As a combination of edge computing and artificial intelligence,edge intelligence has become a promising technique and provided its users with a series of fast,precise,and customized services.In edge intelligence,when ...As a combination of edge computing and artificial intelligence,edge intelligence has become a promising technique and provided its users with a series of fast,precise,and customized services.In edge intelligence,when learning agents are deployed on the edge side,the data aggregation from the end side to the designated edge devices is an important research topic.Considering the various importance of end devices,this paper studies the weighted data aggregation problem in a single hop end-to-edge communication network.Firstly,to make sure all the end devices with various weights are fairly treated in data aggregation,a distributed end-to-edge cooperative scheme is proposed.Then,to handle the massive contention on the wireless channel caused by end devices,a multi-armed bandit(MAB)algorithm is designed to help the end devices find their most appropriate update rates.Diffe-rent from the traditional data aggregation works,combining the MAB enables our algorithm a higher efficiency in data aggregation.With a theoretical analysis,we show that the efficiency of our algorithm is asymptotically optimal.Comparative experiments with previous works are also conducted to show the strength of our algorithm.展开更多
Motivated based on the trigonometric t-norm and t-conorm,the aims of this article are to present the trigonometric t-norm and t-conorm operational laws of SvNNs and then to propose the SvNN trigonometric weighted aver...Motivated based on the trigonometric t-norm and t-conorm,the aims of this article are to present the trigonometric t-norm and t-conorm operational laws of SvNNs and then to propose the SvNN trigonometric weighted average and geometric aggregation operators for the modelling of a multiple criteria decision making(MCDM)technique in an inconsistent and indeterminate circumstance.To realize the aims,this paper first proposes the trigonometric t-norm and t-conorm operational laws of SvNNs,which contain the hybrid operations of the tangent and arctangent functions and the cotangent and inverse cotangent functions,and presents the SvNN trigonometric weighted average and geometric operators and their properties.Next,an MCDM technique is proposed in view of the presented two aggregation operators in the circumstance of SvNNs.In the end,an actual case of the choice issue of slope treatment schemes is provided to indicate the practicability and effectivity of the proposed MCDM technique.展开更多
An adaptive weighted stereo matching algorithm with multilevel and bidirectional dynamic programming based on ground control points （GCPs） is presented. To decrease time complexity without losing matching precision,...An adaptive weighted stereo matching algorithm with multilevel and bidirectional dynamic programming based on ground control points （GCPs） is presented. To decrease time complexity without losing matching precision, using a multilevel search scheme, the coarse matching is processed in typical disparity space image, while the fine matching is processed in disparity-offset space image. In the upper level, GCPs are obtained by enhanced volumetric iterative algorithm enforcing the mutual constraint and the threshold constraint. Under the supervision of the highly reliable GCPs, bidirectional dynamic programming framework is employed to solve the inconsistency in the optimization path. In the lower level, to reduce running time, disparity-offset space is proposed to efficiently achieve the dense disparity image. In addition, an adaptive dual support-weight strategy is presented to aggregate matching cost, which considers photometric and geometric information. Further, post-processing algorithm can ameliorate disparity results in areas with depth discontinuities and related by occlusions using dual threshold algorithm, where missing stereo information is substituted from surrounding regions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm, we present the two groups of experimental results for four widely used standard stereo data sets, including discussion on performance and comparison with other methods, which show that the algorithm has not only a fast speed, but also significantly improves the efficiency of holistic optimization.展开更多
Based on the quantifier guided method,an ordered weighted averaging(OWA)weights generating method under given orness level with regular increasing monotone(RIM)quantifiers is proposed.Then the RIM quantifier based OWA...Based on the quantifier guided method,an ordered weighted averaging(OWA)weights generating method under given orness level with regular increasing monotone(RIM)quantifiers is proposed.Then the RIM quantifier based OWA weights generating method is modified to make the generated weights be monotonic,which can be used to express the decision maker's consistent preference information.Finally,both of these weights generating methods are extended to their generic forms,so that they can generate the OWA weights for any ordinary elements set with any given aggregated value.展开更多
