The emergence of laser technology has led to the gradual integration of laser weapon system(LaWS)into military scene,particularly in the field of anti-unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV),showcasing significant potential.Howe...The emergence of laser technology has led to the gradual integration of laser weapon system(LaWS)into military scene,particularly in the field of anti-unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV),showcasing significant potential.However,A current limitation lies in the absence of a comprehensive quantitative approach to assess the capabilities of LaWS.To address this issue,a damage effectiveness characterization model for LaWS is established,taking into account the properties of laser transmission through the atmosphere and the thermal damage effects.By employing this model,key parameters pertaining to the effectiveness of laser damage are determined.The impact of various spatial positions and atmospheric conditions on the damage effectiveness of LaWS have been examined,employing simulation experiments with diverse parameters.The conclusions indicate that the damage effectiveness of LaWS is contingent upon the spatial position of the target,resulting in a diminished effectiveness to damage on distant,low-altitude targets.Additionally,the damage effectiveness of LaWS is heavily reliant on the atmospheric condition,particularly in complex settings such as midday and low visibility conditions,where the damage effectiveness is substantially reduced.This paper provides an accurate and effective calculation method for the rapid decisionmaking of the operators.展开更多
Lethal autonomous weapon systems(LAWS)have become a prominent issue in global security governance.However,significant divergences remain among the world's major countries regarding their regulation:some support re...Lethal autonomous weapon systems(LAWS)have become a prominent issue in global security governance.However,significant divergences remain among the world's major countries regarding their regulation:some support restrictions,while others oppose any binding rules,and there are also countries adopting a neutral stance,though their choices are subject to external pressure.In the foreseeable future,the deployment of LAWS will increase further,raising the risk of arms races,with international support for regulating these weapons gaining strength.Yet,establishing legally binding international rules within the United Nations(UN)framework remains a distant prospect.Given this backdrop,China should continue to actively participate in international norms setting concerning LAWS under UN auspices and deepen coordination and cooperation with other countries towards more applicable norms and global governance frameworks.展开更多
The article deals with the motion of the breech block carrier and the weapon casing of an automatic weapon mounted on a flexible carriage and the base of the weapon.Earlier works,which did not consider the dynamic pro...The article deals with the motion of the breech block carrier and the weapon casing of an automatic weapon mounted on a flexible carriage and the base of the weapon.Earlier works,which did not consider the dynamic properties of the base of the weapon,did not allow to reconcile the calculated and experimental results of the weapon casing displacement when shooting from firing rests.For the analysis of the motion of individual parts,the methods of mathematical modelling and firing experiments using a high-speed camera were chosen.Calculations show the best accord with experiment when modelling the system with 4 degrees of freedom.The oscillation of the system regarding the movement of the breech block carrier and the weapon casing was investigated under changed conditions of rate of fire,the use of a muzzle brake and different types of shock absorbers.The velocities and displacements of the weapon casing and the breech block carrier at different values of the impulse of the gases to the breech block carrier were determined.展开更多
Aiming at the characteristics of multi-stage and(extremely)small samples of the identification problem of key effectiveness indexes of weapon equipment system-of-systems(WESoS),a Bayesian intelligent identification an...Aiming at the characteristics of multi-stage and(extremely)small samples of the identification problem of key effectiveness indexes of weapon equipment system-of-systems(WESoS),a Bayesian intelligent identification and inference model for system effectiveness assessment indexes based on dynamic grey incidence is proposed.The method uses multi-layer Bayesian techniques,makes full use of historical statistics and empirical information,and determines the Bayesian estima-tion of the incidence degree of indexes,which effectively solves the difficulties of small sample size of effectiveness indexes and difficulty in obtaining incidence rules between indexes.Sec-ondly,The method quantifies the incidence relationship between evaluation indexes and combat effectiveness based on Bayesian posterior grey incidence,and then identifies key system effec-tiveness evaluation indexes.Finally,the proposed method is applied to a case of screening key effectiveness indexes of a missile defensive system,and the analysis results show that the proposed method can fuse multi-moment information and extract multi-stage key indexes,and has good data extraction capability in the case of small samples.展开更多
As the unmanned weap system-of systems(UWSoS)becomes complex,the inevitable uncertain interference gradu-ally increases,which leads to a strong emphasis on the resilience of UWSoS.Hence,this paper presents a resilienc...As the unmanned weap system-of systems(UWSoS)becomes complex,the inevitable uncertain interference gradu-ally increases,which leads to a strong emphasis on the resilience of UWSoS.Hence,this paper presents a resilience-driven cooperative reconfiguration strategy to enhance the resilience of UWSoS.First,a unified resilience-driven coopera-tive reconfiguration strategy framework is designed to guide the UWSoS resilience enhancement.Subsequently,a cooperative reconfiguration strategy algorithm is proposed to identify the optimal cooperative reconfiguration sequence,combining the cooperative pair resilience contribution index(CPRCI)and coop-erative pair importance index(CPII).At last,the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated through various attack scenario simulations that include differ-ent attack modes and intensities.The analysis results can pro-vide a reference for decision-makers to manage UWSoS.展开更多
In order to solve the problem of uncertainty and fuzzy information in the process of weapon equipment system selec-tion,a multi-attribute decision-making(MADM)method based on probabilistic hesitant fuzzy set(PHFS)is p...In order to solve the problem of uncertainty and fuzzy information in the process of weapon equipment system selec-tion,a multi-attribute decision-making(MADM)method based on probabilistic hesitant fuzzy set(PHFS)is proposed.Firstly,we introduce the concept of probability and fuzzy entropy to mea-sure the ambiguity,hesitation and uncertainty of probabilistic hesitant fuzzy elements(PHFEs).Sequentially,the expert trust network is constructed,and the importance of each expert in the network can be obtained by calculating the cumulative trust value under multiple trust propagation paths,so as to obtain the expert weight vector.Finally,we put forward an MADM method combining the probabilistic hesitant fuzzy entropy and grey rela-tion analysis(GRA)model,and an illustrative case is employed to prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the method when solving the weapon system selection decision-making problem.展开更多
