To analyze wind-induced response characteristics of a wind turbine tower more accurately, the blade-tower coupling effect was investigated. The mean wind velocity of the rotating blades and tower was simulated accordi...To analyze wind-induced response characteristics of a wind turbine tower more accurately, the blade-tower coupling effect was investigated. The mean wind velocity of the rotating blades and tower was simulated according to wind shear effects, and the fluctuating wind velocity time series of the wind turbine were simulated by a harmony superposition method. A dynamic finite element method (FEM) was used to calculate the wind-induced response of the blades and tower. Wind-induced responses of the tower were calculated in two cases (one included the blade-tower coupling effect, and the other only added the mass of blades and the hub at the top of the tower), and then the maximal displacements at the top of the tower of the tow cases were compared with each other. As a result of the influence of the blade-tower coupling effect and the total base shear of the blades, the maximal displacement of the first case increased nearly by 300% compared to the second case. To obtain more precise analysis, the blade-tower coupling effect and the total base shear of the blades should be considered simultaneously in the design of wind turbine towers.展开更多
In order to account for rigid-flexible coupling effects of floating offshore wind turbines, a nonlinear rigid-flexible coupled dynamic model is proposed in this paper. The proposed nonlinear coupled model takes the hi...In order to account for rigid-flexible coupling effects of floating offshore wind turbines, a nonlinear rigid-flexible coupled dynamic model is proposed in this paper. The proposed nonlinear coupled model takes the higher-order axial displacements into account, which are usually neglected in the conventional linear dynamic model. Subsequently,investigations on the dynamic differences between the proposed nonlinear dynamic model and the linear one are conducted. The results demonstrate that the stiffness of the turbine blades in the proposed nonlinear dynamic model increases with larger overall motions but that in the linear dynamic model declines with larger overall motions.Deformation of the blades in the nonlinear dynamic model is more reasonable than that in the linear model as well.Additionally, more distinct coupling effects are observed in the proposed nonlinear model than those in the linear model. Finally, it shows that the aerodynamic loads, the structural loads and global dynamic responses of floating offshore wind turbines using the nonlinear dynamic model are slightly smaller than those using the linear dynamic model. In summary, compared with the conventional linear dynamic model, the proposed nonlinear coupling dynamic model is a higher-order dynamic model in consideration of the rigid-flexible coupling effects of floating offshore wind turbines, and accord more perfectly with the engineering facts.展开更多
This study employed a computational fluid dynamics model with an overset mesh technique to investigate the thrust and power of a floating offshore wind turbine(FOWT)under platform floating motion in the wind–rain fie...This study employed a computational fluid dynamics model with an overset mesh technique to investigate the thrust and power of a floating offshore wind turbine(FOWT)under platform floating motion in the wind–rain field.The impact of rainfall on aerodynamic performance was initially examined using a stationary turbine model in both wind and wind–rain conditions.Subsequently,the study compared the FOWT’s performance under various single degree-of-freedom(DOF)motions,including surge,pitch,heave,and yaw.Finally,the combined effects of wind–rain fields and platform motions involving two DOFs on the FOWT’s aerodynamics were analyzed and compared.The results demonstrate that rain negatively impacts the aerodynamic performance of both the stationary turbines and FOWTs.Pitch-dominated motions,whether involving single or multiple DOFs,caused significant fluctuations in the FOWT aerodynamics.The combination of surge and pitch motions created the most challenging operational environment for the FOWT in all tested scenarios.These findings highlighted the need for stronger construction materials and greater ultimate bearing capacity for FOWTs,as well as the importance of optimizing designs to mitigate excessive pitch and surge.展开更多
Aiming at solving problems of low efficiency,low cable capacity in current 300m open-pit mine cable winding truck,a 900 m cable winding plan was proposed.In this paper,the mechanism of the thermal effect of the cable ...Aiming at solving problems of low efficiency,low cable capacity in current 300m open-pit mine cable winding truck,a 900 m cable winding plan was proposed.In this paper,the mechanism of the thermal effect of the cable was described,and a two-dimensional axisymmetric electromagnetic-fluid-temperature multiphysics coupling model of the cable reel was established regarding the 900m cable reel as independent system.Considering the structure of the drum,the number of cable winding layers,the factors of heat conduction,heat radiation and convective heat transfer in the actual working process,the steady state analysis of the multi-physical field coupling was carried out.The sum of the losses of each part of the cable was obtained through the calculation of electromagnetic field,which was used as a heat source to calculate and analyze the temperature distribution of different layers of cable winding,as well as the temperature distribution and heat dissipation characteristics of different structures of the drum.The results show that three layers of cable winding is the best design.The lowest temperature of closed cylindrical drum is 70℃after heat dissipation,which has obvious advantages compared with the lowest temperature of 85℃after heat dissipation of squirrel-cage cylindrical drum.The results provide a reliable theoretical basis for the research and development of a new type of mine cable winding truck with 900 m cable capacity.展开更多
To solve the problems of large losses and low productivity of permanent magnet synchronous generators used in wind power systems,the field-circuit coupling method is used to accurately solve the electromagnetic field ...To solve the problems of large losses and low productivity of permanent magnet synchronous generators used in wind power systems,the field-circuit coupling method is used to accurately solve the electromagnetic field and temperature field of the generator.The loss distribution of the motor is accurately obtained by considering the influence of external circuit characteristics on its internal physical field.By mapping the losses to the corresponding part of the three-dimensional finite element model of the motor,the temperature field is solved,and the global temperature distribution of the generator,considering the influence of end windings,is obtained.By changing the air gap length,permanent magnet thickness,and winding conductivity,the relationship between the loss,temperature rise,and exergy efficiency can be obtained.By optimizing the air gap length,permanent magnet thickness,and winding conductivity,the best configuration and material properties can improve the efficiency of the motor by up to 4%.展开更多
