To the Editor:With the aging of the population,the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease(AD)has increased significantly.Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)is the transition period between normal aging and dementia.[1]Quantita...To the Editor:With the aging of the population,the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease(AD)has increased significantly.Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)is the transition period between normal aging and dementia.[1]Quantitative susceptibility mapping(QSM)allows for the direct measurement of iron metabolism disorders and iron deposition in AD brain tissue,represented as susceptibility(SUS).Voxel-based morphometry(VBM)is widely applied to evaluate gray and white matter lesions in the brain,reflecting differences in the corresponding anatomical structures by quantitatively calculating and analyzing the density or volume of brain gray/white matter for each voxel in the T1WI three-dimensional magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo(T1WI-3D-MP RAGE)sequence.Herein,we investigated the difference in brain microstructural changes in patients with AD and MCI using QSM and VBM,combined with neuropsychological test results,to evaluate the diagnostic value of QSM and VBM.展开更多
The dependence of shrinkage porosities on microstructure characteristics of Mg−12Al alloy was investigated.The distribution,morphology,size,and number density of shrinkage porosities were analyzed under different cool...The dependence of shrinkage porosities on microstructure characteristics of Mg−12Al alloy was investigated.The distribution,morphology,size,and number density of shrinkage porosities were analyzed under different cooling rates.The relationship between shrinkage porosities and microstructure characteristics was discussed in terms of temperature conditions,feeding channel characteristics,and feeding capacity.Further,the feeding behavior of the residual liquid phase in the solid skeleton was quantified by introducing permeability.Results show a strong correlation between the solid microstructure skeleton and shrinkage porosity characteristics.An increase in permeability corresponds to a declining number density of shrinkage porosities.This study aims to provide a more complete understanding how to reduce shrinkage porosities by controlling microstructure characteristics.展开更多
Microglia,the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,exhibit a wide array of functional states,even in their so-called“homeostatic”condition,when they are not actively responding to overt pathological s...Microglia,the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,exhibit a wide array of functional states,even in their so-called“homeostatic”condition,when they are not actively responding to overt pathological stimuli.These functional states can be visualized using a combination of multi-omics techniques(e.g.,gene and protein expression,posttranslational modifications,mRNA profiling,and metabolomics),and,in the case of homeostatic microglia,are largely defined by the global(e.g.,genetic variations,organism’s age,sex,circadian rhythms,and gut microbiota)as well as local(specific area of the brain,immediate microglial surrounding,neuron-glia interactions and synaptic density/activity)signals(Paolicelli et al.,2022).While phenomics(i.e.,ultrastructural microglial morphology and motility)is also one of the key microglial state-defining parameters,it is known that cells with similar morphology can belong to different functional states.展开更多
Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.However,current frameworks,even the IUCN Red List,often neglect critical factors suc...Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.However,current frameworks,even the IUCN Red List,often neglect critical factors such as genetic diversity and the impacts of climate and land-use changes,hindering effective conservation planning.To address these limitations,we developed an enhanced extinction risk assessment framework using Diploderma lizards as a model.This framework incorporates long-term field surveys,environmental data,and land-use information to predict distributional changes for 10 recently described Diploderma species on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,which hold ecological significance but remain underassessed in conservation assessment.By integrating the distribution data and genetically inferred effective population sizes(Ne),we conducted scenario analyses and used a rank-sum approach to calculate Risk ranking scores(RRS)for each species.This approach revealed significant discrepancies with the IUCN Red List assessments.Notably,D.yangi and D.qilin were identified as facing the highest extinction risk.Furthermore,D.vela,D.batangense,D.flaviceps,D.dymondi,D.yulongense,and D.laeviventre,currently classified as“Least Concern”,were found to warrant reclassification as“Vulnerable”due to considerable threat from projected range contractions.Exploring the relationship between morphology and RRS revealed that traits such as snout-vent length and relative tail length could serve as potential predictors of extinction risk,offering preliminary metrics for assessing species vulnerability when comprehensive data are unavailable.This study enhances the precision of extinction risk assessment frameworks and demonstrates their capacity to refine and update risk assessments,especially for lesser-known taxa.展开更多