The rise of hypersonic weapons,capable of traveling at speeds exceeding Mach 5 with unparalleled maneuverability,represents a transformative shift in modern warfare.These weapons,including HGVs(hypersonic glide vehicl...The rise of hypersonic weapons,capable of traveling at speeds exceeding Mach 5 with unparalleled maneuverability,represents a transformative shift in modern warfare.These weapons,including HGVs(hypersonic glide vehicles)and HCMs(hypersonic cruise missiles),challenge traditional defense systems due to their stealth-like speed,unpredictable flight paths,and low-altitude trajectories.Their ability to compress decision-making windows and evade conventional radar systems has sparked a global arms race,creating a critical need for advanced countermeasures.AI(artificial intelligence)emerges as a revolutionary solution to counter the stealth and speed of hypersonic threats.By leveraging AI-driven detection,tracking,and interception systems,defense mechanisms can overcome the limitations of conventional technology.AI enhances early detection through multi-sensor fusion,real-time data processing,and predictive modeling of hypersonic trajectories.It also facilitates the development of precision-guided interceptors and advanced systems like DEWs(directed energy weapons),offering effective avenues for neutralizing these fast-moving threats.Despite its promise,AI integration into hypersonic defense systems faces challenges,including data bias,cybersecurity risks,and potential escalation of conflicts.Ethical considerations and global collaboration are essential to address these concerns and ensure responsible deployment.As hypersonic weapons redefine the battlefield,AI stands as the linchpin for a robust,resilient,and future-proof defense strategy.This article explores the intersection of hypersonic technologies and AI,providing insights into how intelligent systems can safeguard global security against these next-generation threats.展开更多
With the advancement of combat equipment technology and combat concepts,new requirements have been put forward for air defense operations during a group target attack.To achieve high-efficiency and lowloss defensive o...With the advancement of combat equipment technology and combat concepts,new requirements have been put forward for air defense operations during a group target attack.To achieve high-efficiency and lowloss defensive operations,a reasonable air defense weapon assignment strategy is a key step.In this paper,a multi-objective and multi-constraints weapon target assignment(WTA)model is established that aims to minimize the defensive resource loss,minimize total weapon consumption,and minimize the target residual effectiveness.An optimization framework of air defense weapon mission scheduling based on the multiobjective artificial bee colony(MOABC)algorithm is proposed.The solution for point-to-point saturated attack targets at different operational scales is achieved by encoding the nectar with real numbers.Simulations are performed for an imagined air defense scenario,where air defense weapons are saturated.The non-dominated solution sets are obtained by the MOABC algorithm to meet the operational demand.In the case where there are more weapons than targets,more diverse assignment schemes can be selected.According to the inverse generation distance(IGD)index,the convergence and diversity for the solutions of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III(NSGA-III)algorithm and the MOABC algorithm are compared and analyzed.The results prove that the MOABC algorithm has better convergence and the solutions are more evenly distributed among the solution space.展开更多
The close-in weapon system(CIWS)is a combat system that faces a complex environment full of dynamic and unknown challenges,whose construction and planning require a systematic design method.Multiliving agent(MLA)theor...The close-in weapon system(CIWS)is a combat system that faces a complex environment full of dynamic and unknown challenges,whose construction and planning require a systematic design method.Multiliving agent(MLA)theory is a methodology for the combat system design,which uses the livelihood degree to evaluate the multi-dimensional long-term operational effectiveness of the system;whereas,there is still no uniform quantization framework for the livelihood degree,and the adjustment methods of livelihood degree need to be further improved.In this paper,we propose the uniform quantization framework for the livelihood degree and detailed discuss the methods of livelihood adjustment.Based on the MLA theory,the multi-dimensional operational effectiveness of the missile-gun integrated weapon system(MGIWS)is analyzed,and the long-term combat effectiveness against the saturation attack is assessed.Furthermore,the planning problem of the equipment deployment and configuration is investigated.Two objectives,including the overall livelihood degree and cost-effectiveness(CE),are proposed,and the optimization method based on genetic algorithm(GA)is studied for the planning problem.展开更多
Discoveries in Charles Darwin’s laboratory led to modern herbicides. Darwin discovered the internal mechanism that directed plants to grow toward sunlight and sources of water. Scientists in Europe and America later ...Discoveries in Charles Darwin’s laboratory led to modern herbicides. Darwin discovered the internal mechanism that directed plants to grow toward sunlight and sources of water. Scientists in Europe and America later called this mechanism a plant’s hormone response system. Administrators and scientists, including Dr. Ezra J. Kraus, the Head of the Botany Department at the University of Chicago and a plant physiologist, suggested on the eve of WWII that weed killers had significant military value as chemical weapons. Dr. Kraus obtained access to a synthetic chemical, 2,4-D, and found that when the chemical was absorbed through the leaves of plants, it destroyed a plant’s hormones. After exposure, the plant experienced rapid and uncontrolled growth, and then the leaves shriveled, died and fell off. Dr. Kraus obtained funding for his Department of Botany research program from Department of Defense (DOD) during World War II (WWII). Camp Detrick (Biological Weapons Laboratory) scientists later obtained samples of newly created 2,4,5-T which contained unknown amounts of the by-product dioxin TCDD. In the 1950s and 1960s, Fort Detrick military scientists formulated the herbicide Agent Orange, which was a 50 - 50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These dual purpose herbicides were used by DOD and USDA. American and European farmers in the 1940s used 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T to eliminate weeds from pastureland and cropland. After WWII, synthetic herbicides (and pesticides) development continued in tandem with production of synthetic fertilizers and breeding of high-yield plant varieties. These new agricultural products were then shipped worldwide to increase crop yields, as part of the Green Revolution. This new system of agricultural technologies was intended to eliminate global starvation and increase food security by increasing field and farm crop yields. In contrast, the goal of military use of herbicides, as chemical weapons, was to defoliate jungle forests and destroy food crops as a strategy to win battles and wars. The primary objective of this research study is to describe how agricultural herbicides became tactical chemical weapons. A current assessment will address the environmental impacts of military and environmental chemical weapons on the United States and Vietnam ecosystems and need for additional dioxin TCDD hotspot clean-up efforts.展开更多
