shows good performance for all structures.For load time history reconstruction,the Tikhonov regularization method is applied.Reconstruction is achieved with very high accuracy.This work can provide guidelines for inverse estimation of environmental loads acting on offshore structures.
基金supported partly by the National Basic Research Program of China("973"Program)(No.2014CB046200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11372135)the NUAA Fundamental Research Funds(No.NS2013005)
文摘An unsteady load calculation method for the support configuration of a monopile-supported offshore wind turbine is developed based on the Fluent software platform.Firstly,the water wave is generated by imposing the inlet boundary conditions according to the exact potential flow solution.Then the wave evolution is simulated by solving the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes(N-S)equations coupled with the volume of fluid method.For the small amplitude wave with reasonable wave parameters,the numerical wave result agrees well with that of the given wave model.Finally,a monopile support configuration is introduced and a CFD-based load calculation method is established to accurately calculate the unsteady load under the combined action of wave and wind.The computed unsteady wave load on a small-size monopile support located in the small amplitude wave flow coincides with that of the Morison formula.The load calculations are also performed on a large-size monopile support and a monopile-supported offshore wind turbine under the combined action of small amplitude wave and wind.
基金Project supported by 973 Project (Grant No: 2002CB412408) and the Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao (Grant No: 03-jr-15).
文摘The effects of waves on Surface Drag Coefficient （SDC） and surface mixing length were analyzed and discussed by carrying out three-dimensional current modeling for the Bohai Sea in the present work. A threedimensional coupled hydrodynamical-ecological model for regional and shelf seas （COHERENS） incorporating the influences of wave-current interactions was coupled with the third-generation wave model swan taking into account time-varying currents. The effects of waves on currents were included in the SDC, surface mixing length and bottom drag coefficient. Firstly, the formulations in Donelan were incorporated into the COHERENS to account for wave-dependent SDC. In order to compare simulation results for the wave-dependent SDC, the simulation for wind-dependent SDC was also carried out. Second, Wave-Induced Surface Mixing Length （described as WISML sometimes in this paper） was incorporated into the COHERENS. Four numerical experiments were conducted to discuss the effects of two kinds of wave processes. Generally, the values of time series of current velocity and water surface elevation given by the simulation with all of the three wave processes have a good agreement with observed data. The existence of WISML changes obviously current vertical profiles and the existence of the wave dependent SDC modifies the current field of both top and bottom layers with the wind-dependent SDC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 41774168 and 41421003)
文摘In Earth's high-latitude ionosphere, the poleward motion of east–west elongated auroral arcs has been attributed to standing hydromagnetic waves, especially when the auroral arcs appear quasi-periodically with a recurrence time of a few minutes. The validation of this scenario requires spacecraft observations of ultra-low-frequency hydromagnetic waves in the magnetosphere and simultaneous observations of poleward-moving auroral arcs near the spacecraft footprints. Here we present the first observational evidence from the multi-spacecraft THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) mission and the conjugated all-sky imager to support the scenario that standing hydromagnetic waves can generate the quasi-periodic appearance of poleward-moving auroral arcs. In this specific event, the observed waves were toroidal branches of the standing hydromagnetic waves, which were excited by a pulse in the solar wind dynamic pressure. Multi-spacecraft measurements from THEMIS also suggest higher wave frequencies at lower L shells (consistent with the distribution of magnetic field line eigenfrequencies), which indicates that the phase difference across latitudes would increase with time. As time proceeds, the enlarged phase difference corresponds to a lower propagation speed of the auroral arcs, which agrees very well with the ground-based optical data.
基金supported by Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0923).
文摘Submerged floating tunnel(SFTs)are typically subjected to complex external environmental and internal loads such as wave currents and traffic load.In this study,this problem is investigated through a finite element method able to account for fluid-structure interaction.The obtained results show that increasing the number of vehicles per unit length enhances the transverse vibrational displacements of the SFT cross sections.Under ultimate traffic load condition,one-way and two-way syntropic distributions can promote the dynamic responses of SFTs whereas two-way reverse distributions have the opposite effect.
基金funded by National Science and Technology Council,grant number NSTC 113-2223-E-006-014.