Controlling the morphology of Al_(2) Cu intermetallic compounds(IMCs)has been of importance to enhance the properties of Al-based alloys.However,the quantification of Al_(2) Cu IMCs with diversified morphologies is st...Controlling the morphology of Al_(2) Cu intermetallic compounds(IMCs)has been of importance to enhance the properties of Al-based alloys.However,the quantification of Al_(2) Cu IMCs with diversified morphologies is still lacking,and the morphological evolution of Al_(2) Cu dendrites remains poorly understood.Using synchrotron X-ray tomography,we have directly quantified the morphological evolution of proeutectic Al_(2) Cu IMCs in directionally solidified Al-Cu alloys.The three-dimensional(3D)morphologies of Al_(2) Cu IMCs under different growth rates were quantified using volume,specific surface area,interconnectivity,tortuosity,and Gaussian curvature.The faceted morphology under slow growth rate was divided into three different types,including single hollow prism,irregular prism lacking partial faces,and coalesced prism consisting of two adjacent crystals.The morphological transition from faceted prism to non-faceted algae-like,irregular tree-like,and typically dendritic shapes with increasing growth rates was determined,reflecting the growth modes varied from lateral mode to intermediary and continuous modes.The non-faceted Al_(2) Cu dendrite had one primary stem,three groups of secondary arms,and a faceted tip.The angles between secondary arms were 120°,and the tip consisted of(011)and(011^(-))planes.This work provides a deep understanding of the formation and growth of complex IMCs in metallic alloys.展开更多
Male infertility can result from impaired sperm motility caused by multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella(MMAF).Distinct projections encircling the central microtubules of the spermatozoal axoneme play p...Male infertility can result from impaired sperm motility caused by multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella(MMAF).Distinct projections encircling the central microtubules of the spermatozoal axoneme play pivotal roles in flagellar bending and spermatozoal movement.Mammalian sperm-associated antigen 17(SPAG17)encodes a conserved axonemal protein of cilia and flagella,forming part of the C1a projection of the central apparatus,with functions related to ciliary/flagellar motility,skeletal growth,and male fertility.This study investigated two novel homozygous SPAG17 mutations(M1:NM_206996.2,c.829+1G>T,p.Asp212_Glu276del;and M2:c.2120del,p.Leu707*)identified in four infertile patients from two consanguineous Pakistani families.These patients displayed the MMAF phenotype confirmed by Papanicolaou staining and scanning electron microscopy assays of spermatozoa.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)of patients’spermatozoa also revealed a significant decrease in SPAG17 mRNA expression,and immunofluorescence staining showed the absence of SPAG17 protein signals along the flagella.However,no apparent ciliary-related symptoms or skeletal malformations were observed in the chest X-rays of any of the patients.Transmission electron microscopy of axoneme cross-sections from the patients showed incomplete C1a projection and a higher frequency of missing microtubule doublets 1 and 9 compared with those from fertile controls.Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analyses of spermatogenesis-associated protein 17(SPATA17),a component of the C1a projection,and sperm-associated antigen 6(SPAG6),a marker of the spring layer,revealed disrupted expression of both proteins in the patients’spermatozoa.Altogether,these findings demonstrated that SPAG17 maintains the integrity of spermatozoal flagellar axoneme,expanding the phenotypic spectrum of SPAG17 mutations in humans.展开更多
The exploration and understanding of myxosporean,one of the crucial stressors causing fish disease,have always been highly regarded.The present study aims to fully understand a novel myxobolid species,Thelohanellus xi...The exploration and understanding of myxosporean,one of the crucial stressors causing fish disease,have always been highly regarded.The present study aims to fully understand a novel myxobolid species,Thelohanellus xiushanensis n.sp.infecting the gill filaments of Carassius auratus from Chongqing,China,as well as the associated pathological impacts.A multifaceted analysis at various levels and perspectives was carried out by the approach integrating morphology,molecular systematics,histopathology,combined host and habitat,as well as SSU rDNA data.The results indicated that its mature myxospores displayed a tapering anterior and a blunt-rounded posterior,with a