In order to make the combat effectiveness of weapon yield well, it is necessary to maintain and monitor the weapons. Based on the requirement of weapon equipment, an integrated maintaining system is developed, which c...In order to make the combat effectiveness of weapon yield well, it is necessary to maintain and monitor the weapons. Based on the requirement of weapon equipment, an integrated maintaining system is developed, which can be used to carry out the maintenance by using electricity periodically and function detection at module level. So, the breakdown rate of product component is deceased a lot, product reliability is improved, and the life cycle is prolonged. Thus, combat effectiveness of weapon equipment is improved.展开更多
The weapons system portfolio selection problem arises at the equipment demonstration stage and deals with the military application requirements.Further,the contribution rate of the system is one of the important indic...The weapons system portfolio selection problem arises at the equipment demonstration stage and deals with the military application requirements.Further,the contribution rate of the system is one of the important indicators to evaluate the role of a system,which can facilitate the weapons system portfolio selection.Therefore,combining the system contribution rate with system portfolio selection is the focus of this study.It also focuses on calculating the contribution rates of multiple equipment systems with various types of capabilities.The contribution rate is measured by establishing a hierarchical multi-criteria value model from three dimensions.Based on the value model,the feasible portfolios are developed under certain cost constraints and the optimal weapons system portfolios are obtained by using the classification optimization selection strategy.Finally,an illustrative example is presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed model.展开更多
A weapon target assignment （WTA） model satisfying expected damage probabilities with an ant colony algorithm is proposed. In order to save armament resource and attack the targets effectively, the strategy of the we...A weapon target assignment （WTA） model satisfying expected damage probabilities with an ant colony algorithm is proposed. In order to save armament resource and attack the targets effectively, the strategy of the weapon assignment is that the target with greater threat degree has higher priority to be intercepted. The effect of this WTA model is not maximizing the damage probability but satisfying the whole assignment result. Ant colony algorithm has been successfully used in many fields, especially in combination optimization. The ant colony algorithm for this WTA problem is described by analyzing path selection, pheromone update, and tabu table update. The effectiveness of the model and the algorithm is demonstrated with an example.展开更多
Aiming at the problems of convergence-slow and convergence-free of Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm(DPSO) in solving large scale or complicated discrete problem, this article proposes Intuitionistic Fuzz...Aiming at the problems of convergence-slow and convergence-free of Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm(DPSO) in solving large scale or complicated discrete problem, this article proposes Intuitionistic Fuzzy Entropy of Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization(IFDPSO) and makes it applied to Dynamic Weapon Target Assignment(WTA). First, the strategy of choosing intuitionistic fuzzy parameters of particle swarm is defined, making intuitionistic fuzzy entropy as a basic parameter for measure and velocity mutation. Second, through analyzing the defects of DPSO, an adjusting parameter for balancing two cognition, velocity mutation mechanism and position mutation strategy are designed, and then two sets of improved and derivative algorithms for IFDPSO are put forward, which ensures the IFDPSO possibly search as much as possible sub-optimal positions and its neighborhood and the algorithm ability of searching global optimal value in solving large scale 0-1 knapsack problem is intensified. Third, focusing on the problem of WTA, some parameters including dynamic parameter for shifting firepower and constraints are designed to solve the problems of weapon target assignment. In addition, WTA Optimization Model with time and resource constraints is finally set up, which also intensifies the algorithm ability of searching global and local best value in the solution of WTA problem. Finally, the superiority of IFDPSO is proved by several simulation experiments. Particularly, IFDPSO, IFDPSO1~IFDPSO3 are respectively effective in solving large scale, medium scale or strict constraint problems such as 0-1 knapsack problem and WTA problem.展开更多
Weapon project planning(WPP) plays a critical role in the process of national defense development and establishment of the future national defense force. WPP faces the backgrounds of various uncertainties, intense int...Weapon project planning(WPP) plays a critical role in the process of national defense development and establishment of the future national defense force. WPP faces the backgrounds of various uncertainties, intense inter-influence of weapon systems and involves modelling, assessment, and optimization procedures.The contents of this paper are mainly divided into three parts: first,the WPP processes are analyzed, and related elements are formulated to transform the qualitative problem to mathematics form;second, the value evaluation model of WPP solutions is proposed based on two criteria of total capability gap and total capability dispersion; third, two robustness optimization models are constructed based on the absolute robustness criterion and the robustness deviation criterion to support the robustness optimization process under multi-scenario. Finally, a case is studied to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed models and approaches.展开更多