This study investigates the effect of nacelle motions on the rotor performance and drivetrain dynamics of floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs)through fully coupled aero-hydro-elastic-servo-mooring simulations.Using ...This study investigates the effect of nacelle motions on the rotor performance and drivetrain dynamics of floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs)through fully coupled aero-hydro-elastic-servo-mooring simulations.Using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5 MW monopile-supported offshore wind turbine and the OC4 DeepCwind semisubmersible wind turbine as case studies,the research addresses the complex dynamic responses resulting from the interaction among wind,waves,and turbine structures.Detailed multi-body dynamics models of wind turbines,including drivetrain components,are created within the SIMPACK framework.Meanwhile,the mooring system is modeled using a lumped-mass method.Various operational conditions are simulated through five wind-wave load cases.Results demonstrate that nacelle motions significantly influence rotor speed,thrust,torque,and power output,as well as the dynamic loads on drivetrain components.These findings highlight the need for advanced simulation techniques for the design and optimization of FOWTs to ensure reliable performance and longevity.展开更多
The EOF thechnique is employed to investigate the characteristic modes of spatial distribution and features of temporal variation in the context of 1970-1989 wind stress and SSTA datasets over the tropical Pacific. Re...The EOF thechnique is employed to investigate the characteristic modes of spatial distribution and features of temporal variation in the context of 1970-1989 wind stress and SSTA datasets over the tropical Pacific. Results show similar variation in the time coefficients of the first eigenvectors for the wind stress and SSTA fields, revealing air-sea interaction and coupling at the multiple space/time scales,which are in fairly good correspondence to the E1 Nino cycle.展开更多
Sea-crossing bridges are affected by random wind–wave–undercurrent coupling loads, due to the complex marine environment. The dynamic response of long-span Rail-cum-Road cable-stayed bridges is particularly severe u...Sea-crossing bridges are affected by random wind–wave–undercurrent coupling loads, due to the complex marine environment. The dynamic response of long-span Rail-cum-Road cable-stayed bridges is particularly severe under their influence, potentially leading to safety problems. In this paper, a fluid–structure separation solution method is implemented using Ansys–Midas co-simulation, in order to solve the above issues effectively while using less computational resources. The feasibility of the method is verified by comparing the tower top displacement response with relevant experimental data. From time and frequency domain perspectives, the displacement and acceleration responses of the sea-crossing Rail-cum-Road cable-stayed bridge influenced by wave-only, wind–wave, and wind–wave–undercurrent coupling are comparatively studied. The results indicate that the displacement and acceleration of the front bearing platform top are more significant than those of the rear bearing platform. The dominant frequency under wind–wave–undercurrent coupling is close to the natural vibration frequencies of several bridge modes,such that wind–wave–undercurrent coupling is more likely to cause a resonance effect in the bridge. Compared with the wave-only and wind–wave coupling, wind–wave–undercurrent coupling can excite bridges to produce larger displacement and acceleration responses: at the middle of the main girder span, compared with the wave-only case, the maximum displacement in the transverse bridge direction increases by 23.58% and 46.95% in the wind–wave and wind–wave–undercurrent coupling cases, respectively;at the tower top, the variation in the amplitude of the displacement and acceleration responses of wind–wave and wind–wave–undercurrent coupling are larger than those in the wave-only case, where the acceleration change amplitude of the tower top is from-0.93 to 0.86 m/s^(2) in the waveonly case, from-2.2 to 2.1 m/s^(2) under wind–wave coupling effect, and from-2.6 to 2.65 m/s^(2) under wind–wave–undercurrent coupling effect, indicating that the tower top is mainly affected by wind loads, but wave and undercurrent loads cannot be neglected.展开更多
Effect of mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling on the Kuroshio extension jet is studied using the Regional Ocean Modeling System. The mesoscale wind stress perturbation( τ_(MS)) is diagnostically determined from modell...Effect of mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling on the Kuroshio extension jet is studied using the Regional Ocean Modeling System. The mesoscale wind stress perturbation( τ_(MS)) is diagnostically determined from modelled mesoscale SST perturbation(SST_(MS)) by using their empirical relationship derived from corresponding observation. From comparing two experiments with and without the τ_(MS) feedback, it is found that the interactively represented τ_(MS)-SST_(MS) coupling can modulate the kinetic energy along the Kuroshio extension jet, with little effect on the Kuroshio pathway. Similar results are also obtained in three additional sensitivity experiments, which consider half strength of the τ_(MS), and the momentum flux and heat flux effect induced by τ_(MS), respectively. That means simply taking into account the τ_(MS)-SST_(MS) coupling has little effect on improving the simulation of the Kuroshio Current system.展开更多
Because of the small stiffness and high flexibility, the tension membrane structure is easy to relax and damage or even destroy under the action of external load, which leads to the occurrence of engineering accidents...Because of the small stiffness and high flexibility, the tension membrane structure is easy to relax and damage or even destroy under the action of external load, which leads to the occurrence of engineering accidents. In this paper, the damped nonlinear vibration of tensioned membrane structure under the coupling action of wind and rain is approximately solved, considering the geometric nonlinearity of membrane surface deformation and the influence of air damping. Applying von Karman’s large deflection theory and D’Alembert’s principle, the governing equations are established for an analytical solution, and the experimental results are compared with the analytical results. The feasibility of this method is verified, which provides some theoretical reference for practical membrane structure engineering design and maintenance.展开更多
The aerodynamic design of a rigid-flexible coupling profile is the decisive factor for the flow-field quality of a supersonic free jet wind tunnel nozzle, and its mechanic dynamic features are the key for engineering ...The aerodynamic design of a rigid-flexible coupling profile is the decisive factor for the flow-field quality of a supersonic free jet wind tunnel nozzle, and its mechanic dynamic features are the key for engineering implementation of continuous Mach number regulations. To fulfill the requirements of a free jet inlet/engine compatibility test within a wide simulation envelop, both uniform flow-fields of continuous acceleration and deceleration are necessary. In this paper, the aerodynamic design methods of an expansion wall and machinery implementation plan for the halfflexible single jack nozzle were researched. The profile control in nozzle flexible plate design was studied with a rigid-flexible coupling method. Design and calculations were performed with the help of numerical simulation. The technique of axial free stretching of the flexible plate was used to improve the matching performance between the designed elasticity profile and the theoretical one, and the rigid-flexible coupling structure was calibrated by wind tunnel tests. Results indicate that the flexible plate aerodynamic design method used here is effective and feasible. Via rigidflexible coupling design, the flexible plate agrees with the rigid body very well, and continuous Mach number changes can be achieved during the tests. The nozzle’s exit flow-field uniformity meets the requirements of China Military Standard(GJB).展开更多