dropshape in front view and melon-seed shape in sutural view in morphology.The outer surface was covered with a transparent membrane sheath in valve view.The dimensions of myxospores were average(19.2±1.1)(17.1-21.0)×(10.0±0.7)(8.7-12.1)×(9.7±0.5)(9.1-10.8)μm.An elliptical polar capsule,containing four to five turns of single polar filament,measures(8.0±0.6)(6.9-9.1)×(6.6±0.3)(6.1-7.1)μm.Its SSU rDNA sequence demonstrated the closest similarity(99.95%)with an actinosporean Neoactinomyxum sp.NEO-7.Histopathological results indicated that numerous myxoplasmodia of T.xiushanensis n.sp.were located in the tips of the gill filaments,resulting in deformation and rupture of partial gill filaments.Furthermore,severely infected gill lamellae exhibited hyperplasia and fusion,accompanied by infiltration of numerous eosinophils.In addition,regenerated gill filaments were observed at the bases of partially ruptured gill filaments,indicating that the host’s gill tissue has the innate capacity to shed diseased tissues and regenerate new ones.This study has proved the present species and Neoactinomyxum sp.NEO-7 belong to the same myxosporean species but corresponding to different developmental stage,designated as a new species.This novel species is a potential pathogen for the host,which should not be ignored.This study not only enriches myxobolid biodiversity and demonstrates a potentially pathogenic agent,but also provides a valid diagnosis for the gill myxoboliosis caused by the present pathogen in aquaculture.展开更多
In order to contribute to a better understanding of the biodiversity of local chicken populations, this study focused on the description of the essential qualitative parameters in the phenotypic characterization of lo...In order to contribute to a better understanding of the biodiversity of local chicken populations, this study focused on the description of the essential qualitative parameters in the phenotypic characterization of local species. Conducted in 6 localities in the Far North Region of Cameroon (Doukoula, Yagoua, Guidiguis, Dziguilao, Maroua 3rd and Méri), a population of 240 local chickens, including 172 hens and 68 cocks were characterized in family farms. The choice of localities was made on the basis of their strong potential local chicken flocks in the region. To this end, each animal was the subject of a qualitative description based on the identification of the sex of the animal, the description of the colorations of the plumage and extremities, and the description of the types of format, plumage and crests. All observations were made with the naked eye and in daylight and then photographed. The main results show that the plumage colors are multiple and dominated by the White-Pied-Black (21.7%) and the Mille-fleur (20.8%);the wattles are dominated by the red (60%) and the pink (35.4%);the tarsi are dominated by the white (43.8%) and the black (32.08%);the white skin (92.5%) dominates over the pink skin (7.5%);the “Smooth-uniform” feather is dominant (97.08%), followed by the smooth-crested type (2.08%) and the fries type (0.82%);the medium size of the chickens is dominant (86.66%), followed by the dwarf size (9.58%) and the large size (3.75%). The results of this study demonstrate that there is a strong phenotypic diversity within the local chicken population. This diversity can serve as a basis for the development of selection, conservation and genetic potential improvement programs based on rational exploitation of the local chicken.展开更多
This study investigates how English morphological awareness contributes to reading comprehension in beginner Chinese EFL learners.The research examines both derivational and compounding morphological awareness at mult...This study investigates how English morphological awareness contributes to reading comprehension in beginner Chinese EFL learners.The research examines both derivational and compounding morphological awareness at multiple levels(identification,discrimination,and manipulation)on English reading comprehension and explores whether their contributions are mediated by vocabulary knowledge.Data were collected from 71 Grade 9 students using various morphological awareness tasks,a vocabulary test,and a reading comprehension assessment.Mixed-effects regression and mediation analyses revealed that all components of morphological awareness,except derivational identification,significantly contributed to reading comprehension.Derivational manipulation was found to have both direct and indirect effects on reading comprehension,partially mediated by vocabulary knowledge.In contrast,compounding awareness influenced reading comprehension primarily through its effect on vocabulary.These findings provide a more nuanced understanding of how different facets of morphological awareness impact reading comprehension in EFL contexts,offering valuable insights for vocabulary and reading instruction.展开更多