A proper weapon system is very important for a na- tional defense system. Generally, it means selecting the optimal weapon system among many alternatives, which is a multiple- attribute decision making （MADM） proble...A proper weapon system is very important for a na- tional defense system. Generally, it means selecting the optimal weapon system among many alternatives, which is a multiple- attribute decision making （MADM） problem. This paper proposes a new mathematical model based on the response surface method （RSM） and the grey relational analysis （GRA）. RSM is used to obtain the experimental points and analyze the factors that have a significant impact on the selection results. GRA is used to an- alyze the trend relationship between alternatives and reference series. And then an RSM model is obtained, which can be used to calculate all alternatives and obtain ranking results. A real world application is introduced to illustrate the utilization of the model for the weapon selection problem. The results show that this model can be used to help decision-makers to make a quick comparison of alternatives and select a proper weapon system from multiple alternatives, which is an effective and adaptable method for solving the weapon system selection problem.展开更多
This paper provides a review of methods of assessing a fragmentation weapon’s effectiveness against a point target or an area target with keeping the focus on the necessity of using the Carleton damage function with ...This paper provides a review of methods of assessing a fragmentation weapon’s effectiveness against a point target or an area target with keeping the focus on the necessity of using the Carleton damage function with the correct shape factor.First,cookie-cutter damage functions are redefined to preserve the shape factor of and to have the same lethal area as the corresponding Carleton damage function.Then,closed-form solutions of the effectiveness methods are obtained by using those cookie-cutter damage functions and the Carleton damage function.Finally,the closed-form solutions are applied to calculate the probability of damaging a point target and the expected fractional damage to an area target for several attack scenarios by using cookie-cutter damage functions and the Carleton damage functions with different shape factors.The comparison of the calculation results shows that using cookie-cutter damage functions or the Carleton damage function with a wrong shape factor results in quite significant differences from using the original Carleton damage function with a correct shape factor when weapon’s delivery error deviations are less than or comparable to the lengths of the lethal area and the aim point is far from a target.The effectiveness methods improved in this paper will be useful for mission planning utilizing the precision-guided munitions in circumstances where the collateral damage should be reduced.展开更多
Recent advances in on-board radar and missile capabilities,combined with individual payload limitations,have led to increased interest in the use of unmanned combat aerial vehicles(UCAVs)for cooperative occupation dur...Recent advances in on-board radar and missile capabilities,combined with individual payload limitations,have led to increased interest in the use of unmanned combat aerial vehicles(UCAVs)for cooperative occupation during beyond-visual-range(BVR)air combat.However,prior research on occupational decision-making in BVR air combat has mostly been limited to one-on-one scenarios.As such,this study presents a practical cooperative occupation decision-making methodology for use with multiple UCAVs.The weapon engagement zone(WEZ)and combat geometry were first used to develop an advantage function for situational assessment of one-on-one engagement.An encircling advantage function was then designed to represent the cooperation of UCAVs,thereby establishing a cooperative occupation model.The corresponding objective function was derived from the one-on-one engagement advantage function and the encircling advantage function.The resulting model exhibited similarities to a mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MINLP)problem.As such,an improved discrete particle swarm optimization(DPSO)algorithm was used to identify a solution.The occupation process was then converted into a formation switching task as part of the cooperative occupation model.A series of simulations were conducted to verify occupational solutions in varying situations,including two-on-two engagement.Simulated results showed these solutions varied with initial conditions and weighting coefficients.This occupation process,based on formation switching,effectively demonstrates the viability of the proposed technique.These cooperative occupation results could provide a theoretical framework for subsequent research in cooperative BVR air combat.展开更多
The concept of unmanned weapon system-of-systems(UWSoS)involves a collection of various unmanned systems to achieve or accomplish a specific goal or mission.The mission reliability of UWSoS is represented by its abili...The concept of unmanned weapon system-of-systems(UWSoS)involves a collection of various unmanned systems to achieve or accomplish a specific goal or mission.The mission reliability of UWSoS is represented by its ability to finish a required mission above the baselines of a given mission.However,issues with heterogeneity,cooperation between systems,and the emergence of UWSoS cannot be effectively solved by traditional system reliability methods.This study proposes an effective operation-loop-based mission reliability evaluation method for UWSoS by analyzing dynamic reconfiguration.First,we present a new connotation of an effective operation loop by considering the allocation of operational entities and physical resource constraints.Then,we propose an effective operationloop-based mission reliability model for a heterogeneous UWSoS according to the mission baseline.Moreover,a mission reliability evaluation algorithm is proposed under random external shocks and topology reconfiguration,revealing the evolution law of the effective operation loop and mission reliability.Finally,a typical 60-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-swarm is taken as an example to demonstrate the proposed models and methods.The mission reliability is achieved by considering external shocks,which can serve as a reference for evaluating and improving the effectiveness of UWSoS.展开更多
Unmanned combat air vehicles(UCAVs) mission planning is a fairly complicated global optimum problem. Military attack missions often employ a fleet of UCAVs equipped with weapons to attack a set of known targets. A UCA...Unmanned combat air vehicles(UCAVs) mission planning is a fairly complicated global optimum problem. Military attack missions often employ a fleet of UCAVs equipped with weapons to attack a set of known targets. A UCAV can carry different weapons to accomplish different combat missions. Choice of different weapons will have different effects on the final combat effectiveness. This work presents a mixed integer programming model for simultaneous weapon configuration and route planning of UCAVs, which solves the problem optimally using the IBM ILOG CPLEX optimizer for simple missions. This paper develops a heuristic algorithm to handle the medium-scale and large-scale problems. The experiments demonstrate the performance of the heuristic algorithm in solving the medium scale and large scale problems. Moreover, we give suggestions on how to select the most appropriate algorithm to solve different scale problems.展开更多
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(2022-SKJJ-C-037)the National Natural Science Foundation of China General Program(72071209).