Tower, Spar platform and mooring system are designed in the project based on a given 6-MW wind turbine. Under wind-induced only, wave-induced only and combined wind and wave induced loads, dynamic response is analyzed...Tower, Spar platform and mooring system are designed in the project based on a given 6-MW wind turbine. Under wind-induced only, wave-induced only and combined wind and wave induced loads, dynamic response is analyzed for a 6-MW Spar-type floating offshore wind turbine （FOWT） under operating conditions and parked conditions respectively. Comparison with a platform-fixed system （land-based system） ofa 6-MW wind turbine is carried out as well. Results demonstrate that the maximal out-of-plane deflection of the blade of a Spar-type system is 3.1% larger than that of a land-based system; the maximum response value of the nacelle acceleration is 215% larger for all the designed load cases being considered; the ultimate tower base fore-aft bending moment of the Spar-type system is 92% larger than that of the land-based system in all of the Design Load Cases （DLCs） being considered; the fluctuations of the mooring tension is mainly wave-induced, and the safety factor of the mooring tension is adequate for the 6-MW FOWT. The results can provide relevant modifications to the initial design for the Spar-type system, the detailed design and model basin test of the 6-MW Spar-type system.展开更多
Cylindrical Al-Zn-Mg alloys were processed by electroplastic compression with forced air cooling.Compared to a simple compression process,an unequal intensity of {110} <111> was obtained,and other textures were ...Cylindrical Al-Zn-Mg alloys were processed by electroplastic compression with forced air cooling.Compared to a simple compression process,an unequal intensity of {110} <111> was obtained,and other textures were eliminated by electroplastic compression,that is,electroplastic compression can promote a uniform texture.The various textures formed in different regions along the radial direction under a simple compression process were illuminated by analyzing the relationship between the crystal rotation and stress state.Furthermore,the interaction between the electrons and dislocations was studied in electroplastic compression.The electrons enhanced {110} <111> by promoting slipping of the dislocations when the Burgers vectors of the dislocations were parallel to the drift direction of the electrons.However,the electrons also inhibited crystal rotation by pinning the dislocations with the Burgers vectors perpendicular to the drift direction of the electrons.Therefore,textures other than {110} <111>have difficulty forming under electroplastic compression.The effect of the current energy on the texture(enhancement or attenuation) was in accordance with the law of conservation.The results provided reasonable explanations for the test phenomena.展开更多
The exploration for renewable and clean energies has become crucial due to environmental issues such as global warming and the energy crisis. In recent years,floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs) have attracted a con...The exploration for renewable and clean energies has become crucial due to environmental issues such as global warming and the energy crisis. In recent years,floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs) have attracted a considerable amount of attention as a means to exploit steady and strong wind sources available in deep-sea areas. In this study, the coupled aero-hydrodynamic characteristics of a spar-type 5-MW wind turbine are analyzed. An unsteady actuator line model(UALM) coupled with a twophase computational fluid dynamics solver naoe-FOAM-SJTU is applied to solve three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes equations. Simulations with different complexities are performed. First, the wind turbine is parked. Second, the impact of the wind turbine is simplified into equivalent forces and moments. Third, fully coupled dynamic analysis with wind and wave excitation is conducted by utilizing the UALM. From the simulation, aerodynamic forces, including the unsteady aerodynamic power and thrust, can be obtained, and hydrodynamic responses such as the six-degrees-of-freedom motions of the floating platform and the mooring tensions are also available. The coupled responses of the FOWT for cases of different complexities are analyzed based on the simulation results. Findings indicate that the coupling effects between the aerodynamics of the wind turbine and the hydrodynamics of the floating platform are obvious. The aerodynamic loads have a significant effect on the dynamic responses of the floating platform, and the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine has highly unsteady characteristics due to the motions of the floating platform. A spar-type FOWT consisting of NREL-5-MW baseline wind turbine and OC3-Hywind platform system is investigated. The aerodynamic forces can be obtained by the UALM. The 6 DoF motions and mooring tensions are predicted by the naoe-FOAM-SJTU. To research the coupling effects between the aerodynamics of the wind turbine and the hydrodynamics of the floating platform, simulations with different complexities are performed. Fully coupled aero-hydrodynamic characteristics of FOWTs, including aerodynamic loads, wake vortex, motion responses, and mooring tensions, are compared and analyzed.展开更多
This paper presents a coupled dynamic response analysis of a multi-column tension-leg-type floating wind turbine（Wind Star TLP system） under normal operation and parked conditions. Wind-only load cases, wave-only lo...This paper presents a coupled dynamic response analysis of a multi-column tension-leg-type floating wind turbine（Wind Star TLP system） under normal operation and parked conditions. Wind-only load cases, wave-only load cases and combined wind and wave load cases were analyzed separately for the Wind Star TLP system to identify the dominant excitation loads. Comparisons between an NREL offshore 5-MW baseline wind turbine installed on land and the Wind Star TLP system were performed. Statistics of selected response variables in specified design load cases（DLCs） were obtained and analyzed. It is found that the proposed Wind Star TLP system has small dynamic responses to environmental loads and it thus has almost the same mean generator power output under operating conditions as the land-based system. The tension mooring system has a sufficient safety factor, and the minimum tendon tension is always positive in all selected DLCs. The ratio of ultimate load of the tower base fore-aft bending moment for the Wind Star TLP system versus the land-based system can be as high as 1.9 in all of the DLCs considered. These results will help elucidate the dynamic characteristics of the proposed Wind Star TLP system, identify the difference in load effect between it and land-based systems, and thus make relevant modifications to the initial design for the Wind Star TLP system.展开更多