In this paper, we focus on a new approach based on new generalized hesitant fuzzy hybrid weighted aggregation operators, in which the evaluation information provided by decision makers is expressed in hesitant fuzzy e...In this paper, we focus on a new approach based on new generalized hesitant fuzzy hybrid weighted aggregation operators, in which the evaluation information provided by decision makers is expressed in hesitant fuzzy elements (HFEs) and the information about attribute weights and aggregation-associated vector is unknown. More explicitly, some new generalized hesitant fuzzy hybrid weighted aggregation operators are proposed, such as the new generalized hesitant fuzzy hybrid weighted averaging (NGHFHWA) operator and the new generalized hesitant fuzzy hybrid weighted geometric (NGHFHWG) operator. Some desirable properties and the relationships between them are discussed. Then, a new algorithm for hesitant fuzzy multi-attribute decision making (HF-MADM) problems with unknown weight information is introduced. Further, a practical example is used to illustrate the detailed implementation process of the proposed approach. A sensitivity analysis of the decision results is analyzed with different parameters. Finally, comparative studies are given to verify the advantages of our method.展开更多
The existing concepts of picture fuzzy sets(PFS),spherical fuzzy sets(SFSs),T-spherical fuzzy sets(T-SFSs)and neutrosophic sets(NSs)have numerous applications in decision-making problems,but they have various strict l...The existing concepts of picture fuzzy sets(PFS),spherical fuzzy sets(SFSs),T-spherical fuzzy sets(T-SFSs)and neutrosophic sets(NSs)have numerous applications in decision-making problems,but they have various strict limitations for their satisfaction,dissatisfaction,abstain or refusal grades.To relax these strict constraints,we introduce the concept of spherical linearDiophantine fuzzy sets(SLDFSs)with the inclusion of reference or control parameters.A SLDFSwith parameterizations process is very helpful formodeling uncertainties in themulti-criteria decisionmaking(MCDM)process.SLDFSs can classify a physical systemwith the help of reference parameters.We discuss various real-life applications of SLDFSs towards digital image processing,network systems,vote casting,electrical engineering,medication,and selection of optimal choice.We show some drawbacks of operations of picture fuzzy sets and their corresponding aggregation operators.Some new operations on picture fuzzy sets are also introduced.Some fundamental operations on SLDFSs and different types of score functions of spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy numbers(SLDFNs)are proposed.New aggregation operators named spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy weighted geometric aggregation(SLDFWGA)and spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy weighted average aggregation(SLDFWAA)operators are developed for a robust MCDM approach.An application of the proposed methodology with SLDF information is illustrated.The comparison analysis of the final ranking is also given to demonstrate the validity,feasibility,and efficiency of the proposed MCDM approach.展开更多
The spoofing capability of Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)represents an important confrontational capability for navigation security,and the success of planned missions may depend on the effective evaluation ...The spoofing capability of Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)represents an important confrontational capability for navigation security,and the success of planned missions may depend on the effective evaluation of spoofing capability.However,current evaluation systems face challenges arising from the irrationality of previous weighting methods,inapplicability of the conventional multi-attribute decision-making method and uncertainty existing in evaluation.To solve these difficulties,considering the validity of the obtained results,an evaluation method based on the game aggregated weight model and a joint approach involving the grey relational analysis and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(GRA-TOPSIS)are firstly proposed to determine the optimal scheme.Static and dynamic evaluation results under different schemes are then obtained via a fuzzy comprehensive assessment and an improved dynamic game method,to prioritize the deceptive efficacy of the equipment accurately and make pointed improvement for its core performance.The use of judging indicators,including Spearman rank correlation coefficient and so on,combined with obtained evaluation results,demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method and the optimal scheme by the horizontal comparison of different methods and vertical comparison of evaluation results.Finally,the results of field measurements and simulation tests show that the proposed method can better overcome the difficulties of existing methods and realize the effective evaluation.展开更多
Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of freezing and thawing processes on wet aggregate stability （WAS） of black soil. Wet aggregate stability was determined by different aggregate size ...Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of freezing and thawing processes on wet aggregate stability （WAS） of black soil. Wet aggregate stability was determined by different aggregate size groups, different water contents, various freeze-thaw cycles, and various freezing temperatures. The results showed that, when at suitable water content, aggregate stability was enhanced, aggregate sta-bility will be disrupted when moisture content is too high or too low, especially higher water content. Temperature also had a significant ef-fect, but moisture content determined the suitable freezing temperatures for a given soil. Water-stable aggregate （WSA〉0.5）, the total aggre-gate content, and mean weight diameter decreasing with the freeze-thaw cycles increase, reached to 5 percent significance level. The reason for crumbing aggregates is the water and air conflict, thus raising the hypothesis that water content affects the aggregate stability in the process of freezing and thawing.展开更多