文摘The emergence of laser technology has led to the gradual integration of laser weapon system(LaWS)into military scene,particularly in the field of anti-unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV),showcasing significant potential.However,A current limitation lies in the absence of a comprehensive quantitative approach to assess the capabilities of LaWS.To address this issue,a damage effectiveness characterization model for LaWS is established,taking into account the properties of laser transmission through the atmosphere and the thermal damage effects.By employing this model,key parameters pertaining to the effectiveness of laser damage are determined.The impact of various spatial positions and atmospheric conditions on the damage effectiveness of LaWS have been examined,employing simulation experiments with diverse parameters.The conclusions indicate that the damage effectiveness of LaWS is contingent upon the spatial position of the target,resulting in a diminished effectiveness to damage on distant,low-altitude targets.Additionally,the damage effectiveness of LaWS is heavily reliant on the atmospheric condition,particularly in complex settings such as midday and low visibility conditions,where the damage effectiveness is substantially reduced.This paper provides an accurate and effective calculation method for the rapid decisionmaking of the operators.
文摘Lethal autonomous weapon systems(LAWS)have become a prominent issue in global security governance.However,significant divergences remain among the world's major countries regarding their regulation:some support restrictions,while others oppose any binding rules,and there are also countries adopting a neutral stance,though their choices are subject to external pressure.In the foreseeable future,the deployment of LAWS will increase further,raising the risk of arms races,with international support for regulating these weapons gaining strength.Yet,establishing legally binding international rules within the United Nations(UN)framework remains a distant prospect.Given this backdrop,China should continue to actively participate in international norms setting concerning LAWS under UN auspices and deepen coordination and cooperation with other countries towards more applicable norms and global governance frameworks.
基金supported by the Research project VAROPS(Military autonomous and robotic assets)of the Ministry of Defence of The Czech Republicby the Specific Research Support Project(Grant No.SV22-201)financed from funds of the Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports of The Czech Republic。
文摘The article deals with the motion of the breech block carrier and the weapon casing of an automatic weapon mounted on a flexible carriage and the base of the weapon.Earlier works,which did not consider the dynamic properties of the base of the weapon,did not allow to reconcile the calculated and experimental results of the weapon casing displacement when shooting from firing rests.For the analysis of the motion of individual parts,the methods of mathematical modelling and firing experiments using a high-speed camera were chosen.Calculations show the best accord with experiment when modelling the system with 4 degrees of freedom.The oscillation of the system regarding the movement of the breech block carrier and the weapon casing was investigated under changed conditions of rate of fire,the use of a muzzle brake and different types of shock absorbers.The velocities and displacements of the weapon casing and the breech block carrier at different values of the impulse of the gases to the breech block carrier were determined.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72271124,72071111).
文摘Aiming at the characteristics of multi-stage and(extremely)small samples of the identification problem of key effectiveness indexes of weapon equipment system-of-systems(WESoS),a Bayesian intelligent identification and inference model for system effectiveness assessment indexes based on dynamic grey incidence is proposed.The method uses multi-layer Bayesian techniques,makes full use of historical statistics and empirical information,and determines the Bayesian estima-tion of the incidence degree of indexes,which effectively solves the difficulties of small sample size of effectiveness indexes and difficulty in obtaining incidence rules between indexes.Sec-ondly,The method quantifies the incidence relationship between evaluation indexes and combat effectiveness based on Bayesian posterior grey incidence,and then identifies key system effec-tiveness evaluation indexes.Finally,the proposed method is applied to a case of screening key effectiveness indexes of a missile defensive system,and the analysis results show that the proposed method can fuse multi-moment information and extract multi-stage key indexes,and has good data extraction capability in the case of small samples.
基金This work was supported by Ph.D.Intelligent Innovation Foundation Project(201-CXCY-A01-08-19-01)Science and Technology on Information System Engineering Laboratory(05202007).
