This study was undertaken to examine which factors contributed to the correction of crowding in two patients who underwent nonextraction orthodontic treatment. A study model analysis was conducted to determine the eff...This study was undertaken to examine which factors contributed to the correction of crowding in two patients who underwent nonextraction orthodontic treatment. A study model analysis was conducted to determine the effects of the orthodontic treatment for crowding with high canines on crown angulation and dental arch width in two patients. The results showed that the crown angulation was significantly increased, indicating distal tipping in the maxillary dental arch. This tendency was most commonly observed in the premolars among the lateral teeth. With respect to the dental arch width, the largest change was evident in the first molar and first premolar regions in cases 1 and 2, respectively. On the basis of these results, up-righting of mesially tipped lateral teeth and expansion of narrow dental arches could prove to be the keys to the success of space regaining or correction of high canines and mild crowding.展开更多
Research works on width compensation and correction were carried out in order to eliminate the effects of the PVPC （ plan view pattern control） on width accuracy of plate mill. The thickness correction calculation f...Research works on width compensation and correction were carried out in order to eliminate the effects of the PVPC （ plan view pattern control） on width accuracy of plate mill. The thickness correction calculation formula was derived for compensation the width deviation caused by PVPC function, and the formula is unified under the thinning and thickening conditions. In order to improve the width calculation accuracy, width spread calculation process was modified with dividing one large reduction pass to several small reduction calculation steps. The thickness wedge was simplified to rectangle based on the volume constant principle, and the width spread model for PVPC was constructed. The width compensation and correction for the PVPC functions are used for the online control process, and the Product dimension accuracy is improved. With the decrease of Crop losses, the Droduct yield was increased with 0. 2%.展开更多
Convenient and effective methods to determine seasonal changes in individual leaf area (LA) and leaf mass (LM) of plants are useful in research on plant physiology and forest ecology. However, practical methods for es...Convenient and effective methods to determine seasonal changes in individual leaf area (LA) and leaf mass (LM) of plants are useful in research on plant physiology and forest ecology. However, practical methods for estimating LA and LM of elm (Ulmus japonica) leaves in different periods have rarely been reported. We collected sample elm leaves in June, July and September. Then, we developed allometric models relating LA, LM and leaf parameters, such as leaf length (L) and width (W) or the product of L and W (LW). Our objective was to find optimal allometric models for conveniently and effectively estimating LA and LM of elm leaves in different periods. LA and LM were significantly correlated with leaf parameters (P < 0.05), and allometric models with LW as an independent variable were best for estimating LA and LM in each period. A linear model was separately developed to predict LA of elm leaves in June, July and September, and it yielded high accuracies of 93, 96 and 96%, respectively. Similarly, a specific allometric model for predicting LM was developed separately in three periods, and the optimal model form in both June and July was a power model, but the linear model was optimal for September. The accuracies of the allometric models in predicting LM were 88, 83 and 84% for June, July and September, respectively. The error caused by ignoring seasonal variation of allometric models in predicting LA and LM in the three periods were 1-4 and 16-59%, respectively.展开更多
An improved social force model based on exit selection is proposed to simulate pedestrians' microscopic behaviors in subway station. The modification lies in considering three factors of spatial distance, occupant...An improved social force model based on exit selection is proposed to simulate pedestrians' microscopic behaviors in subway station. The modification lies in considering three factors of spatial distance, occupant density and exit width. In addition, the problem of pedestrians selecting exit frequently is solved as follows: not changing to other exits in the affected area of one exit, using the probability of remaining preceding exit and invoking function of exit selection after several simulation steps. Pedestrians in subway station have some special characteristics, such as explicit destinations, different familiarities with subway station. Finally, Beijing Zoo Subway Station is taken as an example and the feasibility of the model results is verified through the comparison of the actual data and simulation data. The simulation results show that the improved model can depict the microscopic behaviors of pedestrians in subway station.展开更多
Determining the width of an induced hydraulic fracture is the first step for applying wellbore strengthening and hydraulic fracturing techniques. However, current 2-D analytical solutions obtained from the plane strai...Determining the width of an induced hydraulic fracture is the first step for applying wellbore strengthening and hydraulic fracturing techniques. However, current 2-D analytical solutions obtained from the plane strain assumption may have large uncertainties when the fracture height is small. To solve this problem, a 3-D finite element method(FEM) is used to model wellbore strengthening and calculate the fracture width. Comparisons show that the 2-D plane strain solution is the asymptote of the 3-D FEM solution. Therefore, the 2-D solution may overestimate the fracture width. This indicates that the2-D solution may not be applicable in 3-D conditions. Based on the FEM modeling, a new 3-D semi-analytical solution for determining the fracture width is proposed, which accounts for the e ects of 3-D fracture dimensions, stress anisotropy and borehole inclination. Compared to the 2-D solution, this new 3-D semi-analytical solution predicts a smaller fracture width.This implies that the 2-D-based old design for wellbore strengthening may overestimate the fracture width, which can be reduced using the proposed 3-D solution. It also allows an easy way to calculate the fracture width in complex geometrical and geological conditions. This solution has been verified against 3-D finite element calculations for field applications.展开更多