NonorthogonalMultiple Access(NOMA)is incorporated into the wireless network systems to achieve better connectivity,spectral and energy effectiveness,higher data transfer rate,and also obtain the high quality of servic...NonorthogonalMultiple Access(NOMA)is incorporated into the wireless network systems to achieve better connectivity,spectral and energy effectiveness,higher data transfer rate,and also obtain the high quality of services(QoS).In order to improve throughput and minimum latency,aMultivariate Renkonen Regressive Weighted Preference Bootstrap Aggregation based Nonorthogonal Multiple Access(MRRWPBA-NOMA)technique is introduced for network communication.In the downlink transmission,each mobile device’s resources and their characteristics like energy,bandwidth,and trust are measured.Followed by,the Weighted Preference Bootstrap Aggregation is applied to recognize the resource-efficient mobile devices for aware data transmission by constructing the different weak hypotheses i.e.,Multivariate Renkonen Regression functions.Based on the classification,resource and trust-aware devices are selected for transmission.Simulation of the proposed MRRWPBA-NOMA technique and existing methods are carried out with different metrics such as data delivery ratio,throughput,latency,packet loss rate,and energy efficiency,signaling overhead.The simulation results assessment indicates that the proposed MRRWPBA-NOMA outperforms well than the conventional methods.展开更多
A widely-used naphthalenediimide （NDI） based electron acceptor P（NDI2OD-T2） with different number- average molecular weight （Mn） of 38 （N2200L）, 56 （N2200M）, 102 （N2200H） kDa were successfully prepared. Th...A widely-used naphthalenediimide （NDI） based electron acceptor P（NDI2OD-T2） with different number- average molecular weight （Mn） of 38 （N2200L）, 56 （N2200M）, 102 （N2200H） kDa were successfully prepared. The effect of molecular-weight on the performance of all-polymer solar cells based on Poly（5-（5-（4,8- bis（ 5-decylthiophen-2-yl ）-6-methylbenzo[1,2-b： 4,5-b＇]dithophen-2-yl ）thiophen-2-yl ）-6,7-difluoro-8- （5-methylthiophen-2-yl）-2,S-bis（3-（octyloxy）phenyl）quinoxaline） （P2F-DE）：N2200 was systematically investigated. The results reveal that N2200 with increased M. show enhanced intermolecular interac- tions, resulting in improved light absorption and electron mobility. However, the strong aggregation trend of N2200H can cause unfavorable morphology for exciton dissociation and carrier transport. The blend film using N2200 with moderate M. actually develops more ideal phase segregation for efficient charge separation and transport, leading to balanced electron/hole mobility and less carrier recombi- nation. Consequently, all-polymer solar cells employing P2F-DE as the electron donor and N2200M as the electron acceptor show the highest efficiency of 4.81%, outperforming those using N2200L （3,07~;） and N2200H （S,92%）. Thus, the Mn of the polymer acceptor plays an important role in all-polymer solar ceils, which allows it to be an effective parameter for the adjustment of the device morphology and efficiency.展开更多
This paper presents hybrid linguistic expressions and operations for the hybridlinguistic multiple criteria group decision making(MCGDM)issue withidentical and/or different single and interval linguistic term values.F...This paper presents hybrid linguistic expressions and operations for the hybridlinguistic multiple criteria group decision making(MCGDM)issue withidentical and/or different single and interval linguistic term values.First,wepropose a single and interval linguistic term multivalued set/element(SILTMS/SILTME)and develop a consistency measure of SILTMEs based on Shannonentropy to measure the consistency degree of single and interval linguistic termvalues in SILTME.Second,we converse SILTMS/SILTME into an uncertainlinguistic consistency set/element(ULCS/ULCE)in terms of the mean andconsistency measure of SILTMEs to reasonably perform operations betweendifferent information forms/sequence lengths in SILTMSs.Third,we definesome operations of ULCEs and the expected values and sorting rules ofULCEs.Fourth,we present the ULCE weighted mean and geometric operatorsand their characteristics.Finally,we develop a MCGDM model using theweighted mean operation of the two operators and apply it in the mine safetyassessment.展开更多