文摘As the unmanned weap system-of systems(UWSoS)becomes complex,the inevitable uncertain interference gradu-ally increases,which leads to a strong emphasis on the resilience of UWSoS.Hence,this paper presents a resilience-driven cooperative reconfiguration strategy to enhance the resilience of UWSoS.First,a unified resilience-driven coopera-tive reconfiguration strategy framework is designed to guide the UWSoS resilience enhancement.Subsequently,a cooperative reconfiguration strategy algorithm is proposed to identify the optimal cooperative reconfiguration sequence,combining the cooperative pair resilience contribution index(CPRCI)and coop-erative pair importance index(CPII).At last,the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated through various attack scenario simulations that include differ-ent attack modes and intensities.The analysis results can pro-vide a reference for decision-makers to manage UWSoS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71901214).
文摘In order to solve the problem of uncertainty and fuzzy information in the process of weapon equipment system selec-tion,a multi-attribute decision-making(MADM)method based on probabilistic hesitant fuzzy set(PHFS)is proposed.Firstly,we introduce the concept of probability and fuzzy entropy to mea-sure the ambiguity,hesitation and uncertainty of probabilistic hesitant fuzzy elements(PHFEs).Sequentially,the expert trust network is constructed,and the importance of each expert in the network can be obtained by calculating the cumulative trust value under multiple trust propagation paths,so as to obtain the expert weight vector.Finally,we put forward an MADM method combining the probabilistic hesitant fuzzy entropy and grey rela-tion analysis(GRA)model,and an illustrative case is employed to prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the method when solving the weapon system selection decision-making problem.
文摘The rise of hypersonic weapons,capable of traveling at speeds exceeding Mach 5 with unparalleled maneuverability,represents a transformative shift in modern warfare.These weapons,including HGVs(hypersonic glide vehicles)and HCMs(hypersonic cruise missiles),challenge traditional defense systems due to their stealth-like speed,unpredictable flight paths,and low-altitude trajectories.Their ability to compress decision-making windows and evade conventional radar systems has sparked a global arms race,creating a critical need for advanced countermeasures.AI(artificial intelligence)emerges as a revolutionary solution to counter the stealth and speed of hypersonic threats.By leveraging AI-driven detection,tracking,and interception systems,defense mechanisms can overcome the limitations of conventional technology.AI enhances early detection through multi-sensor fusion,real-time data processing,and predictive modeling of hypersonic trajectories.It also facilitates the development of precision-guided interceptors and advanced systems like DEWs(directed energy weapons),offering effective avenues for neutralizing these fast-moving threats.Despite its promise,AI integration into hypersonic defense systems faces challenges,including data bias,cybersecurity risks,and potential escalation of conflicts.Ethical considerations and global collaboration are essential to address these concerns and ensure responsible deployment.As hypersonic weapons redefine the battlefield,AI stands as the linchpin for a robust,resilient,and future-proof defense strategy.This article explores the intersection of hypersonic technologies and AI,providing insights into how intelligent systems can safeguard global security against these next-generation threats.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71771216).
文摘With the advancement of combat equipment technology and combat concepts,new requirements have been put forward for air defense operations during a group target attack.To achieve high-efficiency and lowloss defensive operations,a reasonable air defense weapon assignment strategy is a key step.In this paper,a multi-objective and multi-constraints weapon target assignment(WTA)model is established that aims to minimize the defensive resource loss,minimize total weapon consumption,and minimize the target residual effectiveness.An optimization framework of air defense weapon mission scheduling based on the multiobjective artificial bee colony(MOABC)algorithm is proposed.The solution for point-to-point saturated attack targets at different operational scales is achieved by encoding the nectar with real numbers.Simulations are performed for an imagined air defense scenario,where air defense weapons are saturated.The non-dominated solution sets are obtained by the MOABC algorithm to meet the operational demand.In the case where there are more weapons than targets,more diverse assignment schemes can be selected.According to the inverse generation distance(IGD)index,the convergence and diversity for the solutions of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III(NSGA-III)algorithm and the MOABC algorithm are compared and analyzed.The results prove that the MOABC algorithm has better convergence and the solutions are more evenly distributed among the solution space.
基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation under contract number L191004the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract number U1833203.
文摘The close-in weapon system(CIWS)is a combat system that faces a complex environment full of dynamic and unknown challenges,whose construction and planning require a systematic design method.Multiliving agent(MLA)theory is a methodology for the combat system design,which uses the livelihood degree to evaluate the multi-dimensional long-term operational effectiveness of the system;whereas,there is still no uniform quantization framework for the livelihood degree,and the adjustment methods of livelihood degree need to be further improved.In this paper,we propose the uniform quantization framework for the livelihood degree and detailed discuss the methods of livelihood adjustment.Based on the MLA theory,the multi-dimensional operational effectiveness of the missile-gun integrated weapon system(MGIWS)is analyzed,and the long-term combat effectiveness against the saturation attack is assessed.Furthermore,the planning problem of the equipment deployment and configuration is investigated.Two objectives,including the overall livelihood degree and cost-effectiveness(CE),are proposed,and the optimization method based on genetic algorithm(GA)is studied for the planning problem.
