The domestication of cattle fuelled the development of agricultural society in the history of human being. The evolution and genetic relationship of cattle can be elucidated by investigating the variation of mitochond...The domestication of cattle fuelled the development of agricultural society in the history of human being. The evolution and genetic relationship of cattle can be elucidated by investigating the variation of mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） D-loop sequence. In this study, we built a cattle phylogeny with a pool of 856 individual D-loop sequences, of which 264 Chinese cattle D-loop sequences were obtained in this study （141 ones were first analyzed, and 123 were first submitted） and the rest sequences of cattle from six Asian countries （Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, India and China） were retrieved from GenBank. Our results indicated that cattle from six Asian eounlries fell into three clades, Bos taurus （taurine）, Bos indicus （zebu） and yak. Four main haplogroups T1A, T2, T3 （including T3A and T3B） and T5 were found in taurine, and two haplogroups I1 and 12 in zebu. Furthermore, we found that I1 and 12 haplogroups were separated by four variable sites rather than five ones and four haplogroups or sub-haplogroups of T1A, T3A, T3B and T5 were found for the first time in these Asian cattle. These data brought us a new insight into cattle＇s genetic structure in these six Asian countries. The geographical distribution of haplogroups was also outlined to provide systematic information on cattle genetic resources.展开更多
目的应用文献计量法分析母亲敏感性的领域前沿、热点及发展方向。方法以建库至2021年7月1日Web of Science收录的文献为研究对象,从国家、学科分布、发文期刊、作者、机构及关键词等进行分析。结果最终纳入374篇以母亲敏感性为主题的文...目的应用文献计量法分析母亲敏感性的领域前沿、热点及发展方向。方法以建库至2021年7月1日Web of Science收录的文献为研究对象,从国家、学科分布、发文期刊、作者、机构及关键词等进行分析。结果最终纳入374篇以母亲敏感性为主题的文献,发文量总体呈增长趋势;发文量前3的国家依次是美国、英国、德国;学科前3位分别是心理学、精神医学和儿科学;母婴依恋、母婴互动、气质、儿童、行为问题、认知发育和皮质醇等是该领域的重要支撑点。结论母亲敏感性相关研究目前处于发展阶段,国外已形成核心作者群,相关作者的研究成果和方法值得学习借鉴,国内此领域研究有待进一步发展和完善。展开更多
The developmental origins of health and diseases(DOHaD)is a concept stating that adverse intrauterine environments contribute to the health risks of offspring.Since the theory emerged more than 30 years ago,many epide...The developmental origins of health and diseases(DOHaD)is a concept stating that adverse intrauterine environments contribute to the health risks of offspring.Since the theory emerged more than 30 years ago,many epidemiological and animal studies have confirmed that in utero exposure to environmental insults,including hyperglycemia and chemicals,increased the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases(NCDs).These NCDs include metabolic syndrome,type 2 diabetes,and complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy.Studying the effects of different environmental insults on early embryo development would aid in understanding the underlying mechanisms by which these insults promote NCD development.Embryonic stem cells(ESCs)have also been utilized by researchers to study the DOHaD.ESCs have pluripotent characteristics and can be differentiated into almost every cell lineage;therefore,they are excellent in vitro models for studying early developmental events.More importantly,human ESCs(hESCs)are the best alternative to human embryos for research because of ethical concerns.In this review,we will discuss different maternal conditions associated with DOHaD,focusing on the complications of maternal diabetes.Next,we will review the differentiation protocols developed to generate different cell lineages from hESCs.Additionally,we will review how hESCs are utilized as a model for research into the DOHaD.The effects of environmental insults on hESC differentiation and the possible involvement of epigenetic regulation will be discussed.展开更多
Maternal nutrition is found to be the key factor that determines fetal health in utero and metabolic health during adulthood.Metabolic diseases have been primarily attributed to impaired maternal nutrition during preg...Maternal nutrition is found to be the key factor that determines fetal health in utero and metabolic health during adulthood.Metabolic diseases have been primarily attributed to impaired maternal nutrition during pregnancy,and impaired nutrition has been an immense issue across the globe.In recent years,type 2 diabetes(T2D)has reached epidemic proportion and is a severe public health problem in many countries.Although plenty of research has already been conducted to tackle T2D which is associated with obesity,little is known regarding the etiology and pathophysiology of lean T2D,a variant of T2D.Recent studies have focused on the effects of epigenetic variation on the contribution of in utero origins of lean T2D,although other mechanisms might also contribute to the pathology.Observational studies in humans and experiments in animals strongly suggest an association between maternal low protein diet and lean T2D phenotype.In addition,clear sex-specific disease prevalence was observed in different studies.Consequently,more research is essential for the understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of lean T2D,which might help to develop better disease prevention and treatment strategies.This review examines the role of protein insufficiency in the maternal diet as the central driver of the developmental programming of lean T2D.展开更多
The Chinese philosophy on the implicit beauty of images is based on the idea that the whole world is very much like an infinite crisscrossing web, in which everything is an intersection point, and the infinite world a...The Chinese philosophy on the implicit beauty of images is based on the idea that the whole world is very much like an infinite crisscrossing web, in which everything is an intersection point, and the infinite world around it serves as the origin. Discerning the implicit beauty means that you must watch the intersection-point-composed "images" and figure out the original "meaning" beyond them. Such a process of experiencing and reflection is what we call "the aesthetic consciousness." Therefore, the implicit beauty of images in our daily life also reminds us that we can both face and transcend reality.展开更多