This self repair system is based upon harmless ground borne bacteria as the self-healing agent.The bacteria are activated after the concrete is cracked and the bacterial spores are exposed to moisture and air.The bact...This self repair system is based upon harmless ground borne bacteria as the self-healing agent.The bacteria are activated after the concrete is cracked and the bacterial spores are exposed to moisture and air.The bacterial reproduction process creates a calcite by-product which fills the cracks in the concrete.By sealing the cracks in concrete,an effective barrier to air or liquid borne deleterious materials are formed and as a consequence of this,enhanced durability is achieved in the structure,result-ing in lower life cycle costs.The concrete/mortar prisms were cracked and tested for water flow.They were then left for 56 days to heal and were subject to a test for water tightness.Healing was observed and a reduced water flow(74%and 32%healed)measured with the healed samples when compared to the specimens that were cracked and subjected to a water flow test without any healing agent.The number of samples were limited and a larger scale test is recommended for further work;however,this is a proof of concept of the process of healing and testing.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(62102232,62122042,61971269)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province Under(ZR2021QF064)。
文摘As a combination of edge computing and artificial intelligence,edge intelligence has become a promising technique and provided its users with a series of fast,precise,and customized services.In edge intelligence,when learning agents are deployed on the edge side,the data aggregation from the end side to the designated edge devices is an important research topic.Considering the various importance of end devices,this paper studies the weighted data aggregation problem in a single hop end-to-edge communication network.Firstly,to make sure all the end devices with various weights are fairly treated in data aggregation,a distributed end-to-edge cooperative scheme is proposed.Then,to handle the massive contention on the wireless channel caused by end devices,a multi-armed bandit(MAB)algorithm is designed to help the end devices find their most appropriate update rates.Diffe-rent from the traditional data aggregation works,combining the MAB enables our algorithm a higher efficiency in data aggregation.With a theoretical analysis,we show that the efficiency of our algorithm is asymptotically optimal.Comparative experiments with previous works are also conducted to show the strength of our algorithm.
文摘Motivated based on the trigonometric t-norm and t-conorm,the aims of this article are to present the trigonometric t-norm and t-conorm operational laws of SvNNs and then to propose the SvNN trigonometric weighted average and geometric aggregation operators for the modelling of a multiple criteria decision making(MCDM)technique in an inconsistent and indeterminate circumstance.To realize the aims,this paper first proposes the trigonometric t-norm and t-conorm operational laws of SvNNs,which contain the hybrid operations of the tangent and arctangent functions and the cotangent and inverse cotangent functions,and presents the SvNN trigonometric weighted average and geometric operators and their properties.Next,an MCDM technique is proposed in view of the presented two aggregation operators in the circumstance of SvNNs.In the end,an actual case of the choice issue of slope treatment schemes is provided to indicate the practicability and effectivity of the proposed MCDM technique.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60605023,60775048)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No.20060141006)
文摘An adaptive weighted stereo matching algorithm with multilevel and bidirectional dynamic programming based on ground control points （GCPs） is presented. To decrease time complexity without losing matching precision, using a multilevel search scheme, the coarse matching is processed in typical disparity space image, while the fine matching is processed in disparity-offset space image. In the upper level, GCPs are obtained by enhanced volumetric iterative algorithm enforcing the mutual constraint and the threshold constraint. Under the supervision of the highly reliable GCPs, bidirectional dynamic programming framework is employed to solve the inconsistency in the optimization path. In the lower level, to reduce running time, disparity-offset space is proposed to efficiently achieve the dense disparity image. In addition, an adaptive dual support-weight strategy is presented to aggregate matching cost, which considers photometric and geometric information. Further, post-processing algorithm can ameliorate disparity results in areas with depth discontinuities and related by occlusions using dual threshold algorithm, where missing stereo information is substituted from surrounding regions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm, we present the two groups of experimental results for four widely used standard stereo data sets, including discussion on performance and comparison with other methods, which show that the algorithm has not only a fast speed, but also significantly improves the efficiency of holistic optimization.
基金The National Key Technology R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period(No.2006BAH02A06)
文摘Based on the quantifier guided method,an ordered weighted averaging(OWA)weights generating method under given orness level with regular increasing monotone(RIM)quantifiers is proposed.Then the RIM quantifier based OWA weights generating method is modified to make the generated weights be monotonic,which can be used to express the decision maker's consistent preference information.Finally,both of these weights generating methods are extended to their generic forms,so that they can generate the OWA weights for any ordinary elements set with any given aggregated value.
