By solving rigorously the relativistic wave equations derived from Bargmann–Wigner equation for arbitrary spin, the relativistic wavefunctions in momentum representation for particles with arbitrary spin are deduced.
In this paper. it is discussed how to constrnct wavefunctions of L-S couplingfermion system, which are classified by group chain A recurrent formula of fractional parentage coefficients with fixedseniority is also g...In this paper. it is discussed how to constrnct wavefunctions of L-S couplingfermion system, which are classified by group chain A recurrent formula of fractional parentage coefficients with fixedseniority is also given.展开更多
The wavefunctions of L-S coupling fermion system, which are classified by group chain U(4ι1 + 4ι2 + 4) Us(2)×(U L(2ι+ 2ι2 + 2) O(2ι1 + 2ι2 + 2) O(2ι+1) ×O(2ι2 + 1) O1 (3)×O2 (3) O(3)), are const...The wavefunctions of L-S coupling fermion system, which are classified by group chain U(4ι1 + 4ι2 + 4) Us(2)×(U L(2ι+ 2ι2 + 2) O(2ι1 + 2ι2 + 2) O(2ι+1) ×O(2ι2 + 1) O1 (3)×O2 (3) O(3)), are constructed through introducing generalized pairs coupled by fermions with different ι. With the help of the fractional parentage coefficients of single-ιfermion system, the author obtains the corresponding fractional parentage coefficients of double-ιfermion system.展开更多
In a recent reformulation of quantum mechanics, the properties of the physical system are derived from orthogonal polynomials that make up the expansion coefficients of the wavefunction in a complete set of square int...In a recent reformulation of quantum mechanics, the properties of the physical system are derived from orthogonal polynomials that make up the expansion coefficients of the wavefunction in a complete set of square integrable basis. Here, we show how to reconstruct the potential function so that a correspondence with the standard formulation could be established. However, the correspondence places restriction on the kinematics of such problems.展开更多
The parabolic cylindrical lens shaped quantum dot is investigated theoretically. The Schrǒdinger equation for an electron confined in this structure is solved in the parabolic cylindrical coordinate system. The wavef...The parabolic cylindrical lens shaped quantum dot is investigated theoretically. The Schrǒdinger equation for an electron confined in this structure is solved in the parabolic cylindrical coordinate system. The wavefunctions for the electron are presented in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions, and the electron energy spectra are also obtained.展开更多
The concept of resonance-assisted hydrogen bonds(RAHBs)highlights the synergistic interplay between theπ-resonance and hydrogen bonding interactions.This concept has been well-accepted in academia and is widely used ...The concept of resonance-assisted hydrogen bonds(RAHBs)highlights the synergistic interplay between theπ-resonance and hydrogen bonding interactions.This concept has been well-accepted in academia and is widely used in practice.However,it has been argued that the seemingly enhanced intramolecular hydrogen bonding(IMHB)in unsaturated compounds may simply be a result of the constraints imposed by theσ-skeleton framework.Thus,it is crucial to estimate the strength of IMHBs.In this work,we used two approaches to probe the resonance effect and estimate the strength of the IMHBs in the two exemplary cases of the enol forms of acetylacetone and o-hydroxyacetophenone.One approach is the block-localized wavefunction(BLW)method,which is a variant of the ab initio valence bond(VB)theory.Using this approach,it is possible to derive the geometries and energetics with resonance shut down.The other approach is Edmiston’s truncated localized molecular orbital(TLMO)technique,which monitors the energy changes by removing the delocalization tails from localized molecular orbitals.The integrated BLW and TLMO studies confirmed that the hydrogen bonding in these two molecules is indeed enhanced byπ-resonance,and that this enhancement is not a result ofσconstraints.展开更多
A new set of trial functions for 1s^22sns configurations in a beryllium atom is suggested. A Mathematica program based on the variational method is developed to calculate the wavefunctions and energies of 1s^22sns （n...A new set of trial functions for 1s^22sns configurations in a beryllium atom is suggested. A Mathematica program based on the variational method is developed to calculate the wavefunctions and energies of 1s^22sns （n = 3 - 6） configurations in a beryllium atom. Non-relativistic energy, polarization correction and relativistic correction which include mass correction, one- and two-body Darwin corrections, spin-spin contact interaction and orbit-orbit interaction, are calculated respectively. The results are in good agreement with experimental data.展开更多