This paper presents the analysis of dynamic characteristics of horizontal axis wind turbine blade, where the mode coupling among axial extension, flap vibration （out-of-plane bend- ing）, lead/lag vibration （in-plan...This paper presents the analysis of dynamic characteristics of horizontal axis wind turbine blade, where the mode coupling among axial extension, flap vibration （out-of-plane bend- ing）, lead/lag vibration （in-plane bending） and torsion is emphasized. By using the Bernoulli-Euler beam to describe the slender blade which is mounted on rigid hub and subjected to unsteady aero- dynamic force, the governing equation and characteristic equation of the coupled vibration of the blade are obtained. Due to the combined influences of mode coupling, centrifugal effect, and the non-uniform distribution of mass and stiffness, the explicit solution of characteristic equation is impossible to obtain. An equivalent transformation based on Green＇s functions is taken for the characteristic equation, and then a system of integrodifferential equations is derived. The nu- merical difference methods are adopted to solve the integrodifferential equations to get natural frequencies and mode shapes. The influences of mode coupling, centrifugal effect, and rotational speed on natural frequencies and mode shapes are analyzed. Results show that： （1） the influence of bending-torsion coupling on natural frequency is tiny; （2） rotation has dramatic influence on bending frequency but little influence on torsion frequency; （3） the influence of bending-bending coupling on dynamic characteristics is notable at high rotational speed; （4） the effect of rotational speed on bending mode is tiny.展开更多
This paper briefly reviews ionospheric irregularities that occur in the E and F regions at mid-latitudes. Sporadic E(ES) is a common ionospheric irregularity phenomenon that is first noticed in the E layer. ES mainly ...This paper briefly reviews ionospheric irregularities that occur in the E and F regions at mid-latitudes. Sporadic E(ES) is a common ionospheric irregularity phenomenon that is first noticed in the E layer. ES mainly appears during daytime in summer hemispheres, and is formed primarily from neutral wind shear in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere(MLT) region. Field-aligned irregularity(FAI) in the E region is also observed by Very High Frequency(VHF) radar in mid-latitude regions. FAI frequently occurs after sunset in summer hemispheres, and spectrum features of E region FAI echoes suggest that type-2 irregularity is dominant in the nighttime ionosphere. A close relationship between ES and E region FAI implies that ES may be a possible source of E region FAI in the nighttime ionosphere. Strong neutral wind shear, steep ES plasma density gradient, and a polarized electric field are the significant factors affecting the formation of E region FAI. At mid-latitudes, joint observational experiments including ionosonde, VHF radar, Global Positioning System(GPS) stations, and all-sky optical images have revealed strong connections across different scales of ionospheric irregularities in the nighttime F region, such as spread F(SF), medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances(MSTID), and F region FAI.Observations suggest that different scales of ionospheric irregularities are generally attributed to the Perkins instability and subsequently excited gradient drift instability. Nighttime MSTID can further evolve into small-scale structures through a nonlinear cascade process when a steep plasma density gradient exists at the bottom of the F region. In addition, the effect of ionospheric electrodynamic coupling processes, including ionospheric E-F coupling and inter-hemispheric coupling on the generation of ionospheric irregularities, becomes more prominent due to the significant dip angle and equipotentiality of magnetic field lines in the mid-latitude ionosphere. Polarized electric fields can map to different ionospheric regions and excite plasma instabilities which form ionospheric irregularities. Nevertheless,the mapping efficiency of a polarized electric field depends on the ionospheric background and spatial scale of the field.展开更多
In this study,the frequency characteristics of the turbulent wind and the effects of wind-wave coupling on the low-and high-frequency responses of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines(FOWT)are investigated...In this study,the frequency characteristics of the turbulent wind and the effects of wind-wave coupling on the low-and high-frequency responses of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines(FOWT)are investigated.Various wave load components,such as first-order wave loads,combined first-and second-order difference-frequency wave loads,combined first-and second-order sum-frequency wave loads,and first-and complete second-order wave loads are taken into consideration,while different turbulent environments are considered in aerodynamic loads.The com-parison is based on time histories and frequency spectra of platform motions and structural load responses and statistical values.The findings indicate that the second-order difference-frequency wave loads will significantly increase the natural frequency of low-frequency motion in the responses of the platform motion and structure load of the semi-submersible platform,which will cause structural fatigue damage.Under the action of turbulent wind,the influences of second-order wave loads on the platform motion and structural load response cannot be ignored,especially under extreme sea conditions.Therefore,in order to evaluate the dynamic responses of semi-submersible FOWT more accurately,the actual environment should be simulated more realistically.展开更多
With simultaneous observed sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA）, the difference between NCEP/NCAR 925hPa reanalysis wind stress anomaly （NCEPWSA） and FSU wind stress anomaly （FSUWSA） is analyzed, and the predi...With simultaneous observed sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA）, the difference between NCEP/NCAR 925hPa reanalysis wind stress anomaly （NCEPWSA） and FSU wind stress anomaly （FSUWSA） is analyzed, and the prediction abilities of Zebiak-Cane coupled ocean-atmosphere model （ZC coupled model） with NCEPWSA and FSUWSA serving respectively as initialization wind are compared. The results are as follows. The distribution feature of NCEPWSA matches better with that of the observed SSTA than counterpart of FSUWSA both in 1980s and in 1990s; The ZC ocean model has a better skill under the forcing of NCEPWSA than that of FSUWSA, especially in 1990s. Meanwhile, the forecast abilities of the ZC coupled model in 1990s as well as in 1980s have been improved employing NCEPWSA as initialization wind instead of FSUWSA. Particularly, it succeeded in predicting 1997/1998 E1 Nino 6 to 8 months ahead, further analysis shows that on the antecedent and onset stages of the 1997/1998 E1 Nino event, the horizontal cold and warm distribution characteristics of the simulated SSTA from ZC ocean model, with NCEPWSA forcing compared to FSUWSA forcing, match better with counterparts of the corresponding observed SSTA, whereby providing better predication initialization conditions for ZC coupled model, which, in turn, is favorable to improve the forecast ability of the coupled model.展开更多
In this study, dynamic linkage of atmosphere-ocean coupling between the North Pacific and the tropical Pacific was demonstrated using a large number of ensemble perturbed initial condition experiments in a fully coupl...In this study, dynamic linkage of atmosphere-ocean coupling between the North Pacific and the tropical Pacific was demonstrated using a large number of ensemble perturbed initial condition experiments in a fully coupled fast ocean-atmosphere model （FOAM）. In the FOAM model, an idealized mixed layer warming was initiated in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension region, while the ocean and atmosphere remained fully coupled both locally and elsewhere. The modeling results show that the warm anomalies are associated with anomalous cyclonic winds, which induce initial warming anomalies extending downstream in the following winter. Then, the downstream warming spreads southwestward and induces SST warming in the equatorial Pacific via surface wind-evaporation-SST feedback. Warming in the tropical Pacific is further reinforced by Bjerknes＇ feedback.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50708015)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (No. NCET-06-0270), China