文摘In this paper, we focus on a new approach based on new generalized hesitant fuzzy hybrid weighted aggregation operators, in which the evaluation information provided by decision makers is expressed in hesitant fuzzy elements (HFEs) and the information about attribute weights and aggregation-associated vector is unknown. More explicitly, some new generalized hesitant fuzzy hybrid weighted aggregation operators are proposed, such as the new generalized hesitant fuzzy hybrid weighted averaging (NGHFHWA) operator and the new generalized hesitant fuzzy hybrid weighted geometric (NGHFHWG) operator. Some desirable properties and the relationships between them are discussed. Then, a new algorithm for hesitant fuzzy multi-attribute decision making (HF-MADM) problems with unknown weight information is introduced. Further, a practical example is used to illustrate the detailed implementation process of the proposed approach. A sensitivity analysis of the decision results is analyzed with different parameters. Finally, comparative studies are given to verify the advantages of our method.
文摘The existing concepts of picture fuzzy sets(PFS),spherical fuzzy sets(SFSs),T-spherical fuzzy sets(T-SFSs)and neutrosophic sets(NSs)have numerous applications in decision-making problems,but they have various strict limitations for their satisfaction,dissatisfaction,abstain or refusal grades.To relax these strict constraints,we introduce the concept of spherical linearDiophantine fuzzy sets(SLDFSs)with the inclusion of reference or control parameters.A SLDFSwith parameterizations process is very helpful formodeling uncertainties in themulti-criteria decisionmaking(MCDM)process.SLDFSs can classify a physical systemwith the help of reference parameters.We discuss various real-life applications of SLDFSs towards digital image processing,network systems,vote casting,electrical engineering,medication,and selection of optimal choice.We show some drawbacks of operations of picture fuzzy sets and their corresponding aggregation operators.Some new operations on picture fuzzy sets are also introduced.Some fundamental operations on SLDFSs and different types of score functions of spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy numbers(SLDFNs)are proposed.New aggregation operators named spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy weighted geometric aggregation(SLDFWGA)and spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy weighted average aggregation(SLDFWAA)operators are developed for a robust MCDM approach.An application of the proposed methodology with SLDF information is illustrated.The comparison analysis of the final ranking is also given to demonstrate the validity,feasibility,and efficiency of the proposed MCDM approach.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41804035,41374027)。
文摘The spoofing capability of Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)represents an important confrontational capability for navigation security,and the success of planned missions may depend on the effective evaluation of spoofing capability.However,current evaluation systems face challenges arising from the irrationality of previous weighting methods,inapplicability of the conventional multi-attribute decision-making method and uncertainty existing in evaluation.To solve these difficulties,considering the validity of the obtained results,an evaluation method based on the game aggregated weight model and a joint approach involving the grey relational analysis and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(GRA-TOPSIS)are firstly proposed to determine the optimal scheme.Static and dynamic evaluation results under different schemes are then obtained via a fuzzy comprehensive assessment and an improved dynamic game method,to prioritize the deceptive efficacy of the equipment accurately and make pointed improvement for its core performance.The use of judging indicators,including Spearman rank correlation coefficient and so on,combined with obtained evaluation results,demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method and the optimal scheme by the horizontal comparison of different methods and vertical comparison of evaluation results.Finally,the results of field measurements and simulation tests show that the proposed method can better overcome the difficulties of existing methods and realize the effective evaluation.
基金National Basic Research Program of China (2005CB121101, 2005CB121103)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-407)
文摘Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of freezing and thawing processes on wet aggregate stability （WAS） of black soil. Wet aggregate stability was determined by different aggregate size groups, different water contents, various freeze-thaw cycles, and various freezing temperatures. The results showed that, when at suitable water content, aggregate stability was enhanced, aggregate sta-bility will be disrupted when moisture content is too high or too low, especially higher water content. Temperature also had a significant ef-fect, but moisture content determined the suitable freezing temperatures for a given soil. Water-stable aggregate （WSA〉0.5）, the total aggre-gate content, and mean weight diameter decreasing with the freeze-thaw cycles increase, reached to 5 percent significance level. The reason for crumbing aggregates is the water and air conflict, thus raising the hypothesis that water content affects the aggregate stability in the process of freezing and thawing.