Semiconductor quantum dots have been intensively investigated because of their fundamental role in solid-state quan- tum information processing. The energy levels of quantum dots are quantized and can be tuned by exte...Semiconductor quantum dots have been intensively investigated because of their fundamental role in solid-state quan- tum information processing. The energy levels of quantum dots are quantized and can be tuned by external field such as optical, electric, and magnetic field. In this review, we focus on the development of magneto-optical properties of single InAs quantum dots embedded in GaAs matrix, including charge injection, relaxation, tunneling, wavefunction distribution, and coupling between different dimensional materials. Finally, the perspective of coherent manipulation of quantum state of single self-assembled quantum dots by photocurrent spectroscopy with an applied magnetic field is discussed.展开更多
We report in this paper the ground-state energy 2s^(2)^(1)S and total energies of doubly excited states 2p^(2)^(1)D,3d^(2)^(1)D,4f^(2)^(1)I of the Helium isoelectronic sequence from H-to Ca^(18+).Calculations are perf...We report in this paper the ground-state energy 2s^(2)^(1)S and total energies of doubly excited states 2p^(2)^(1)D,3d^(2)^(1)D,4f^(2)^(1)I of the Helium isoelectronic sequence from H-to Ca^(18+).Calculations are performed using the Modified Atomic Orbital Theory(MAOT)in the framework of a variational procedure.The purpose of this study required a mathematical development of the Hamiltonian applied to Slater-type wave function[1]combining with Hylleraas-type wave function[2].The study leads to analytical expressions which are carried out under special MAXIMA computational program.This first proposed MAOT variational procedure,leads to accurate results in good agreement as well as with available other theoretical results than experimental data.In the present work,a new correlated wave function is presented to express analytically the total energies for the 2s21S ground state and each doubly 2p^(2)^(1)D,3d^(2)^(1)D,4f^(2)^(1)I excited states in the He-like systems.The present accurate data may be a useful guideline for future experimental and theoretical studies in the(nI^(2))systems.展开更多
We use the separation of variable treatment to treat some time-dependent systems, and point out that the condition of separability is the same as the condition of existence of invariant, and the separation of variable...We use the separation of variable treatment to treat some time-dependent systems, and point out that the condition of separability is the same as the condition of existence of invariant, and the separation of variable treatment is interrelated with the quantum-invariant method and the propagator method. We directly use the separation of variable treatment to obtain the wavefunctions of the time-dependent Coulomb potential and the time-dependent Hulthén potential.展开更多
The incoherent control of finite-level quantum systems is investigated. Following a brief introduction to coherent control paradigms in quantum control, a control problem that can not be accomplished using only cohere...The incoherent control of finite-level quantum systems is investigated. Following a brief introduction to coherent control paradigms in quantum control, a control problem that can not be accomplished using only coherent control is presented. For such a control problem, it is proved that it can be accomplished using incoherent control based on projective measurement and coherent control for two classes of finite-level quantum systems, i.e., eigenstate controllable quantum systems and wavefunction controllable quantum systems.展开更多
The vibrational wave function of the target theoretically plays an important role in the calculation of vibrational excitation cross sections. By a careful study of the differential cross sections resulting from diffe...The vibrational wave function of the target theoretically plays an important role in the calculation of vibrational excitation cross sections. By a careful study of the differential cross sections resulting from different vibrational wave functions we find that cross sections are susceptible to vibrational wave functions. Minor changes in the vibration wave lhnction may cause a significant change in the cross section. Even more surprising is that by selecting a few numbers of potential models （which determine the vibrational wave functions） we can often calculate the differential scattering cross section in much closer agreement with experiment in the framework of body-frame vibrational close-coupling theory, which suggest that an accurate potential energy may play a more important role in scattering than we thought betbre.展开更多