文摘Discoveries in Charles Darwin’s laboratory led to modern herbicides. Darwin discovered the internal mechanism that directed plants to grow toward sunlight and sources of water. Scientists in Europe and America later called this mechanism a plant’s hormone response system. Administrators and scientists, including Dr. Ezra J. Kraus, the Head of the Botany Department at the University of Chicago and a plant physiologist, suggested on the eve of WWII that weed killers had significant military value as chemical weapons. Dr. Kraus obtained access to a synthetic chemical, 2,4-D, and found that when the chemical was absorbed through the leaves of plants, it destroyed a plant’s hormones. After exposure, the plant experienced rapid and uncontrolled growth, and then the leaves shriveled, died and fell off. Dr. Kraus obtained funding for his Department of Botany research program from Department of Defense (DOD) during World War II (WWII). Camp Detrick (Biological Weapons Laboratory) scientists later obtained samples of newly created 2,4,5-T which contained unknown amounts of the by-product dioxin TCDD. In the 1950s and 1960s, Fort Detrick military scientists formulated the herbicide Agent Orange, which was a 50 - 50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These dual purpose herbicides were used by DOD and USDA. American and European farmers in the 1940s used 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T to eliminate weeds from pastureland and cropland. After WWII, synthetic herbicides (and pesticides) development continued in tandem with production of synthetic fertilizers and breeding of high-yield plant varieties. These new agricultural products were then shipped worldwide to increase crop yields, as part of the Green Revolution. This new system of agricultural technologies was intended to eliminate global starvation and increase food security by increasing field and farm crop yields. In contrast, the goal of military use of herbicides, as chemical weapons, was to defoliate jungle forests and destroy food crops as a strategy to win battles and wars. The primary objective of this research study is to describe how agricultural herbicides became tactical chemical weapons. A current assessment will address the environmental impacts of military and environmental chemical weapons on the United States and Vietnam ecosystems and need for additional dioxin TCDD hotspot clean-up efforts.
文摘In order to make the combat effectiveness of weapon yield well, it is necessary to maintain and monitor the weapons. Based on the requirement of weapon equipment, an integrated maintaining system is developed, which can be used to carry out the maintenance by using electricity periodically and function detection at module level. So, the breakdown rate of product component is deceased a lot, product reliability is improved, and the life cycle is prolonged. Thus, combat effectiveness of weapon equipment is improved.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC1405005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71690233)
文摘The weapons system portfolio selection problem arises at the equipment demonstration stage and deals with the military application requirements.Further,the contribution rate of the system is one of the important indicators to evaluate the role of a system,which can facilitate the weapons system portfolio selection.Therefore,combining the system contribution rate with system portfolio selection is the focus of this study.It also focuses on calculating the contribution rates of multiple equipment systems with various types of capabilities.The contribution rate is measured by establishing a hierarchical multi-criteria value model from three dimensions.Based on the value model,the feasible portfolios are developed under certain cost constraints and the optimal weapons system portfolios are obtained by using the classification optimization selection strategy.Finally,an illustrative example is presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed model.
文摘A weapon target assignment （WTA） model satisfying expected damage probabilities with an ant colony algorithm is proposed. In order to save armament resource and attack the targets effectively, the strategy of the weapon assignment is that the target with greater threat degree has higher priority to be intercepted. The effect of this WTA model is not maximizing the damage probability but satisfying the whole assignment result. Ant colony algorithm has been successfully used in many fields, especially in combination optimization. The ant colony algorithm for this WTA problem is described by analyzing path selection, pheromone update, and tabu table update. The effectiveness of the model and the algorithm is demonstrated with an example.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61402517, 61573375The Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Astronautic Dynamics of China under Grant No. 2016ADL-DW0302+2 种基金The Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 2013M542331, 2015M572778The Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province of China under Grant No. 2013JQ8035The Aviation Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 20151996015
文摘Aiming at the problems of convergence-slow and convergence-free of Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm(DPSO) in solving large scale or complicated discrete problem, this article proposes Intuitionistic Fuzzy Entropy of Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization(IFDPSO) and makes it applied to Dynamic Weapon Target Assignment(WTA). First, the strategy of choosing intuitionistic fuzzy parameters of particle swarm is defined, making intuitionistic fuzzy entropy as a basic parameter for measure and velocity mutation. Second, through analyzing the defects of DPSO, an adjusting parameter for balancing two cognition, velocity mutation mechanism and position mutation strategy are designed, and then two sets of improved and derivative algorithms for IFDPSO are put forward, which ensures the IFDPSO possibly search as much as possible sub-optimal positions and its neighborhood and the algorithm ability of searching global optimal value in solving large scale 0-1 knapsack problem is intensified. Third, focusing on the problem of WTA, some parameters including dynamic parameter for shifting firepower and constraints are designed to solve the problems of weapon target assignment. In addition, WTA Optimization Model with time and resource constraints is finally set up, which also intensifies the algorithm ability of searching global and local best value in the solution of WTA problem. Finally, the superiority of IFDPSO is proved by several simulation experiments. Particularly, IFDPSO, IFDPSO1~IFDPSO3 are respectively effective in solving large scale, medium scale or strict constraint problems such as 0-1 knapsack problem and WTA problem.