文摘To analyze wind-induced response characteristics of a wind turbine tower more accurately, the blade-tower coupling effect was investigated. The mean wind velocity of the rotating blades and tower was simulated according to wind shear effects, and the fluctuating wind velocity time series of the wind turbine were simulated by a harmony superposition method. A dynamic finite element method (FEM) was used to calculate the wind-induced response of the blades and tower. Wind-induced responses of the tower were calculated in two cases (one included the blade-tower coupling effect, and the other only added the mass of blades and the hub at the top of the tower), and then the maximal displacements at the top of the tower of the tow cases were compared with each other. As a result of the influence of the blade-tower coupling effect and the total base shear of the blades, the maximal displacement of the first case increased nearly by 300% compared to the second case. To obtain more precise analysis, the blade-tower coupling effect and the total base shear of the blades should be considered simultaneously in the design of wind turbine towers.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China(Grant No.[2016]546)
文摘In order to account for rigid-flexible coupling effects of floating offshore wind turbines, a nonlinear rigid-flexible coupled dynamic model is proposed in this paper. The proposed nonlinear coupled model takes the higher-order axial displacements into account, which are usually neglected in the conventional linear dynamic model. Subsequently,investigations on the dynamic differences between the proposed nonlinear dynamic model and the linear one are conducted. The results demonstrate that the stiffness of the turbine blades in the proposed nonlinear dynamic model increases with larger overall motions but that in the linear dynamic model declines with larger overall motions.Deformation of the blades in the nonlinear dynamic model is more reasonable than that in the linear model as well.Additionally, more distinct coupling effects are observed in the proposed nonlinear model than those in the linear model. Finally, it shows that the aerodynamic loads, the structural loads and global dynamic responses of floating offshore wind turbines using the nonlinear dynamic model are slightly smaller than those using the linear dynamic model. In summary, compared with the conventional linear dynamic model, the proposed nonlinear coupling dynamic model is a higher-order dynamic model in consideration of the rigid-flexible coupling effects of floating offshore wind turbines, and accord more perfectly with the engineering facts.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51679080 and 51379073)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(B230205020).
文摘This study employed a computational fluid dynamics model with an overset mesh technique to investigate the thrust and power of a floating offshore wind turbine(FOWT)under platform floating motion in the wind–rain field.The impact of rainfall on aerodynamic performance was initially examined using a stationary turbine model in both wind and wind–rain conditions.Subsequently,the study compared the FOWT’s performance under various single degree-of-freedom(DOF)motions,including surge,pitch,heave,and yaw.Finally,the combined effects of wind–rain fields and platform motions involving two DOFs on the FOWT’s aerodynamics were analyzed and compared.The results demonstrate that rain negatively impacts the aerodynamic performance of both the stationary turbines and FOWTs.Pitch-dominated motions,whether involving single or multiple DOFs,caused significant fluctuations in the FOWT aerodynamics.The combination of surge and pitch motions created the most challenging operational environment for the FOWT in all tested scenarios.These findings highlighted the need for stronger construction materials and greater ultimate bearing capacity for FOWTs,as well as the importance of optimizing designs to mitigate excessive pitch and surge.
基金This work was supported in part by 2019 Local Project of Science and Tech nology Research Service of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(LJ2019FL003)by 2019 Science and Technology Research and Innovation Te am Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(LT2019007)by 2020 Youth Science and Technology Talents"Nursery"Projects of Scient ific Research of Liaoning Province Education Department(LJ2020QNL019).
文摘Aiming at solving problems of low efficiency,low cable capacity in current 300m open-pit mine cable winding truck,a 900 m cable winding plan was proposed.In this paper,the mechanism of the thermal effect of the cable was described,and a two-dimensional axisymmetric electromagnetic-fluid-temperature multiphysics coupling model of the cable reel was established regarding the 900m cable reel as independent system.Considering the structure of the drum,the number of cable winding layers,the factors of heat conduction,heat radiation and convective heat transfer in the actual working process,the steady state analysis of the multi-physical field coupling was carried out.The sum of the losses of each part of the cable was obtained through the calculation of electromagnetic field,which was used as a heat source to calculate and analyze the temperature distribution of different layers of cable winding,as well as the temperature distribution and heat dissipation characteristics of different structures of the drum.The results show that three layers of cable winding is the best design.The lowest temperature of closed cylindrical drum is 70℃after heat dissipation,which has obvious advantages compared with the lowest temperature of 85℃after heat dissipation of squirrel-cage cylindrical drum.The results provide a reliable theoretical basis for the research and development of a new type of mine cable winding truck with 900 m cable capacity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51966013,52066013)the Special Fund of Inner Mongolia Education Department(No.STZC202230).
文摘To solve the problems of large losses and low productivity of permanent magnet synchronous generators used in wind power systems,the field-circuit coupling method is used to accurately solve the electromagnetic field and temperature field of the generator.The loss distribution of the motor is accurately obtained by considering the influence of external circuit characteristics on its internal physical field.By mapping the losses to the corresponding part of the three-dimensional finite element model of the motor,the temperature field is solved,and the global temperature distribution of the generator,considering the influence of end windings,is obtained.By changing the air gap length,permanent magnet thickness,and winding conductivity,the relationship between the loss,temperature rise,and exergy efficiency can be obtained.By optimizing the air gap length,permanent magnet thickness,and winding conductivity,the best configuration and material properties can improve the efficiency of the motor by up to 4%.