In the past few years,the renormalized excitonic model(REM)approach was developed as an efficient low-scaling ab initio excited state method,which assumes the low-lying excited states of the whole system are a linear ...In the past few years,the renormalized excitonic model(REM)approach was developed as an efficient low-scaling ab initio excited state method,which assumes the low-lying excited states of the whole system are a linear combination of various single monomer excitations and utilizes the effective Hamiltonian theory to derive their couplings.In this work,we further extend the REM calculations for the evaluations of first-order molecular properties(e.g.charge population and transition dipole moment)of delocalized ionic or excited states in molecular aggregates,through generalizing the effective Hamiltonian theory to effective operator representation.Results from the test calculations for four different kinds of one dimensional(1D)molecular aggregates(ammonia,formaldehyde,ethylene and pyrrole)indicate that our new scheme can efficiently describe not only the energies but also wavefunction properties of the low-lying delocalized electronic states in large systems.展开更多
Anderson localization (AL) phenomena usually exist in systems with random potential. However, disorder-free quantum many-body systems with local conservation can also exhibit AL or even many-body localization transiti...Anderson localization (AL) phenomena usually exist in systems with random potential. However, disorder-free quantum many-body systems with local conservation can also exhibit AL or even many-body localization transition. We show that the AL phase exists in a modified Kondo lattice without external random potential. The density of state, inverse participation ratio and temperature-dependent resistance are computed by classical Monte Carlo simulation, which uncovers an AL phase from the previously studied Fermi liquid and Mott insulator regimes. The occurrence of AL roots from quenched disorder formed by conservative localized moments. Interestingly, a many-body wavefunction is found, which captures elements in all three paramagnetic phases and is used to compute their quantum entanglement. In light of these findings, we expect that the disorder-free AL phenomena can exist in generic translation-invariant quantum many-body systems.展开更多
In the present paper, we investigate the kaon twist-3 distribution amplitudes （DAs）Cp within the QCD background field approach. The SUf （3）-breaking effects are studied in detail under a systematical way, especiaJ...In the present paper, we investigate the kaon twist-3 distribution amplitudes （DAs）Cp within the QCD background field approach. The SUf （3）-breaking effects are studied in detail under a systematical way, especiaJ1y the sum rules for the moments of are obtained by keeping all the mass terms in the s-quark propagator consistently. After adding all the uncertainties in quadrature, the first two Gegenbauler moments of are a GeV. A detailed discussion on the properties tion parameters moments shows that the higher-order s-quark mass terms can indeed provide sizable contributions. Fhrthermore, based on the newly obtained moments, a model for the kaon twist-3 wavefunction with a better end-point behavior is constructed, which shall be useful for perturbative QCD calculations. As a byproduct, we make a discussion on the properties of the pion twist-3 DAs.展开更多
Wavefunction is a fundamental concept of quantum theory.Recent studies have shown surprisingly that wavefunction can be directly reconstructed via the measurement of weak value.The weak value based direct wavefunction...Wavefunction is a fundamental concept of quantum theory.Recent studies have shown surprisingly that wavefunction can be directly reconstructed via the measurement of weak value.The weak value based direct wavefunction reconstruction not only gives the operational meaning of wavefunction,but also provides the possibility of realizing holographic imaging with a totally new quantum approach.Here,we review the basic background knowledge of weak value based direct wavefunction reconstruction combined with recent experimental demonstrations.The main purpose of this work focuses on the idea of holographic imaging via direct wavefunction reconstruction.Since research on this topic is still in its early stage,we hope that this work can attract interest in the field of traditional holographic imaging.In addition,the wavefunction holographic imaging may find important applications in quantum information science.展开更多
A more general form of the Bethe Salpater wavefunction for a quark antiquark bound state, in accordance with the spirit of nonrelativistic approximation, is constructed, and the relativistic Salpeter equation is red...A more general form of the Bethe Salpater wavefunction for a quark antiquark bound state, in accordance with the spirit of nonrelativistic approximation, is constructed, and the relativistic Salpeter equation is reduced to two 2×2 matrix equations under an instantaneous approximation, which includes not only the contributions comming from a positive energy state but also ones of a negative energy state, and has no anomalous solution.展开更多