基金the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number(TURSP-2020/36),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabiafundedby Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2022R97), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia。
文摘NonorthogonalMultiple Access(NOMA)is incorporated into the wireless network systems to achieve better connectivity,spectral and energy effectiveness,higher data transfer rate,and also obtain the high quality of services(QoS).In order to improve throughput and minimum latency,aMultivariate Renkonen Regressive Weighted Preference Bootstrap Aggregation based Nonorthogonal Multiple Access(MRRWPBA-NOMA)technique is introduced for network communication.In the downlink transmission,each mobile device’s resources and their characteristics like energy,bandwidth,and trust are measured.Followed by,the Weighted Preference Bootstrap Aggregation is applied to recognize the resource-efficient mobile devices for aware data transmission by constructing the different weak hypotheses i.e.,Multivariate Renkonen Regression functions.Based on the classification,resource and trust-aware devices are selected for transmission.Simulation of the proposed MRRWPBA-NOMA technique and existing methods are carried out with different metrics such as data delivery ratio,throughput,latency,packet loss rate,and energy efficiency,signaling overhead.The simulation results assessment indicates that the proposed MRRWPBA-NOMA outperforms well than the conventional methods.
基金was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61176054 and 61222401)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20130311)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant Nos.2014M550302 and 1302015A)the Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology,the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘A widely-used naphthalenediimide （NDI） based electron acceptor P（NDI2OD-T2） with different number- average molecular weight （Mn） of 38 （N2200L）, 56 （N2200M）, 102 （N2200H） kDa were successfully prepared. The effect of molecular-weight on the performance of all-polymer solar cells based on Poly（5-（5-（4,8- bis（ 5-decylthiophen-2-yl ）-6-methylbenzo[1,2-b： 4,5-b＇]dithophen-2-yl ）thiophen-2-yl ）-6,7-difluoro-8- （5-methylthiophen-2-yl）-2,S-bis（3-（octyloxy）phenyl）quinoxaline） （P2F-DE）：N2200 was systematically investigated. The results reveal that N2200 with increased M. show enhanced intermolecular interac- tions, resulting in improved light absorption and electron mobility. However, the strong aggregation trend of N2200H can cause unfavorable morphology for exciton dissociation and carrier transport. The blend film using N2200 with moderate M. actually develops more ideal phase segregation for efficient charge separation and transport, leading to balanced electron/hole mobility and less carrier recombi- nation. Consequently, all-polymer solar cells employing P2F-DE as the electron donor and N2200M as the electron acceptor show the highest efficiency of 4.81%, outperforming those using N2200L （3,07~;） and N2200H （S,92%）. Thus, the Mn of the polymer acceptor plays an important role in all-polymer solar ceils, which allows it to be an effective parameter for the adjustment of the device morphology and efficiency.
文摘This paper presents hybrid linguistic expressions and operations for the hybridlinguistic multiple criteria group decision making(MCGDM)issue withidentical and/or different single and interval linguistic term values.First,wepropose a single and interval linguistic term multivalued set/element(SILTMS/SILTME)and develop a consistency measure of SILTMEs based on Shannonentropy to measure the consistency degree of single and interval linguistic termvalues in SILTME.Second,we converse SILTMS/SILTME into an uncertainlinguistic consistency set/element(ULCS/ULCE)in terms of the mean andconsistency measure of SILTMEs to reasonably perform operations betweendifferent information forms/sequence lengths in SILTMSs.Third,we definesome operations of ULCEs and the expected values and sorting rules ofULCEs.Fourth,we present the ULCE weighted mean and geometric operatorsand their characteristics.Finally,we develop a MCGDM model using theweighted mean operation of the two operators and apply it in the mine safetyassessment.
文摘This self repair system is based upon harmless ground borne bacteria as the self-healing agent.The bacteria are activated after the concrete is cracked and the bacterial spores are exposed to moisture and air.The bacterial reproduction process creates a calcite by-product which fills the cracks in the concrete.By sealing the cracks in concrete,an effective barrier to air or liquid borne deleterious materials are formed and as a consequence of this,enhanced durability is achieved in the structure,result-ing in lower life cycle costs.The concrete/mortar prisms were cracked and tested for water flow.They were then left for 56 days to heal and were subject to a test for water tightness.Healing was observed and a reduced water flow(74%and 32%healed)measured with the healed samples when compared to the specimens that were cracked and subjected to a water flow test without any healing agent.The number of samples were limited and a larger scale test is recommended for further work;however,this is a proof of concept of the process of healing and testing.