基金Supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission of China(Grant No.:KJQN202301105,KJQN202101550)Scientific Research Fund of Chongqing University of Technology(grant No.2021ZDZ015)National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.:52205052).
文摘This study investigates the effect of nacelle motions on the rotor performance and drivetrain dynamics of floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs)through fully coupled aero-hydro-elastic-servo-mooring simulations.Using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5 MW monopile-supported offshore wind turbine and the OC4 DeepCwind semisubmersible wind turbine as case studies,the research addresses the complex dynamic responses resulting from the interaction among wind,waves,and turbine structures.Detailed multi-body dynamics models of wind turbines,including drivetrain components,are created within the SIMPACK framework.Meanwhile,the mooring system is modeled using a lumped-mass method.Various operational conditions are simulated through five wind-wave load cases.Results demonstrate that nacelle motions significantly influence rotor speed,thrust,torque,and power output,as well as the dynamic loads on drivetrain components.These findings highlight the need for advanced simulation techniques for the design and optimization of FOWTs to ensure reliable performance and longevity.
文摘The EOF thechnique is employed to investigate the characteristic modes of spatial distribution and features of temporal variation in the context of 1970-1989 wind stress and SSTA datasets over the tropical Pacific. Results show similar variation in the time coefficients of the first eigenvectors for the wind stress and SSTA fields, revealing air-sea interaction and coupling at the multiple space/time scales,which are in fairly good correspondence to the E1 Nino cycle.
文摘Sea-crossing bridges are affected by random wind–wave–undercurrent coupling loads, due to the complex marine environment. The dynamic response of long-span Rail-cum-Road cable-stayed bridges is particularly severe under their influence, potentially leading to safety problems. In this paper, a fluid–structure separation solution method is implemented using Ansys–Midas co-simulation, in order to solve the above issues effectively while using less computational resources. The feasibility of the method is verified by comparing the tower top displacement response with relevant experimental data. From time and frequency domain perspectives, the displacement and acceleration responses of the sea-crossing Rail-cum-Road cable-stayed bridge influenced by wave-only, wind–wave, and wind–wave–undercurrent coupling are comparatively studied. The results indicate that the displacement and acceleration of the front bearing platform top are more significant than those of the rear bearing platform. The dominant frequency under wind–wave–undercurrent coupling is close to the natural vibration frequencies of several bridge modes,such that wind–wave–undercurrent coupling is more likely to cause a resonance effect in the bridge. Compared with the wave-only and wind–wave coupling, wind–wave–undercurrent coupling can excite bridges to produce larger displacement and acceleration responses: at the middle of the main girder span, compared with the wave-only case, the maximum displacement in the transverse bridge direction increases by 23.58% and 46.95% in the wind–wave and wind–wave–undercurrent coupling cases, respectively;at the tower top, the variation in the amplitude of the displacement and acceleration responses of wind–wave and wind–wave–undercurrent coupling are larger than those in the wave-only case, where the acceleration change amplitude of the tower top is from-0.93 to 0.86 m/s^(2) in the waveonly case, from-2.2 to 2.1 m/s^(2) under wind–wave coupling effect, and from-2.6 to 2.65 m/s^(2) under wind–wave–undercurrent coupling effect, indicating that the tower top is mainly affected by wind loads, but wave and undercurrent loads cannot be neglected.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41490644,41490640)the“Transparent Ocean”Project(No.2014GJJS0101)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2017YFC1404102,2017YFC1404100)the Thousand Talents Plan(Long Term)the Taishan Scholarship,and the Aoshan Talents Program Supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(No.2015ASTP)
文摘Effect of mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling on the Kuroshio extension jet is studied using the Regional Ocean Modeling System. The mesoscale wind stress perturbation( τ_(MS)) is diagnostically determined from modelled mesoscale SST perturbation(SST_(MS)) by using their empirical relationship derived from corresponding observation. From comparing two experiments with and without the τ_(MS) feedback, it is found that the interactively represented τ_(MS)-SST_(MS) coupling can modulate the kinetic energy along the Kuroshio extension jet, with little effect on the Kuroshio pathway. Similar results are also obtained in three additional sensitivity experiments, which consider half strength of the τ_(MS), and the momentum flux and heat flux effect induced by τ_(MS), respectively. That means simply taking into account the τ_(MS)-SST_(MS) coupling has little effect on improving the simulation of the Kuroshio Current system.
文摘Because of the small stiffness and high flexibility, the tension membrane structure is easy to relax and damage or even destroy under the action of external load, which leads to the occurrence of engineering accidents. In this paper, the damped nonlinear vibration of tensioned membrane structure under the coupling action of wind and rain is approximately solved, considering the geometric nonlinearity of membrane surface deformation and the influence of air damping. Applying von Karman’s large deflection theory and D’Alembert’s principle, the governing equations are established for an analytical solution, and the experimental results are compared with the analytical results. The feasibility of this method is verified, which provides some theoretical reference for practical membrane structure engineering design and maintenance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 90916023 and 51176075)
文摘The aerodynamic design of a rigid-flexible coupling profile is the decisive factor for the flow-field quality of a supersonic free jet wind tunnel nozzle, and its mechanic dynamic features are the key for engineering implementation of continuous Mach number regulations. To fulfill the requirements of a free jet inlet/engine compatibility test within a wide simulation envelop, both uniform flow-fields of continuous acceleration and deceleration are necessary. In this paper, the aerodynamic design methods of an expansion wall and machinery implementation plan for the halfflexible single jack nozzle were researched. The profile control in nozzle flexible plate design was studied with a rigid-flexible coupling method. Design and calculations were performed with the help of numerical simulation. The technique of axial free stretching of the flexible plate was used to improve the matching performance between the designed elasticity profile and the theoretical one, and the rigid-flexible coupling structure was calibrated by wind tunnel tests. Results indicate that the flexible plate aerodynamic design method used here is effective and feasible. Via rigidflexible coupling design, the flexible plate agrees with the rigid body very well, and continuous Mach number changes can be achieved during the tests. The nozzle’s exit flow-field uniformity meets the requirements of China Military Standard(GJB).