In this paper, we present the study of band structure relativistically. Here, Dirac equation is formulated from Hamilto-nian in which the formulation is found to contain a correction term known as spin-orbit coupling ...In this paper, we present the study of band structure relativistically. Here, Dirac equation is formulated from Hamilto-nian in which the formulation is found to contain a correction term known as spin-orbit coupling given as that modifies the non-relativistic expression for the same formulation. This term leads to double spin-degeneracy within the first Brillioun zone which is a concept that is not found in other method of study of band structure of material.展开更多
This study discusses the information space, the wave function phase, the Berry phase and its relationship to quantization, discriminability of states and macroscopic quantum effects caused by localization of the parti...This study discusses the information space, the wave function phase, the Berry phase and its relationship to quantization, discriminability of states and macroscopic quantum effects caused by localization of the particle, followed by a possible entropy change during its transition into a new thermodynamic state. This work addresses interference： it is the information waves which interfere; the particles follow their roadmap, and the measurement of their coordinates introduces an additional uncertainty into the momentum. It is not particles （matter） which manifest these wave properties but fluctuations of the physical space-time coordinates. Physical characteristics corresponding to the fluctuating variables, energy, momentum, etc., determine the magnitude of the respective fluctuations rather than the wave properties of matter. Matter possesses no wave properties. This work also discusses the difference between the objective information and knowledge.展开更多
基金国家自然科学基金，Doctoral Program Founda-tion of Institution of Higher Education of China，国家重点实验室基金，国家重点实验室基金
文摘By solving rigorously the relativistic wave equations derived from Bargmann–Wigner equation for arbitrary spin, the relativistic wavefunctions in momentum representation for particles with arbitrary spin are deduced.
文摘In this paper. it is discussed how to constrnct wavefunctions of L-S couplingfermion system, which are classified by group chain A recurrent formula of fractional parentage coefficients with fixedseniority is also given.
文摘The wavefunctions of L-S coupling fermion system, which are classified by group chain U(4ι1 + 4ι2 + 4) Us(2)×(U L(2ι+ 2ι2 + 2) O(2ι1 + 2ι2 + 2) O(2ι+1) ×O(2ι2 + 1) O1 (3)×O2 (3) O(3)), are constructed through introducing generalized pairs coupled by fermions with different ι. With the help of the fractional parentage coefficients of single-ιfermion system, the author obtains the corresponding fractional parentage coefficients of double-ιfermion system.
基金support by the Saudi Center for Theoretical Physics (SCTP) during the progress of this work
文摘In a recent reformulation of quantum mechanics, the properties of the physical system are derived from orthogonal polynomials that make up the expansion coefficients of the wavefunction in a complete set of square integrable basis. Here, we show how to reconstruct the potential function so that a correspondence with the standard formulation could be established. However, the correspondence places restriction on the kinematics of such problems.
文摘The parabolic cylindrical lens shaped quantum dot is investigated theoretically. The Schrǒdinger equation for an electron confined in this structure is solved in the parabolic cylindrical coordinate system. The wavefunctions for the electron are presented in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions, and the electron energy spectra are also obtained.
文摘The concept of resonance-assisted hydrogen bonds(RAHBs)highlights the synergistic interplay between theπ-resonance and hydrogen bonding interactions.This concept has been well-accepted in academia and is widely used in practice.However,it has been argued that the seemingly enhanced intramolecular hydrogen bonding(IMHB)in unsaturated compounds may simply be a result of the constraints imposed by theσ-skeleton framework.Thus,it is crucial to estimate the strength of IMHBs.In this work,we used two approaches to probe the resonance effect and estimate the strength of the IMHBs in the two exemplary cases of the enol forms of acetylacetone and o-hydroxyacetophenone.One approach is the block-localized wavefunction(BLW)method,which is a variant of the ab initio valence bond(VB)theory.Using this approach,it is possible to derive the geometries and energetics with resonance shut down.The other approach is Edmiston’s truncated localized molecular orbital(TLMO)technique,which monitors the energy changes by removing the delocalization tails from localized molecular orbitals.The integrated BLW and TLMO studies confirmed that the hydrogen bonding in these two molecules is indeed enhanced byπ-resonance,and that this enhancement is not a result ofσconstraints.
