Accurate water level measurement in nuclear reactors,particularly in PWRs(pressurized water reactors)and BWRs(boiling water reactors),is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of reactor operations.K-type HJ...Accurate water level measurement in nuclear reactors,particularly in PWRs(pressurized water reactors)and BWRs(boiling water reactors),is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of reactor operations.K-type HJTCs(heated junction thermocouples)are widely used for this purpose due to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and radiation conditions.This article explores the role of HJTCs in reactor water level measurement and compares the performance of 2-wire and 3-wire connections.While the 2-wire connection is simple and cost-effective,it can introduce measurement inaccuracies due to wire resistance.In contrast,the 3-wire connection compensates for lead resistance,offering more precise and reliable measurements,particularly in long-distance applications.This paper discusses the operational considerations of these wiring configurations in the context of nuclear reactors and highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate connection type to optimize safety and measurement accuracy in PWR and BWR reactors.展开更多
近几年全球生物类似药发展如火如荼,各国出台积极政策响应与推动生物类似药的研发和应用,大型制药企业也通过一系列对生物医药公司的收购完成生物类似药研发先机的抢占。以Pfizer vs. Johnson案为研究对象,对美国生物类似药的保障政策...近几年全球生物类似药发展如火如荼,各国出台积极政策响应与推动生物类似药的研发和应用,大型制药企业也通过一系列对生物医药公司的收购完成生物类似药研发先机的抢占。以Pfizer vs. Johnson案为研究对象,对美国生物类似药的保障政策、诉讼案件发展和系列焦点问题进行整体描述与深入分析。研究发现,来自原研企业的竞争压力及临床对生物类似药可替代性的质疑与保守态度,都在一定程度上对类似药的应用和推广构成威胁,而其价格优势和越来越明朗的政策环境使得生物类似药的未来可期。展开更多
文摘Accurate water level measurement in nuclear reactors,particularly in PWRs(pressurized water reactors)and BWRs(boiling water reactors),is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of reactor operations.K-type HJTCs(heated junction thermocouples)are widely used for this purpose due to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and radiation conditions.This article explores the role of HJTCs in reactor water level measurement and compares the performance of 2-wire and 3-wire connections.While the 2-wire connection is simple and cost-effective,it can introduce measurement inaccuracies due to wire resistance.In contrast,the 3-wire connection compensates for lead resistance,offering more precise and reliable measurements,particularly in long-distance applications.This paper discusses the operational considerations of these wiring configurations in the context of nuclear reactors and highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate connection type to optimize safety and measurement accuracy in PWR and BWR reactors.
文摘近几年全球生物类似药发展如火如荼,各国出台积极政策响应与推动生物类似药的研发和应用,大型制药企业也通过一系列对生物医药公司的收购完成生物类似药研发先机的抢占。以Pfizer vs. Johnson案为研究对象,对美国生物类似药的保障政策、诉讼案件发展和系列焦点问题进行整体描述与深入分析。研究发现,来自原研企业的竞争压力及临床对生物类似药可替代性的质疑与保守态度,都在一定程度上对类似药的应用和推广构成威胁,而其价格优势和越来越明朗的政策环境使得生物类似药的未来可期。