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,Grant No.2014CB046205)
文摘Tower, Spar platform and mooring system are designed in the project based on a given 6-MW wind turbine. Under wind-induced only, wave-induced only and combined wind and wave induced loads, dynamic response is analyzed for a 6-MW Spar-type floating offshore wind turbine （FOWT） under operating conditions and parked conditions respectively. Comparison with a platform-fixed system （land-based system） ofa 6-MW wind turbine is carried out as well. Results demonstrate that the maximal out-of-plane deflection of the blade of a Spar-type system is 3.1% larger than that of a land-based system; the maximum response value of the nacelle acceleration is 215% larger for all the designed load cases being considered; the ultimate tower base fore-aft bending moment of the Spar-type system is 92% larger than that of the land-based system in all of the Design Load Cases （DLCs） being considered; the fluctuations of the mooring tension is mainly wave-induced, and the safety factor of the mooring tension is adequate for the 6-MW FOWT. The results can provide relevant modifications to the initial design for the Spar-type system, the detailed design and model basin test of the 6-MW Spar-type system.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51601011,51874023,U1860206)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesRecruitment Program of Global Experts。
文摘Cylindrical Al-Zn-Mg alloys were processed by electroplastic compression with forced air cooling.Compared to a simple compression process,an unequal intensity of {110} <111> was obtained,and other textures were eliminated by electroplastic compression,that is,electroplastic compression can promote a uniform texture.The various textures formed in different regions along the radial direction under a simple compression process were illuminated by analyzing the relationship between the crystal rotation and stress state.Furthermore,the interaction between the electrons and dislocations was studied in electroplastic compression.The electrons enhanced {110} <111> by promoting slipping of the dislocations when the Burgers vectors of the dislocations were parallel to the drift direction of the electrons.However,the electrons also inhibited crystal rotation by pinning the dislocations with the Burgers vectors perpendicular to the drift direction of the electrons.Therefore,textures other than {110} <111>have difficulty forming under electroplastic compression.The effect of the current energy on the texture(enhancement or attenuation) was in accordance with the law of conservation.The results provided reasonable explanations for the test phenomena.
文摘The exploration for renewable and clean energies has become crucial due to environmental issues such as global warming and the energy crisis. In recent years,floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs) have attracted a considerable amount of attention as a means to exploit steady and strong wind sources available in deep-sea areas. In this study, the coupled aero-hydrodynamic characteristics of a spar-type 5-MW wind turbine are analyzed. An unsteady actuator line model(UALM) coupled with a twophase computational fluid dynamics solver naoe-FOAM-SJTU is applied to solve three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes equations. Simulations with different complexities are performed. First, the wind turbine is parked. Second, the impact of the wind turbine is simplified into equivalent forces and moments. Third, fully coupled dynamic analysis with wind and wave excitation is conducted by utilizing the UALM. From the simulation, aerodynamic forces, including the unsteady aerodynamic power and thrust, can be obtained, and hydrodynamic responses such as the six-degrees-of-freedom motions of the floating platform and the mooring tensions are also available. The coupled responses of the FOWT for cases of different complexities are analyzed based on the simulation results. Findings indicate that the coupling effects between the aerodynamics of the wind turbine and the hydrodynamics of the floating platform are obvious. The aerodynamic loads have a significant effect on the dynamic responses of the floating platform, and the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine has highly unsteady characteristics due to the motions of the floating platform. A spar-type FOWT consisting of NREL-5-MW baseline wind turbine and OC3-Hywind platform system is investigated. The aerodynamic forces can be obtained by the UALM. The 6 DoF motions and mooring tensions are predicted by the naoe-FOAM-SJTU. To research the coupling effects between the aerodynamics of the wind turbine and the hydrodynamics of the floating platform, simulations with different complexities are performed. Fully coupled aero-hydrodynamic characteristics of FOWTs, including aerodynamic loads, wake vortex, motion responses, and mooring tensions, are compared and analyzed.
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,Grant No.2014CB046205)
文摘This paper presents a coupled dynamic response analysis of a multi-column tension-leg-type floating wind turbine（Wind Star TLP system） under normal operation and parked conditions. Wind-only load cases, wave-only load cases and combined wind and wave load cases were analyzed separately for the Wind Star TLP system to identify the dominant excitation loads. Comparisons between an NREL offshore 5-MW baseline wind turbine installed on land and the Wind Star TLP system were performed. Statistics of selected response variables in specified design load cases（DLCs） were obtained and analyzed. It is found that the proposed Wind Star TLP system has small dynamic responses to environmental loads and it thus has almost the same mean generator power output under operating conditions as the land-based system. The tension mooring system has a sufficient safety factor, and the minimum tendon tension is always positive in all selected DLCs. The ratio of ultimate load of the tower base fore-aft bending moment for the Wind Star TLP system versus the land-based system can be as high as 1.9 in all of the DLCs considered. These results will help elucidate the dynamic characteristics of the proposed Wind Star TLP system, identify the difference in load effect between it and land-based systems, and thus make relevant modifications to the initial design for the Wind Star TLP system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11372257 and 11601007)Sichuan Provincial Project for Young Research Group of Scientific and Technological Innovations(2013)+1 种基金the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.1708085QA17)Pre-research Project Funds of Anhui University of Science and Technology(No.2016yz007)