基金Project supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, Ministry of Education of China (Grant No 2005LXAH06)the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Anhui Province, China (Grant Nos KJ2008A145 and 2002HBL05)
文摘A new set of trial functions for 1s^22sns configurations in a beryllium atom is suggested. A Mathematica program based on the variational method is developed to calculate the wavefunctions and energies of 1s^22sns （n = 3 - 6） configurations in a beryllium atom. Non-relativistic energy, polarization correction and relativistic correction which include mass correction, one- and two-body Darwin corrections, spin-spin contact interaction and orbit-orbit interaction, are calculated respectively. The results are in good agreement with experimental data.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2014CB921003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11721404,51761145104,and 61675228)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDB07030200 and XDPB0803)the CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team
文摘Semiconductor quantum dots have been intensively investigated because of their fundamental role in solid-state quan- tum information processing. The energy levels of quantum dots are quantized and can be tuned by external field such as optical, electric, and magnetic field. In this review, we focus on the development of magneto-optical properties of single InAs quantum dots embedded in GaAs matrix, including charge injection, relaxation, tunneling, wavefunction distribution, and coupling between different dimensional materials. Finally, the perspective of coherent manipulation of quantum state of single self-assembled quantum dots by photocurrent spectroscopy with an applied magnetic field is discussed.
文摘We report in this paper the ground-state energy 2s^(2)^(1)S and total energies of doubly excited states 2p^(2)^(1)D,3d^(2)^(1)D,4f^(2)^(1)I of the Helium isoelectronic sequence from H-to Ca^(18+).Calculations are performed using the Modified Atomic Orbital Theory(MAOT)in the framework of a variational procedure.The purpose of this study required a mathematical development of the Hamiltonian applied to Slater-type wave function[1]combining with Hylleraas-type wave function[2].The study leads to analytical expressions which are carried out under special MAXIMA computational program.This first proposed MAOT variational procedure,leads to accurate results in good agreement as well as with available other theoretical results than experimental data.In the present work,a new correlated wave function is presented to express analytically the total energies for the 2s21S ground state and each doubly 2p^(2)^(1)D,3d^(2)^(1)D,4f^(2)^(1)I excited states in the He-like systems.The present accurate data may be a useful guideline for future experimental and theoretical studies in the(nI^(2))systems.
文摘We use the separation of variable treatment to treat some time-dependent systems, and point out that the condition of separability is the same as the condition of existence of invariant, and the separation of variable treatment is interrelated with the quantum-invariant method and the propagator method. We directly use the separation of variable treatment to obtain the wavefunctions of the time-dependent Coulomb potential and the time-dependent Hulthén potential.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(60805029and60703083)the project from the State KeyLaboratory of Industrial Control Technology,Zhejiang University
文摘The incoherent control of finite-level quantum systems is investigated. Following a brief introduction to coherent control paradigms in quantum control, a control problem that can not be accomplished using only coherent control is presented. For such a control problem, it is proved that it can be accomplished using incoherent control based on projective measurement and coherent control for two classes of finite-level quantum systems, i.e., eigenstate controllable quantum systems and wavefunction controllable quantum systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11647058)the Fund for Sichuan Distinguished Scientists(Grant No.2015JQ0042)the Youth Innovation Team of the Education Department of Sichuan Province,China(Grant No.14TD0013)
文摘The vibrational wave function of the target theoretically plays an important role in the calculation of vibrational excitation cross sections. By a careful study of the differential cross sections resulting from different vibrational wave functions we find that cross sections are susceptible to vibrational wave functions. Minor changes in the vibration wave lhnction may cause a significant change in the cross section. Even more surprising is that by selecting a few numbers of potential models （which determine the vibrational wave functions） we can often calculate the differential scattering cross section in much closer agreement with experiment in the framework of body-frame vibrational close-coupling theory, which suggest that an accurate potential energy may play a more important role in scattering than we thought betbre.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22073045)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘In the past few years,the renormalized excitonic model(REM)approach was developed as an efficient low-scaling ab initio excited state method,which assumes the low-lying excited states of the whole system are a linear combination of various single monomer excitations and utilizes the effective Hamiltonian theory to derive their couplings.In this work,we further extend the REM calculations for the evaluations of first-order molecular properties(e.g.charge population and transition dipole moment)of delocalized ionic or excited states in molecular aggregates,through generalizing the effective Hamiltonian theory to effective operator representation.Results from the test calculations for four different kinds of one dimensional(1D)molecular aggregates(ammonia,formaldehyde,ethylene and pyrrole)indicate that our new scheme can efficiently describe not only the energies but also wavefunction properties of the low-lying delocalized electronic states in large systems.