Regional tree-ring width chronology of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was constructed from 8 sites in the forest-steppe belt situated in the foothills of the Selenga River basin, Russia. Moisture information con...Regional tree-ring width chronology of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was constructed from 8 sites in the forest-steppe belt situated in the foothills of the Selenga River basin, Russia. Moisture information contained in tree-ring width chronology was obtained through linear regression reconstruction models of annual August–July precipitation and annual water discharge of the Selenga River during the period 1767–2015. Comparison of the smoothed series allowed estimating long-term variation component of these moisture regime parameters with a high precision. At the same time, regional drought indices are less correlated with pine radial growth, because they have contribution of the other environmental variables, which are much less reflected in the tree-ring of the investigated pine forest stands. Reconstructed dynamic of the moisture regime parameters is supported by documental evident of many socially significant events in the regional history, such as crop failures caused by both droughts and floods, and catastrophic fire in the Irkutsk City in 1879. Also, dependence of the amount of precipitation in the study area on the atmospheric circulation in Central Asia is revealed to have a similar pattern with other regions, i.e., a negative relationship of precipitation with the development of large high atmospheric pressure area within its center in the Altai and Tianshan mountains.展开更多
We study a general framework for assessing the injury probability corresponding to an input dose quantity. In many applications, the true value of input dose may not be directly measurable. Instead, the input dose is ...We study a general framework for assessing the injury probability corresponding to an input dose quantity. In many applications, the true value of input dose may not be directly measurable. Instead, the input dose is estimated from measurable/controllable quantities via numerical simulations using assumed representative parameter values. We aim at developing a simple modeling framework for accommodating all uncertainties, including the discrepancy between the estimated input dose and the true input dose. We first interpret the widely used logistic dose-injury model as the result of dose propagation uncertainty from input dose to target dose at the active site for injury where the binary outcome is completely determined by the target dose. We specify the symmetric logistic dose-injury function using two shape parameters: the median injury dose and the 10 - 90 percentile width. We relate the two shape parameters of injury function to the mean and standard deviation of the dose propagation uncertainty. We find 1) a larger total uncertainty will spread more the dose-response function, increasing the 10 - 90 percentile width and 2) a systematic over-estimate of the input dose will shift the injury probability toward the right along the estimated input dose. This framework provides a way of revising an established injury model for a particular test population to predict the injury model for a new population with different distributions of parameters that affect the dose propagation and dose estimation. In addition to modeling dose propagation uncertainty, we propose a new 3-parameter model to include the skewness of injury function. The proposed 3-parameter function form is based on shifted log-normal distribution of dose propagation uncertainty and is approximately invariant when other uncertainties are added. The proposed 3-parameter function form provides a framework for extending skewed injury model from a test population to a target population in application.展开更多
The paper mainly focuses on the digital pulse width modulation (DPWM) control techniques for high performance power electronic circuit design. The problem to be solved in this study addresses the DPWM converter design...The paper mainly focuses on the digital pulse width modulation (DPWM) control techniques for high performance power electronic circuit design. The problem to be solved in this study addresses the DPWM converter design for DC to DC conversion process. The control techniques have been utilized the Fuzzy Logic Rules Base method for proposed SIMULINK model of high performance power electronic circuit. The analytical calculations for real circuit design have been completed based on the mathematical modeling of the system. The results from the developed SIMULINK model confirm the target specifications of the high performance condition for power electronic circuit which was met the objective of this study. The numerical results have been carried out with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK.展开更多
The restriction width of carcass by the belts( RWCB) as an important parameter of radial tire design has been neglected for a long time. In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of tire profile design,the calcu...The restriction width of carcass by the belts( RWCB) as an important parameter of radial tire design has been neglected for a long time. In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of tire profile design,the calculating method of RWCB is proposed. The equilibrium profile is calculated by geometric model and variational approach,based on it,the predicted model of RWCB is developed for tire design. Finally,four different designs of 12R22.5 tires are investigated by experiment and finite element method,which is used to validate the accuracy of the theoretical method. Results indicate that experimental and finite element analysis results are found to be in good agreement with theoretical results; linear relationships are existed between the cord length and RWCB,and also existed between the position of belt and RWCB; tires designed by the methods have smaller and more uniform displacement,so the method can be used for tire optimized design.展开更多