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(15GJ003-278)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71501182)
文摘Weapon project planning(WPP) plays a critical role in the process of national defense development and establishment of the future national defense force. WPP faces the backgrounds of various uncertainties, intense inter-influence of weapon systems and involves modelling, assessment, and optimization procedures.The contents of this paper are mainly divided into three parts: first,the WPP processes are analyzed, and related elements are formulated to transform the qualitative problem to mathematics form;second, the value evaluation model of WPP solutions is proposed based on two criteria of total capability gap and total capability dispersion; third, two robustness optimization models are constructed based on the absolute robustness criterion and the robustness deviation criterion to support the robustness optimization process under multi-scenario. Finally, a case is studied to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed models and approaches.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51375389)
文摘A proper weapon system is very important for a na- tional defense system. Generally, it means selecting the optimal weapon system among many alternatives, which is a multiple- attribute decision making （MADM） problem. This paper proposes a new mathematical model based on the response surface method （RSM） and the grey relational analysis （GRA）. RSM is used to obtain the experimental points and analyze the factors that have a significant impact on the selection results. GRA is used to an- alyze the trend relationship between alternatives and reference series. And then an RSM model is obtained, which can be used to calculate all alternatives and obtain ranking results. A real world application is introduced to illustrate the utilization of the model for the weapon selection problem. The results show that this model can be used to help decision-makers to make a quick comparison of alternatives and select a proper weapon system from multiple alternatives, which is an effective and adaptable method for solving the weapon system selection problem.
文摘This paper provides a review of methods of assessing a fragmentation weapon’s effectiveness against a point target or an area target with keeping the focus on the necessity of using the Carleton damage function with the correct shape factor.First,cookie-cutter damage functions are redefined to preserve the shape factor of and to have the same lethal area as the corresponding Carleton damage function.Then,closed-form solutions of the effectiveness methods are obtained by using those cookie-cutter damage functions and the Carleton damage function.Finally,the closed-form solutions are applied to calculate the probability of damaging a point target and the expected fractional damage to an area target for several attack scenarios by using cookie-cutter damage functions and the Carleton damage functions with different shape factors.The comparison of the calculation results shows that using cookie-cutter damage functions or the Carleton damage function with a wrong shape factor results in quite significant differences from using the original Carleton damage function with a correct shape factor when weapon’s delivery error deviations are less than or comparable to the lengths of the lethal area and the aim point is far from a target.The effectiveness methods improved in this paper will be useful for mission planning utilizing the precision-guided munitions in circumstances where the collateral damage should be reduced.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61573286)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(No.20180753006)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(3102019ZDHKY07)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2020JQ-218)the Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Flight Control and Simulation Technology。
文摘Recent advances in on-board radar and missile capabilities,combined with individual payload limitations,have led to increased interest in the use of unmanned combat aerial vehicles(UCAVs)for cooperative occupation during beyond-visual-range(BVR)air combat.However,prior research on occupational decision-making in BVR air combat has mostly been limited to one-on-one scenarios.As such,this study presents a practical cooperative occupation decision-making methodology for use with multiple UCAVs.The weapon engagement zone(WEZ)and combat geometry were first used to develop an advantage function for situational assessment of one-on-one engagement.An encircling advantage function was then designed to represent the cooperation of UCAVs,thereby establishing a cooperative occupation model.The corresponding objective function was derived from the one-on-one engagement advantage function and the encircling advantage function.The resulting model exhibited similarities to a mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MINLP)problem.As such,an improved discrete particle swarm optimization(DPSO)algorithm was used to identify a solution.The occupation process was then converted into a formation switching task as part of the cooperative occupation model.A series of simulations were conducted to verify occupational solutions in varying situations,including two-on-two engagement.Simulated results showed these solutions varied with initial conditions and weighting coefficients.This occupation process,based on formation switching,effectively demonstrates the viability of the proposed technique.These cooperative occupation results could provide a theoretical framework for subsequent research in cooperative BVR air combat.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72101270,72001213).
文摘The concept of unmanned weapon system-of-systems(UWSoS)involves a collection of various unmanned systems to achieve or accomplish a specific goal or mission.The mission reliability of UWSoS is represented by its ability to finish a required mission above the baselines of a given mission.However,issues with heterogeneity,cooperation between systems,and the emergence of UWSoS cannot be effectively solved by traditional system reliability methods.This study proposes an effective operation-loop-based mission reliability evaluation method for UWSoS by analyzing dynamic reconfiguration.First,we present a new connotation of an effective operation loop by considering the allocation of operational entities and physical resource constraints.Then,we propose an effective operationloop-based mission reliability model for a heterogeneous UWSoS according to the mission baseline.Moreover,a mission reliability evaluation algorithm is proposed under random external shocks and topology reconfiguration,revealing the evolution law of the effective operation loop and mission reliability.Finally,a typical 60-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-swarm is taken as an example to demonstrate the proposed models and methods.The mission reliability is achieved by considering external shocks,which can serve as a reference for evaluating and improving the effectiveness of UWSoS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(7147117571471174)
文摘Unmanned combat air vehicles(UCAVs) mission planning is a fairly complicated global optimum problem. Military attack missions often employ a fleet of UCAVs equipped with weapons to attack a set of known targets. A UCAV can carry different weapons to accomplish different combat missions. Choice of different weapons will have different effects on the final combat effectiveness. This work presents a mixed integer programming model for simultaneous weapon configuration and route planning of UCAVs, which solves the problem optimally using the IBM ILOG CPLEX optimizer for simple missions. This paper develops a heuristic algorithm to handle the medium-scale and large-scale problems. The experiments demonstrate the performance of the heuristic algorithm in solving the medium scale and large scale problems. Moreover, we give suggestions on how to select the most appropriate algorithm to solve different scale problems.