基金Project supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11704166,11834005,and 11874188).
文摘Anderson localization (AL) phenomena usually exist in systems with random potential. However, disorder-free quantum many-body systems with local conservation can also exhibit AL or even many-body localization transition. We show that the AL phase exists in a modified Kondo lattice without external random potential. The density of state, inverse participation ratio and temperature-dependent resistance are computed by classical Monte Carlo simulation, which uncovers an AL phase from the previously studied Fermi liquid and Mott insulator regimes. The occurrence of AL roots from quenched disorder formed by conservative localized moments. Interestingly, a many-body wavefunction is found, which captures elements in all three paramagnetic phases and is used to compute their quantum entanglement. In light of these findings, we expect that the disorder-free AL phenomena can exist in generic translation-invariant quantum many-body systems.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.CDJXS1102209the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University under Grant No.NCET-10-0882by Natural Science Foundation of China under GrantNo.11075225
文摘In the present paper, we investigate the kaon twist-3 distribution amplitudes （DAs）Cp within the QCD background field approach. The SUf （3）-breaking effects are studied in detail under a systematical way, especiaJ1y the sum rules for the moments of are obtained by keeping all the mass terms in the s-quark propagator consistently. After adding all the uncertainties in quadrature, the first two Gegenbauler moments of are a GeV. A detailed discussion on the properties tion parameters moments shows that the higher-order s-quark mass terms can indeed provide sizable contributions. Fhrthermore, based on the newly obtained moments, a model for the kaon twist-3 wavefunction with a better end-point behavior is constructed, which shall be useful for perturbative QCD calculations. As a byproduct, we make a discussion on the properties of the pion twist-3 DAs.
基金supported by the Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciencessupported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11674306 and 92065113)the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(Grant No.GXXT-2022-039)。
文摘Wavefunction is a fundamental concept of quantum theory.Recent studies have shown surprisingly that wavefunction can be directly reconstructed via the measurement of weak value.The weak value based direct wavefunction reconstruction not only gives the operational meaning of wavefunction,but also provides the possibility of realizing holographic imaging with a totally new quantum approach.Here,we review the basic background knowledge of weak value based direct wavefunction reconstruction combined with recent experimental demonstrations.The main purpose of this work focuses on the idea of holographic imaging via direct wavefunction reconstruction.Since research on this topic is still in its early stage,we hope that this work can attract interest in the field of traditional holographic imaging.In addition,the wavefunction holographic imaging may find important applications in quantum information science.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China，the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities，the Open Project of Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences，the Program for Innovative Research Team of Guizhou Province of China，the University Development Fund of Guizhou Province，the Talent Special Fund of Guizhou Province
文摘A more general form of the Bethe Salpater wavefunction for a quark antiquark bound state, in accordance with the spirit of nonrelativistic approximation, is constructed, and the relativistic Salpeter equation is reduced to two 2×2 matrix equations under an instantaneous approximation, which includes not only the contributions comming from a positive energy state but also ones of a negative energy state, and has no anomalous solution.
文摘In this paper, we present the study of band structure relativistically. Here, Dirac equation is formulated from Hamilto-nian in which the formulation is found to contain a correction term known as spin-orbit coupling given as that modifies the non-relativistic expression for the same formulation. This term leads to double spin-degeneracy within the first Brillioun zone which is a concept that is not found in other method of study of band structure of material.
文摘This study discusses the information space, the wave function phase, the Berry phase and its relationship to quantization, discriminability of states and macroscopic quantum effects caused by localization of the particle, followed by a possible entropy change during its transition into a new thermodynamic state. This work addresses interference： it is the information waves which interfere; the particles follow their roadmap, and the measurement of their coordinates introduces an additional uncertainty into the momentum. It is not particles （matter） which manifest these wave properties but fluctuations of the physical space-time coordinates. Physical characteristics corresponding to the fluctuating variables, energy, momentum, etc., determine the magnitude of the respective fluctuations rather than the wave properties of matter. Matter possesses no wave properties. This work also discusses the difference between the objective information and knowledge.