AIM：To determine the Bruch＇s membrane opening-minimum rim width（BMO-MRW） tipping point where corresponding visual field（VF） damages become detectable.METHODS：A total of 85 normal subjects and 83 glaucoma patie...AIM：To determine the Bruch＇s membrane opening-minimum rim width（BMO-MRW） tipping point where corresponding visual field（VF） damages become detectable.METHODS：A total of 85 normal subjects and 83 glaucoma patients（one eye per participant） were recruited for the study.All of the patients had VF examinations and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography to measure the BMO-MRW.Total deviation values for 52 VF points were allocated to the corresponding sector according to the Garway-Heath distribution map.To evaluate the relationship between VF loss and BMOMRW measurements,a ＂broken-stick＂ statistical model was used.The tipping point where the VF values started to sharply decrease as a function of BMO-MRW measurements was estimated and the slopes above and below this tipping point were compared.RESULTS：A 25.9% global BMO-MRW loss from normative value was required for the VF loss to be detectable.Sectorally,substantial BMO-MRW thinning in inferotemporal sector（33.1%） and relatively less BMO-MRW thinning in the superotemporal sector（8.9%） were necessary for the detection of the VF loss.Beyond the tipping point,the slopes were close to zero throughout all of the sectors and the VF loss was unrelated to the BMO-MRW loss.The VF loss was related to the BMO-MRW loss below the tipping point.The difference between the two slopes was statistically significant（P≤0.002）.CONCLUSION：Substantial BMO-MRW loss appears to be necessary for VF loss to be detectable in patients with open angle glaucoma with standard achromatic perimetry.展开更多
This paper presents a new transformer based multilevel inverter, with a novel pulse width modulation scheme to achieve seven-level inverter output voltage. The proposed inverter switching pattern consists of three fun...This paper presents a new transformer based multilevel inverter, with a novel pulse width modulation scheme to achieve seven-level inverter output voltage. The proposed inverter switching pattern consists of three fundamental frequency sinusoidal reference signals with an offset value, and one high frequency triangular carrier signal. This switching scheme has been implemented using an 8-bit Xilinx SPARTAN-3E field programmable gate array based controller. In addition, the state space model of the proposed inverter is developed. The significant features of the proposed topology are: reduction of the power switch count and the gate drive power supply unit, the provision of a galvanic isolation between load and sources by a centre tap transformer. An exhaustive comparison has been made of the existing multilevel inverter topologies and the proposed topology. The performances of the proposed topology with resistive, resistive-inductive loads are simulated in a MATLAB environment and validated experimentally on a laboratory prototype.展开更多
文摘This study was undertaken to examine which factors contributed to the correction of crowding in two patients who underwent nonextraction orthodontic treatment. A study model analysis was conducted to determine the effects of the orthodontic treatment for crowding with high canines on crown angulation and dental arch width in two patients. The results showed that the crown angulation was significantly increased, indicating distal tipping in the maxillary dental arch. This tendency was most commonly observed in the premolars among the lateral teeth. With respect to the dental arch width, the largest change was evident in the first molar and first premolar regions in cases 1 and 2, respectively. On the basis of these results, up-righting of mesially tipped lateral teeth and expansion of narrow dental arches could prove to be the keys to the success of space regaining or correction of high canines and mild crowding.
基金Sponsored by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.N120407007)
文摘Research works on width compensation and correction were carried out in order to eliminate the effects of the PVPC （ plan view pattern control） on width accuracy of plate mill. The thickness correction calculation formula was derived for compensation the width deviation caused by PVPC function, and the formula is unified under the thinning and thickening conditions. In order to improve the width calculation accuracy, width spread calculation process was modified with dividing one large reduction pass to several small reduction calculation steps. The thickness wedge was simplified to rectangle based on the volume constant principle, and the width spread model for PVPC was constructed. The width compensation and correction for the PVPC functions are used for the online control process, and the Product dimension accuracy is improved. With the decrease of Crop losses, the Droduct yield was increased with 0. 2%.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31600587)
文摘Convenient and effective methods to determine seasonal changes in individual leaf area (LA) and leaf mass (LM) of plants are useful in research on plant physiology and forest ecology. However, practical methods for estimating LA and LM of elm (Ulmus japonica) leaves in different periods have rarely been reported. We collected sample elm leaves in June, July and September. Then, we developed allometric models relating LA, LM and leaf parameters, such as leaf length (L) and width (W) or the product of L and W (LW). Our objective was to find optimal allometric models for conveniently and effectively estimating LA and LM of elm leaves in different periods. LA and LM were significantly correlated with leaf parameters (P < 0.05), and allometric models with LW as an independent variable were best for estimating LA and LM in each period. A linear model was separately developed to predict LA of elm leaves in June, July and September, and it yielded high accuracies of 93, 96 and 96%, respectively. Similarly, a specific allometric model for predicting LM was developed separately in three periods, and the optimal model form in both June and July was a power model, but the linear model was optimal for September. The accuracies of the allometric models in predicting LM were 88, 83 and 84% for June, July and September, respectively. The error caused by ignoring seasonal variation of allometric models in predicting LA and LM in the three periods were 1-4 and 16-59%, respectively.
