Dithiocarbamate vulcanization accelerators (DVAs) are widely used in rubber manufacturing, yet their potential human exposure and associated health risks remain poorly understood. Previous studies have identified DVAs...Dithiocarbamate vulcanization accelerators (DVAs) are widely used in rubber manufacturing, yet their potential human exposure and associated health risks remain poorly understood. Previous studies have identified DVAs in various environmental matrices, such as dust and sediments, but their occurrence in human biological samples has not been investigated. This study aims to fill this critical research gap by conducting the first comprehensive biomonitoring assessment of DVAs in human urine, providing direct evidence of human exposure. A total of 263 urine samples were collected from Chinese adults and analyzed for eight DVAs. Seven out of eight target compounds were detected, with detection frequencies ranging from 14 % to 94 %. Zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC) was the predominant compound, with a mean concentration of 1.6 ng/mL (range: <LOD–12 ng/mL). Notably, males exhibited significantly higher urinary levels of ZDEC (1.7 ± 0.28 ng/mL vs. 1.3 ± 0.33 ng/mL;p = 0.021) and zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC;0.78 ± 0.18 ng/mL vs. 0.50 ± 0.10 ng/mL;p = 0.017) compared to females, while urinary concentrations of ZDEC and zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (ZBEC) were inversely correlated with age. Daily exposure (DE) estimation revealed that ZDEC had the highest mean DE value at 48 ng/kg bw/day, followed by ZEPC (29 ng/kg bw/day) and ZDBC (21 ng/kg bw/day). These findings provide essential insights into human exposure patterns to DVAs, offering a scientific basis for future risk assessment and regulatory considerations. Given the widespread detection of these compounds and their potential toxicity, further research is warranted to elucidate their health implications and major exposure pathways.展开更多
Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)cathode exhibits improved cycling stability in carbonate electrolytes due to the existent of-S_(x)^(2-)-(2≤n≤4)units.However,it is still challenging for SPAN to achieve higher sulfu...Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)cathode exhibits improved cycling stability in carbonate electrolytes due to the existent of-S_(x)^(2-)-(2≤n≤4)units.However,it is still challenging for SPAN to achieve higher sulfur content,superior conductivity,and faster polysulfide conversion kinetics in ether electrolytes.Herein,polyacrylonitrile(PAN),2-morpholinothiobenzothiazole(MBS),and FeCl_(3)coated reduced graphene oxide(rGO)were used to fabricate advanced sulfur cathode through electrospinning technology to address these problems.During PAN sulfuration reactions,the MBS with abundant unsaturated bonds served as the vulcanization accelerator to facilitate the formation of longer chain sulfur species(-S_(3)-/-S_(4)-)and increase the sulfur content in the SPAN electrode system.Meanwhile,Fe_(1-x)S is in situ converted from FeCl_(3),which acts as the electrocatalyst to promote Li_(2)S nucleation and decomposition reactions.As a result,the Fe_(1-x)S/SPAN/rGO electrode with high sulfur loading of 2.0 mg·cm^(-2)delivers a reversible capacity of 1122 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 A·g^(-1).Notably,at a large current density of 5.0 A·g^(-1),the Fe_(1-x)S/SPAN/rGO electrode still displays a high specific capacity of 924 mAh·g^(-1)with an ultra-stable cycling life over 2000 cycles.The present work provides new insights into designing of high-performance electrode materials for long-lasting Li-S batteries.展开更多
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LR23D030001,LBY23H200003,and LY21B070006)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42477453).
文摘Dithiocarbamate vulcanization accelerators (DVAs) are widely used in rubber manufacturing, yet their potential human exposure and associated health risks remain poorly understood. Previous studies have identified DVAs in various environmental matrices, such as dust and sediments, but their occurrence in human biological samples has not been investigated. This study aims to fill this critical research gap by conducting the first comprehensive biomonitoring assessment of DVAs in human urine, providing direct evidence of human exposure. A total of 263 urine samples were collected from Chinese adults and analyzed for eight DVAs. Seven out of eight target compounds were detected, with detection frequencies ranging from 14 % to 94 %. Zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC) was the predominant compound, with a mean concentration of 1.6 ng/mL (range: <LOD–12 ng/mL). Notably, males exhibited significantly higher urinary levels of ZDEC (1.7 ± 0.28 ng/mL vs. 1.3 ± 0.33 ng/mL;p = 0.021) and zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC;0.78 ± 0.18 ng/mL vs. 0.50 ± 0.10 ng/mL;p = 0.017) compared to females, while urinary concentrations of ZDEC and zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (ZBEC) were inversely correlated with age. Daily exposure (DE) estimation revealed that ZDEC had the highest mean DE value at 48 ng/kg bw/day, followed by ZEPC (29 ng/kg bw/day) and ZDBC (21 ng/kg bw/day). These findings provide essential insights into human exposure patterns to DVAs, offering a scientific basis for future risk assessment and regulatory considerations. Given the widespread detection of these compounds and their potential toxicity, further research is warranted to elucidate their health implications and major exposure pathways.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB0905600)the Innovation Research Funds of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(HUST,No.2172019kfyRCPY100)。
文摘Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)cathode exhibits improved cycling stability in carbonate electrolytes due to the existent of-S_(x)^(2-)-(2≤n≤4)units.However,it is still challenging for SPAN to achieve higher sulfur content,superior conductivity,and faster polysulfide conversion kinetics in ether electrolytes.Herein,polyacrylonitrile(PAN),2-morpholinothiobenzothiazole(MBS),and FeCl_(3)coated reduced graphene oxide(rGO)were used to fabricate advanced sulfur cathode through electrospinning technology to address these problems.During PAN sulfuration reactions,the MBS with abundant unsaturated bonds served as the vulcanization accelerator to facilitate the formation of longer chain sulfur species(-S_(3)-/-S_(4)-)and increase the sulfur content in the SPAN electrode system.Meanwhile,Fe_(1-x)S is in situ converted from FeCl_(3),which acts as the electrocatalyst to promote Li_(2)S nucleation and decomposition reactions.As a result,the Fe_(1-x)S/SPAN/rGO electrode with high sulfur loading of 2.0 mg·cm^(-2)delivers a reversible capacity of 1122 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 A·g^(-1).Notably,at a large current density of 5.0 A·g^(-1),the Fe_(1-x)S/SPAN/rGO electrode still displays a high specific capacity of 924 mAh·g^(-1)with an ultra-stable cycling life over 2000 cycles.The present work provides new insights into designing of high-performance electrode materials for long-lasting Li-S batteries.