AIM:To elucidate the neuropathological mechanisms underlying diabetic vitreous hemorrhage(DVH)and its correlation with clinical characteristics.METHODS:Twenty-one individuals with DVH(male/female 12/9;mean age 52.29&#...AIM:To elucidate the neuropathological mechanisms underlying diabetic vitreous hemorrhage(DVH)and its correlation with clinical characteristics.METHODS:Twenty-one individuals with DVH(male/female 12/9;mean age 52.29±11.66y)were selected,alongside 21 appropriately matched controls with diabetes mellitus(DM).Voxel-based morphometry(VBM)techniques were employed to identify aberrant functional regions in the brain.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were utilized for classification based on the average VBM values of the two groups,and Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between average VBM values in distinct brain regions and clinical manifestations.RESULTS:Relative to the DM controls,DVH patients exhibited reduced VBM values in the right superior temporal pole,the right superior temporal gyrus,the right medial orbital frontal gyrus,and the left superior frontal gyrus.Furthermore,ROC curve analysis of these four brain regions in DVH patients demonstrated a high degree of accuracy,as indicated by the area under the curve.The average VBM value in each of these regions exhibited a negative correlation with both the duration of DVH and the score on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS).CONCLUSION:Pathological alterations in four distinct brain regions are observed in patients with DVH,potentially reflecting neuropathological changes associated with this condition.展开更多
Based on morphological and molecular evidence,a new species in the genus Anthocoris,Anthocoris zhangi sp.nov.,in the A.chibi group,is described from Zhejiang,China.Illustrations of the adults and key diagnostic charac...Based on morphological and molecular evidence,a new species in the genus Anthocoris,Anthocoris zhangi sp.nov.,in the A.chibi group,is described from Zhejiang,China.Illustrations of the adults and key diagnostic characteristics including the paramere are provided.展开更多
This study investigates the morphological characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms of stream potholes in the granodiorite riverbed of the Quanfengtan reach,located in the lower Zijiang River,Hunan Province,China.Fi...This study investigates the morphological characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms of stream potholes in the granodiorite riverbed of the Quanfengtan reach,located in the lower Zijiang River,Hunan Province,China.Field surveys and statistical analyses reveal that these potholes exhibit diverse geometries(calibers:0.2-2.5 m;depths:0.03-1.98 m;depth-to-caliber ratios:0.08-1.63),predominantly elliptical and shallow,reflecting distinct developmental stages.These potholes show no spatial correlation with bedrock joints,and their long-axis orientations diverge from dominant joint trends.Instead,they exhibit consistent alignment with the river’s prevailing flow direction.Furthermore,pothole dimensions(e.g.,depth and diameter)strongly correlate with gravel size,indicating sediment-driven abrasion as the primary formation mechanism.The uplift of the Xuefeng Mountains relative to the Dongting Basin since the Late Quaternary,which drove the incision of the lower Zijiang River,transforming it from an alluvial channel to a bedrock-dominated channel,is the primary precondition enabling pothole development in this region.Additionally,the influence of climatic factors and human activities cannot be overlooked.The progressive formation,coalescence,and evolution of potholes into grooves constitute the primary mechanism driving riverbed erosion by the Zijiang River at Quanfengtan.展开更多
Since 2007,the world's largest transregional green tides caused by Ulva prolifera have periodically occurred in China.The morphology of U.prolifera drastically changes during the drifting period,but the reason for...Since 2007,the world's largest transregional green tides caused by Ulva prolifera have periodically occurred in China.The morphology of U.prolifera drastically changes during the drifting period,but the reason for this phenomenon has still been under debate.Our results showed that temperature partly explained the changes in the morphology of U.prolifera,with a determining factor of 0.498.The ratio of highly branched thalli decreased as the temperature increased from around 25 to 30℃.Because morphological changes and physiological acclimation synergistically occurred in floating macroalgae,we hypothesized that if the morphology of U.prolifera is also determined by its development state,and the U.prolifea thalli with different development states should have distinct morphological and physiological traits even under the same environmental conditions.To test the hypothesis,we investigated the photosynthesis of U.prolifera and found a higher photosynthetic capacity but lower photoprotective capacity in algae that grew in the branched development state compared to those in the unbranched development state.Combined with other field observations and lab experiments,we suggest that both temperature and development state contribute to the morphological changes of U.prolifera.Given the varying trends of temperature during U.prolifera blooms in past eleven years and the initial occurrence of U.prolifera thalli in the branched development state in the source of algal bloom,we emphasize the need for source management of green tides.