基金Project(T14JB00200)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesChina+2 种基金Projects(RCS2012ZZ002RCS2012ZT003)supported by the State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and SafetyChina
文摘An improved social force model based on exit selection is proposed to simulate pedestrians' microscopic behaviors in subway station. The modification lies in considering three factors of spatial distance, occupant density and exit width. In addition, the problem of pedestrians selecting exit frequently is solved as follows: not changing to other exits in the affected area of one exit, using the probability of remaining preceding exit and invoking function of exit selection after several simulation steps. Pedestrians in subway station have some special characteristics, such as explicit destinations, different familiarities with subway station. Finally, Beijing Zoo Subway Station is taken as an example and the feasibility of the model results is verified through the comparison of the actual data and simulation data. The simulation results show that the improved model can depict the microscopic behaviors of pedestrians in subway station.
基金partially supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC0804108) during the 13th Five-Year Plan PeriodNational Science Foundation of China (51774136)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China (D2017508099)the Program for Innovative Research Team in the University sponsored by Ministry of Education of China (IRT-17R37)
文摘Determining the width of an induced hydraulic fracture is the first step for applying wellbore strengthening and hydraulic fracturing techniques. However, current 2-D analytical solutions obtained from the plane strain assumption may have large uncertainties when the fracture height is small. To solve this problem, a 3-D finite element method(FEM) is used to model wellbore strengthening and calculate the fracture width. Comparisons show that the 2-D plane strain solution is the asymptote of the 3-D FEM solution. Therefore, the 2-D solution may overestimate the fracture width. This indicates that the2-D solution may not be applicable in 3-D conditions. Based on the FEM modeling, a new 3-D semi-analytical solution for determining the fracture width is proposed, which accounts for the e ects of 3-D fracture dimensions, stress anisotropy and borehole inclination. Compared to the 2-D solution, this new 3-D semi-analytical solution predicts a smaller fracture width.This implies that the 2-D-based old design for wellbore strengthening may overestimate the fracture width, which can be reduced using the proposed 3-D solution. It also allows an easy way to calculate the fracture width in complex geometrical and geological conditions. This solution has been verified against 3-D finite element calculations for field applications.
基金funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (17-04-00315)the Russian Science Foundation (14-14-00219)
文摘Regional tree-ring width chronology of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was constructed from 8 sites in the forest-steppe belt situated in the foothills of the Selenga River basin, Russia. Moisture information contained in tree-ring width chronology was obtained through linear regression reconstruction models of annual August–July precipitation and annual water discharge of the Selenga River during the period 1767–2015. Comparison of the smoothed series allowed estimating long-term variation component of these moisture regime parameters with a high precision. At the same time, regional drought indices are less correlated with pine radial growth, because they have contribution of the other environmental variables, which are much less reflected in the tree-ring of the investigated pine forest stands. Reconstructed dynamic of the moisture regime parameters is supported by documental evident of many socially significant events in the regional history, such as crop failures caused by both droughts and floods, and catastrophic fire in the Irkutsk City in 1879. Also, dependence of the amount of precipitation in the study area on the atmospheric circulation in Central Asia is revealed to have a similar pattern with other regions, i.e., a negative relationship of precipitation with the development of large high atmospheric pressure area within its center in the Altai and Tianshan mountains.