基金supported by Chinese National Scientific Fund (No.30972080 and 30771544)the National 863 Program of China (No.2006AA10Z197 and 2008AA101010)+5 种基金National Key Technology R&D Program (No.2006BAD01A10-5)the Project of Measurement of Genetic Distances Among Chinese Indigenous Bovine Breeds (Chinese Agricultural Finance Department [2002] No.9)Keystone Project of Transfergene in China (No.2009ZX08009-157B and 2008ZX08007-002)"13115" Sci-Tech Innovation Program of Shaanxi Province (No.2008ZDKG-11)Program of National Beef Cattle Industrial Technology System,Basic and Foreland Technology Study Program of Henan Province (No.072300430160)Natural Science Foundation of Xuzhou Normal University (No.2003XY234)
文摘The domestication of cattle fuelled the development of agricultural society in the history of human being. The evolution and genetic relationship of cattle can be elucidated by investigating the variation of mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） D-loop sequence. In this study, we built a cattle phylogeny with a pool of 856 individual D-loop sequences, of which 264 Chinese cattle D-loop sequences were obtained in this study （141 ones were first analyzed, and 123 were first submitted） and the rest sequences of cattle from six Asian countries （Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, India and China） were retrieved from GenBank. Our results indicated that cattle from six Asian eounlries fell into three clades, Bos taurus （taurine）, Bos indicus （zebu） and yak. Four main haplogroups T1A, T2, T3 （including T3A and T3B） and T5 were found in taurine, and two haplogroups I1 and 12 in zebu. Furthermore, we found that I1 and 12 haplogroups were separated by four variable sites rather than five ones and four haplogroups or sub-haplogroups of T1A, T3A, T3B and T5 were found for the first time in these Asian cattle. These data brought us a new insight into cattle＇s genetic structure in these six Asian countries. The geographical distribution of haplogroups was also outlined to provide systematic information on cattle genetic resources.
文摘目的应用文献计量法分析母亲敏感性的领域前沿、热点及发展方向。方法以建库至2021年7月1日Web of Science收录的文献为研究对象,从国家、学科分布、发文期刊、作者、机构及关键词等进行分析。结果最终纳入374篇以母亲敏感性为主题的文献,发文量总体呈增长趋势;发文量前3的国家依次是美国、英国、德国;学科前3位分别是心理学、精神医学和儿科学;母婴依恋、母婴互动、气质、儿童、行为问题、认知发育和皮质醇等是该领域的重要支撑点。结论母亲敏感性相关研究目前处于发展阶段,国外已形成核心作者群,相关作者的研究成果和方法值得学习借鉴,国内此领域研究有待进一步发展和完善。
文摘The developmental origins of health and diseases(DOHaD)is a concept stating that adverse intrauterine environments contribute to the health risks of offspring.Since the theory emerged more than 30 years ago,many epidemiological and animal studies have confirmed that in utero exposure to environmental insults,including hyperglycemia and chemicals,increased the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases(NCDs).These NCDs include metabolic syndrome,type 2 diabetes,and complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy.Studying the effects of different environmental insults on early embryo development would aid in understanding the underlying mechanisms by which these insults promote NCD development.Embryonic stem cells(ESCs)have also been utilized by researchers to study the DOHaD.ESCs have pluripotent characteristics and can be differentiated into almost every cell lineage;therefore,they are excellent in vitro models for studying early developmental events.More importantly,human ESCs(hESCs)are the best alternative to human embryos for research because of ethical concerns.In this review,we will discuss different maternal conditions associated with DOHaD,focusing on the complications of maternal diabetes.Next,we will review the differentiation protocols developed to generate different cell lineages from hESCs.Additionally,we will review how hESCs are utilized as a model for research into the DOHaD.The effects of environmental insults on hESC differentiation and the possible involvement of epigenetic regulation will be discussed.
基金Supported by the National Institutes of Health Grants,No. HL102866, HL58144 and DK114689
文摘Maternal nutrition is found to be the key factor that determines fetal health in utero and metabolic health during adulthood.Metabolic diseases have been primarily attributed to impaired maternal nutrition during pregnancy,and impaired nutrition has been an immense issue across the globe.In recent years,type 2 diabetes(T2D)has reached epidemic proportion and is a severe public health problem in many countries.Although plenty of research has already been conducted to tackle T2D which is associated with obesity,little is known regarding the etiology and pathophysiology of lean T2D,a variant of T2D.Recent studies have focused on the effects of epigenetic variation on the contribution of in utero origins of lean T2D,although other mechanisms might also contribute to the pathology.Observational studies in humans and experiments in animals strongly suggest an association between maternal low protein diet and lean T2D phenotype.In addition,clear sex-specific disease prevalence was observed in different studies.Consequently,more research is essential for the understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of lean T2D,which might help to develop better disease prevention and treatment strategies.This review examines the role of protein insufficiency in the maternal diet as the central driver of the developmental programming of lean T2D.
文摘The Chinese philosophy on the implicit beauty of images is based on the idea that the whole world is very much like an infinite crisscrossing web, in which everything is an intersection point, and the infinite world around it serves as the origin. Discerning the implicit beauty means that you must watch the intersection-point-composed "images" and figure out the original "meaning" beyond them. Such a process of experiencing and reflection is what we call "the aesthetic consciousness." Therefore, the implicit beauty of images in our daily life also reminds us that we can both face and transcend reality.