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the site specificity and differences of the Hegu(LI4)located on the midpoint of the second metacarpal and the point where the bases of the first and second metacarpal bones on the dorsum was h...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the site specificity and differences of the Hegu(LI4)located on the midpoint of the second metacarpal and the point where the bases of the first and second metacarpal bones on the dorsum was historically used as Hegu(LI4)in Japan,through morphological,biomechanical,and histological analyses.METHODS:We defined distally located Hegu(LI4)as Hegu(LI4)-D and proximally located Hegu(LI4)as Hegu(LI4)-P.The distance from the skin surface to the blood vessels as well as the biomechanical properties of the two Hegu(LI4)samples were measured using an ultrasound device and Myoton PRO(Myoton AS,Tallinn,Estonia),respectively,in 20 healthy adult volunteers.Sympathetic fibers under the two Hegu(LI4)samples were histologically observed using tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)immunostaining in 10 cadavers.RESULTS:Hegu(LI4)-D was classified into type 1 with blood vessels<4 mm away from the skin surface,and type 2 with blood vessels>10 mm away from the skin surface.In Hegu(LI4)-P,blood vessels were approximately 10 mm away from the surface.Further,Hegu(LI4)-P had significantly higher tone,stiffness,and elasticity than Hegu(LI4)-D(P<0.0001).TH-positive fibers were present near the artery in Hegu(LI4)-P.CONCLUSION:Hegu(LI4)-D and Hegu(LI4)-P differed in terms of hardness and the distance between the skin surface and blood vessels.Furthermore,sympathetic nerve fibers were present near the artery in Hegu(LI4)-P.Taken together,these results suggest that there is site specificity of morphological,biomechanical,and histological differences between the Hegu(LI4)-D and Hegu(LI4)-P.展开更多
Rivers are crucial in the spread of invasive plants.Invasive plants alter their seed traits to adapt to environmental changes and promote invasion.Studying the trait changes in invasive plant seeds may improve the und...Rivers are crucial in the spread of invasive plants.Invasive plants alter their seed traits to adapt to environmental changes and promote invasion.Studying the trait changes in invasive plant seeds may improve the understanding of their propagation mechanisms along the river and provide appropriate control measures.In this study,seven Ambrosia trifida populations along the Liaohe River were used as study subjects.The results showed that the seven A.trifida populations were closely related and exhibited a certain gene exchange,but the absence of evidence of directed gene flow among populations did not confirm that rivers were the medium of seed dispersal of A.trifida.Along the Liaohe River,from top to bottom,the positive view area,length,width,perimeter,and thousand seed weight of A.trifida seeds showed an increasing trend.The total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the river water of the A.trifida population in the lower reaches of the Liaohe River were higher than those at the other sites.Furthermore,along the river,from top to bottom,the available nitrogen,total nitrogen,total potassium,available potassium,and organic matter contents in the soil in which A.trifida populations grew showed significant increasing trends.River structure,water quality,and soil nutrients had direct and indirect effects on seed morphology.Soil total nitrogen,available potassium,and organic matter had significant positive effects on seed positive view area and perimeter,suggesting that the maternal effect played a critical role in shaping seed morphology.Our analysis showed that soil nutrients along the river may be the primary driver that governs changes in A.trifida seed traits.展开更多
Interfacial compatibilization is essential to generate compatible blend structures with synergistically enhanced properties.However,the effect of molecular structure on the reactivity of compatibilizers is not properl...Interfacial compatibilization is essential to generate compatible blend structures with synergistically enhanced properties.However,the effect of molecular structure on the reactivity of compatibilizers is not properly known.This study investigates the compatibilization effect of multifunctional,epoxy-based Joncryl chain extender in blends of polylactide(PLA)and polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate(PBAT)using PLA with varying D-lactide contents and molecular weights.These PLAs were high molecular weight amorphous PLA(aPLA)with D-content of 12 mol%and semi-crystalline PLA(scPLA)grades with D-contents below 1.5 mol%at both high(h)and low(l)molecular weights.The reactivity of Joncryl was assessed with each individual neat polymer,and its compatibilization effectwas examined in blends at aweight ratio of 75 wt/25wt using small amplitude oscillatory shear(SAOS)rheological analysis.Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA),tensile and impact tests,as well as scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observations,were conducted to characterize the blends.The addition of Joncryl resulted in remarkable improvements rheological behavior of all neat polymers and noticeably refined PBAT droplets in all blends,particularly in aPLA/PBAT and scPLA(l)/PBAT.The ductility,toughness and impact strength of these blends were significantly enhanced,while their tensile strength and modulus also showed slight improvements.Although the addition of Joncryl retarded the crystallization of the scPLA samples,the scPLA(h)/PBAT blend with Joncryl exhibited the highest thermomechanical performance over a wide temperature range.This was attributed to the higher crystallinity of scPLA(h),which,even in the presence of Joncryl,provided high thermal stability.展开更多
Dryopteridaceae are the largest fern family and include nearly 20%of extant fern diversity,with 24 currently recognized genera.Recognition and delineation of genera within this family have varied greatly.The three-sub...Dryopteridaceae are the largest fern family and include nearly 20%of extant fern diversity,with 24 currently recognized genera.Recognition and delineation of genera within this family have varied greatly.The three-subfamily classification of Dryopteridaceae was based primarily on molecular phylogenetic relationships but lacked morphological evidence,and the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies and genera of Dryopteridaceae are only partially resolved.A comprehensive and robust phylogeny is urgently needed.The heterogeneous morphology of the current members of Dryopteridaceae makes the family and its subfamilies difficult to define by single morphological characteristics or even character combinations.We carried out phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct a highly supported phylogeny of Dryopteridaceae.Our analyses recovered 24 strongly supported clades grouped into seven major clades of Dryopteridaceae.Seven morphological characters including habit,rhizome shape,frond morphology,rachis-costae architecture,appendages on stipe base and lamina,and soral arrangement were found to be informative for identifying different major clades and clades in Dryopteridaceae.Based on phylogenetic reconstruction and morphological analysis,we presented an updated infra-familial classification of Dryopteridaceae with seven subfamilies and 24 genera including four newly proposed subfamilies(Ctenitidoideae,Lastreopsidoideae,Pleocnemioideae,and Polystichopsidoideae).Morphological character combinations of each subfamily are summarized,and a key is provided.Most genera sensu PPG I are recognized,with Stigmatopetris reclassified into Dryopteridoideae and Arthrobotrya considered a synonym of Teratophyllum.A new genus Pseudarachniodes is introduced.This revised classification will serve as a foundational framework for future investigations on taxonomy,biogeography,and diversification of the most species-rich Dryopteridaceae in ferns.展开更多
Advertisement calls are essential for communication among anuran amphibians,with their production influenced by a range of environmental factors and morphological traits.To understand the primary sources of variation ...Advertisement calls are essential for communication among anuran amphibians,with their production influenced by a range of environmental factors and morphological traits.To understand the primary sources of variation of advertisement calls in male Leptobrachium liui,we recorded their advertisement calls during the breeding season and analyzed two primary acoustic parameters: call duration(CD) and dominant frequency(DF),along with their within-individual coefficients of variation.Additionally,we collected nest-related environmental parameters and morphological traits to investigate how these factors influence the variation in advertisement calls.Our analyses revealed that both nest-related environmental parameters(particularly water temperature) and individual morphological traits(especially head morphology) significantly influenced advertisement call characteristics in male L.liui.Water temperature showed a negative relationship with CD,while head morphology was positively associated with both CD and DF.These findings enhance our understanding of the factors shaping acoustic communication in L.liui during the breeding season and highlight the importance of both environmental and morphological factors in anuran vocalization.展开更多