文摘We study a general framework for assessing the injury probability corresponding to an input dose quantity. In many applications, the true value of input dose may not be directly measurable. Instead, the input dose is estimated from measurable/controllable quantities via numerical simulations using assumed representative parameter values. We aim at developing a simple modeling framework for accommodating all uncertainties, including the discrepancy between the estimated input dose and the true input dose. We first interpret the widely used logistic dose-injury model as the result of dose propagation uncertainty from input dose to target dose at the active site for injury where the binary outcome is completely determined by the target dose. We specify the symmetric logistic dose-injury function using two shape parameters: the median injury dose and the 10 - 90 percentile width. We relate the two shape parameters of injury function to the mean and standard deviation of the dose propagation uncertainty. We find 1) a larger total uncertainty will spread more the dose-response function, increasing the 10 - 90 percentile width and 2) a systematic over-estimate of the input dose will shift the injury probability toward the right along the estimated input dose. This framework provides a way of revising an established injury model for a particular test population to predict the injury model for a new population with different distributions of parameters that affect the dose propagation and dose estimation. In addition to modeling dose propagation uncertainty, we propose a new 3-parameter model to include the skewness of injury function. The proposed 3-parameter function form is based on shifted log-normal distribution of dose propagation uncertainty and is approximately invariant when other uncertainties are added. The proposed 3-parameter function form provides a framework for extending skewed injury model from a test population to a target population in application.
文摘The paper mainly focuses on the digital pulse width modulation (DPWM) control techniques for high performance power electronic circuit design. The problem to be solved in this study addresses the DPWM converter design for DC to DC conversion process. The control techniques have been utilized the Fuzzy Logic Rules Base method for proposed SIMULINK model of high performance power electronic circuit. The analytical calculations for real circuit design have been completed based on the mathematical modeling of the system. The results from the developed SIMULINK model confirm the target specifications of the high performance condition for power electronic circuit which was met the objective of this study. The numerical results have been carried out with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11272105)the Joint Construction Project of HIT and Weihai(Grant No.2013DXGJ02)the Natural Scientific Research Innovation Foundation in Harbin Institute of Technology(Grant No.HIT.NSRIF.2015109)
文摘The restriction width of carcass by the belts( RWCB) as an important parameter of radial tire design has been neglected for a long time. In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of tire profile design,the calculating method of RWCB is proposed. The equilibrium profile is calculated by geometric model and variational approach,based on it,the predicted model of RWCB is developed for tire design. Finally,four different designs of 12R22.5 tires are investigated by experiment and finite element method,which is used to validate the accuracy of the theoretical method. Results indicate that experimental and finite element analysis results are found to be in good agreement with theoretical results; linear relationships are existed between the cord length and RWCB,and also existed between the position of belt and RWCB; tires designed by the methods have smaller and more uniform displacement,so the method can be used for tire optimized design.
文摘AIM：To determine the Bruch＇s membrane opening-minimum rim width（BMO-MRW） tipping point where corresponding visual field（VF） damages become detectable.METHODS：A total of 85 normal subjects and 83 glaucoma patients（one eye per participant） were recruited for the study.All of the patients had VF examinations and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography to measure the BMO-MRW.Total deviation values for 52 VF points were allocated to the corresponding sector according to the Garway-Heath distribution map.To evaluate the relationship between VF loss and BMOMRW measurements,a ＂broken-stick＂ statistical model was used.The tipping point where the VF values started to sharply decrease as a function of BMO-MRW measurements was estimated and the slopes above and below this tipping point were compared.RESULTS：A 25.9% global BMO-MRW loss from normative value was required for the VF loss to be detectable.Sectorally,substantial BMO-MRW thinning in inferotemporal sector（33.1%） and relatively less BMO-MRW thinning in the superotemporal sector（8.9%） were necessary for the detection of the VF loss.Beyond the tipping point,the slopes were close to zero throughout all of the sectors and the VF loss was unrelated to the BMO-MRW loss.The VF loss was related to the BMO-MRW loss below the tipping point.The difference between the two slopes was statistically significant（P≤0.002）.CONCLUSION：Substantial BMO-MRW loss appears to be necessary for VF loss to be detectable in patients with open angle glaucoma with standard achromatic perimetry.
文摘This paper presents a new transformer based multilevel inverter, with a novel pulse width modulation scheme to achieve seven-level inverter output voltage. The proposed inverter switching pattern consists of three fundamental frequency sinusoidal reference signals with an offset value, and one high frequency triangular carrier signal. This switching scheme has been implemented using an 8-bit Xilinx SPARTAN-3E field programmable gate array based controller. In addition, the state space model of the proposed inverter is developed. The significant features of the proposed topology are: reduction of the power switch count and the gate drive power supply unit, the provision of a galvanic isolation between load and sources by a centre tap transformer. An exhaustive comparison has been made of the existing multilevel inverter topologies and the proposed topology. The performances of the proposed topology with resistive, resistive-inductive loads are simulated in a MATLAB environment and validated experimentally on a laboratory prototype.