文摘This paper presents the analysis of dynamic characteristics of horizontal axis wind turbine blade, where the mode coupling among axial extension, flap vibration （out-of-plane bend- ing）, lead/lag vibration （in-plane bending） and torsion is emphasized. By using the Bernoulli-Euler beam to describe the slender blade which is mounted on rigid hub and subjected to unsteady aero- dynamic force, the governing equation and characteristic equation of the coupled vibration of the blade are obtained. Due to the combined influences of mode coupling, centrifugal effect, and the non-uniform distribution of mass and stiffness, the explicit solution of characteristic equation is impossible to obtain. An equivalent transformation based on Green＇s functions is taken for the characteristic equation, and then a system of integrodifferential equations is derived. The nu- merical difference methods are adopted to solve the integrodifferential equations to get natural frequencies and mode shapes. The influences of mode coupling, centrifugal effect, and rotational speed on natural frequencies and mode shapes are analyzed. Results show that： （1） the influence of bending-torsion coupling on natural frequency is tiny; （2） rotation has dramatic influence on bending frequency but little influence on torsion frequency; （3） the influence of bending-bending coupling on dynamic characteristics is notable at high rotational speed; （4） the effect of rotational speed on bending mode is tiny.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41574146, 41774162, 42074187)the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFC1503506)+1 种基金the Excellent Youth Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. 2019CFA054)the Foundation of the National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment (No. 20200101)。
文摘This paper briefly reviews ionospheric irregularities that occur in the E and F regions at mid-latitudes. Sporadic E(ES) is a common ionospheric irregularity phenomenon that is first noticed in the E layer. ES mainly appears during daytime in summer hemispheres, and is formed primarily from neutral wind shear in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere(MLT) region. Field-aligned irregularity(FAI) in the E region is also observed by Very High Frequency(VHF) radar in mid-latitude regions. FAI frequently occurs after sunset in summer hemispheres, and spectrum features of E region FAI echoes suggest that type-2 irregularity is dominant in the nighttime ionosphere. A close relationship between ES and E region FAI implies that ES may be a possible source of E region FAI in the nighttime ionosphere. Strong neutral wind shear, steep ES plasma density gradient, and a polarized electric field are the significant factors affecting the formation of E region FAI. At mid-latitudes, joint observational experiments including ionosonde, VHF radar, Global Positioning System(GPS) stations, and all-sky optical images have revealed strong connections across different scales of ionospheric irregularities in the nighttime F region, such as spread F(SF), medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances(MSTID), and F region FAI.Observations suggest that different scales of ionospheric irregularities are generally attributed to the Perkins instability and subsequently excited gradient drift instability. Nighttime MSTID can further evolve into small-scale structures through a nonlinear cascade process when a steep plasma density gradient exists at the bottom of the F region. In addition, the effect of ionospheric electrodynamic coupling processes, including ionospheric E-F coupling and inter-hemispheric coupling on the generation of ionospheric irregularities, becomes more prominent due to the significant dip angle and equipotentiality of magnetic field lines in the mid-latitude ionosphere. Polarized electric fields can map to different ionospheric regions and excite plasma instabilities which form ionospheric irregularities. Nevertheless,the mapping efficiency of a polarized electric field depends on the ionospheric background and spatial scale of the field.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LHZ21E090003)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52171279)+1 种基金Zhoushan Science&Technology Project(Grant No.2021C21002)supported by CNPq(Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico,Grant No.301474/2017-6).
文摘In this study,the frequency characteristics of the turbulent wind and the effects of wind-wave coupling on the low-and high-frequency responses of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines(FOWT)are investigated.Various wave load components,such as first-order wave loads,combined first-and second-order difference-frequency wave loads,combined first-and second-order sum-frequency wave loads,and first-and complete second-order wave loads are taken into consideration,while different turbulent environments are considered in aerodynamic loads.The com-parison is based on time histories and frequency spectra of platform motions and structural load responses and statistical values.The findings indicate that the second-order difference-frequency wave loads will significantly increase the natural frequency of low-frequency motion in the responses of the platform motion and structure load of the semi-submersible platform,which will cause structural fatigue damage.Under the action of turbulent wind,the influences of second-order wave loads on the platform motion and structural load response cannot be ignored,especially under extreme sea conditions.Therefore,in order to evaluate the dynamic responses of semi-submersible FOWT more accurately,the actual environment should be simulated more realistically.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China (40275016)Science and Technology DevelopmentProject for the Shanghai Meteorological Bureau (0301)
文摘With simultaneous observed sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA）, the difference between NCEP/NCAR 925hPa reanalysis wind stress anomaly （NCEPWSA） and FSU wind stress anomaly （FSUWSA） is analyzed, and the prediction abilities of Zebiak-Cane coupled ocean-atmosphere model （ZC coupled model） with NCEPWSA and FSUWSA serving respectively as initialization wind are compared. The results are as follows. The distribution feature of NCEPWSA matches better with that of the observed SSTA than counterpart of FSUWSA both in 1980s and in 1990s; The ZC ocean model has a better skill under the forcing of NCEPWSA than that of FSUWSA, especially in 1990s. Meanwhile, the forecast abilities of the ZC coupled model in 1990s as well as in 1980s have been improved employing NCEPWSA as initialization wind instead of FSUWSA. Particularly, it succeeded in predicting 1997/1998 E1 Nino 6 to 8 months ahead, further analysis shows that on the antecedent and onset stages of the 1997/1998 E1 Nino event, the horizontal cold and warm distribution characteristics of the simulated SSTA from ZC ocean model, with NCEPWSA forcing compared to FSUWSA forcing, match better with counterparts of the corresponding observed SSTA, whereby providing better predication initialization conditions for ZC coupled model, which, in turn, is favorable to improve the forecast ability of the coupled model.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos.2012CB955603 and 2013CB956201)by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant Nos.40830106,40906003,41130859,and 41276002)
文摘In this study, dynamic linkage of atmosphere-ocean coupling between the North Pacific and the tropical Pacific was demonstrated using a large number of ensemble perturbed initial condition experiments in a fully coupled fast ocean-atmosphere model （FOAM）. In the FOAM model, an idealized mixed layer warming was initiated in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension region, while the ocean and atmosphere remained fully coupled both locally and elsewhere. The modeling results show that the warm anomalies are associated with anomalous cyclonic winds, which induce initial warming anomalies extending downstream in the following winter. Then, the downstream warming spreads southwestward and induces SST warming in the equatorial Pacific via surface wind-evaporation-SST feedback. Warming in the tropical Pacific is further reinforced by Bjerknes＇ feedback.