文摘This study focuses on determining the second-order irregular wave loads in the time domain without using the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform(IFFT).Considering the substantial displacement effects that Floating Offshore Wind Turbine(FOWT)support structures undergo when subjected to wave loads,the time-domain wave method is more suitable,while the frequency-domain method requiring IFFT cannot be used for moving bodies.Nonetheless,the computational challenges posed by the considerable computer time requirements of the time-domain wave method remain a significant obstacle.Thus,the paper incorporates various numerical schemes,including parallel computing and extrapolation of wave forces during specific time steps to improve overall efficiency.Despite the effectiveness of these schemes,the computational difficulties associated with the time-domain wave method persist.This study then proposes an innovative approach utilizing different randomnumbers in distinct segments,significantly reducing the computation of second-order wave loads.This random number interpolation ensures a smooth curve transition between two segments,emphasizingminimizing errors near the end of the first segment.Numerical analyses demonstrate substantial decreases in total computer time for FOWT structural analyses while maintaining consistent steel design results.The proposed method is uncomplicated,requiring only a simple subprogram modification in a conventional wave load computer program.
基金This work was supported bythe National Basic Research Program(973) of China (Grant No.2003CB415206) andthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50379027 and No.50479004)
文摘In this study, the combined actions of waves and tidal currents in estuarine and coastal areas are considered and a 2D mathematical model for sediment transport by waves and tidal currents has been established in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. Non-equilibrium transport equations of suspended load and bed load are used in the model. The concept of background concentration is introduced, and the formula of sediment transport capacity of tidal currents for the Oujiang River estuary is obtained. The Dou Guoren formula is employed for the sediment transport capacity of waves. Sediment transport capacity in the form of mud and the intensity of back silting are calculated by use of Luo Zaosen＇ s formula. The calculated tidal stages are in good agreement with the field data, and the calculated velocities and flow directions of 46 vertical lines for 8 cross sections are also in good agreement with the measured data. On such a basis, simulations of back silting after excavation of the waterway with a sand bar under complicated boundary conditions in the navigation channel induced by suspended load, bed load and mud by waves and tidal currents are discussed.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 51579036 and 51579030the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China under contract No.DUT14YQ10
文摘Prediction of coastal sediment transport is of particularly importance for analyzing coast erosion accurately and solving the corresponding coast protection engineering problems.The present study provided a numerical scheme for sediment transport in coastal waves and wave-induced currents.In the scheme,the sand transport model was implemented with wave refraction-diffraction model and near-shore current model.Coastal water wave was simulated by using the parabolic mild-slope equation in which wave refraction,diffraction and breaking effects are considered.Wave-induced current was simulated by using the nonlinear shallow water equations in which wave provides radiation stresses for driving current.Then,sediment transport in waves and wave-induced currents was simulated by using the two-dimensional suspended sediment transport equations for suspended sediment and the bed-load transport equation for bed load.The numerical scheme was validated by experiment results from the Large-scale Sediment Transport Facility at the US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center in Vicksburg.The numerical results showed that the present scheme is an effective tool for modeling coastal sediment transport in waves and near-shore currents.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No..59579014.
文摘Using an irregularly oscillating tray and flume, a series of experiments are completed to evaluate bed-load sediment transport rate under irregular wave -current coexistent field. Testing conditions include three interaction angles 0', 45', 90' and two kinds of median sizes (0.38 and 1.10 mm). The results of transport rate show that the net sediment transport rate can be expressed approximately as the function of the maximum bottom shear stress of waves, mean shear stress of current and the grain size.
文摘A dynamic response analysis in the frequency domain is presented for risers subjected to combined wave and current loading. Considering the effects of current, a modified wave spectrum is adopted to compute the linearized drag force. An additional drag force convolution term is added to the linearized drag force spectrum, therefore the error is reduced which arises from the truncation of higher order terms in the drag force auto-correlation function. An expression of linearized drag force spectrum is given taking the relative velocity into account. It is found that the additional term is a fold convolution integral. In this paper dynamic responses of risers are investigated, while the influence of floater motion on risers is considered. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of the present method reaches the degree required in time domain analysis.