The microstructural evolution at the liquid Al/solid Ni interface during remelting and resolidification was dynamically observed by using synchrotron radiography.The formation and growth behavior of Al_(3)Ni_(2) and A...The microstructural evolution at the liquid Al/solid Ni interface during remelting and resolidification was dynamically observed by using synchrotron radiography.The formation and growth behavior of Al_(3)Ni_(2) and Al_(3)Ni brittle intermetallic compounds(IMCs)under different conditions was investigated,and the formation mechanisms of dendritic Al_(3)Ni crystals with different morphologies were elucidated.The increasing remelting cycles accelerated the formation of Al_(3)Ni_(2) layer and the growth of Al_(3)Ni IMCs.The increased-step heating temperatures and time promoted the morphological transition from faceted to non-faceted dendritic Al_(3)Ni,which was attributed to the enhanced undercooling during solidification and incompletely remelted Al_(3)Ni IMCs during remelting.The growth of regular Al_(3)Ni dendrites was dominated by coalescence of secondary dendrite arms,while the growth of irregular dendrites Al_(3)Ni was controlled by dendrite merging,radial melting and axial melting of secondary arms.The axially free dendritic Al_(3)Ni was attributed to the small distance between adjacent main trunks,and the dense secondary arms promoted the formation of local solute depletion regions.展开更多
基金supported by“1+X”program for Clinical Competency Enhancement–Improvement of Clinical Technology Project,The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University(No.2022LCJSGC04)“Xingliao Talent Plan”Medical Master Project of Liaoning Province(No.YXMJ-QN-16)Fundamental Scientific Research Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(No.LJ212410161028).
文摘To the Editor:With the aging of the population,the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease(AD)has increased significantly.Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)is the transition period between normal aging and dementia.[1]Quantitative susceptibility mapping(QSM)allows for the direct measurement of iron metabolism disorders and iron deposition in AD brain tissue,represented as susceptibility(SUS).Voxel-based morphometry(VBM)is widely applied to evaluate gray and white matter lesions in the brain,reflecting differences in the corresponding anatomical structures by quantitatively calculating and analyzing the density or volume of brain gray/white matter for each voxel in the T1WI three-dimensional magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo(T1WI-3D-MP RAGE)sequence.Herein,we investigated the difference in brain microstructural changes in patients with AD and MCI using QSM and VBM,combined with neuropsychological test results,to evaluate the diagnostic value of QSM and VBM.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB3701000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52471118,52101125,U2037601,and U21A2048)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST,China(No.2022QNRC001)。
文摘The dependence of shrinkage porosities on microstructure characteristics of Mg−12Al alloy was investigated.The distribution,morphology,size,and number density of shrinkage porosities were analyzed under different cooling rates.The relationship between shrinkage porosities and microstructure characteristics was discussed in terms of temperature conditions,feeding channel characteristics,and feeding capacity.Further,the feeding behavior of the residual liquid phase in the solid skeleton was quantified by introducing permeability.Results show a strong correlation between the solid microstructure skeleton and shrinkage porosity characteristics.An increase in permeability corresponds to a declining number density of shrinkage porosities.This study aims to provide a more complete understanding how to reduce shrinkage porosities by controlling microstructure characteristics.
基金supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,German Research Foundation grant GA 654/13-2 to OG.
文摘Microglia,the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,exhibit a wide array of functional states,even in their so-called“homeostatic”condition,when they are not actively responding to overt pathological stimuli.These functional states can be visualized using a combination of multi-omics techniques(e.g.,gene and protein expression,posttranslational modifications,mRNA profiling,and metabolomics),and,in the case of homeostatic microglia,are largely defined by the global(e.g.,genetic variations,organism’s age,sex,circadian rhythms,and gut microbiota)as well as local(specific area of the brain,immediate microglial surrounding,neuron-glia interactions and synaptic density/activity)signals(Paolicelli et al.,2022).While phenomics(i.e.,ultrastructural microglial morphology and motility)is also one of the key microglial state-defining parameters,it is known that cells with similar morphology can belong to different functional states.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP,2019QZKK0402)Science and Technology Plan Project of Xizang Autonomous Region to Y.Q. (XZ202201ZY0030G)National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201424 to Z.Y.L.and 31872233 to Y.Q.)。
文摘Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.However,current frameworks,even the IUCN Red List,often neglect critical factors such as genetic diversity and the impacts of climate and land-use changes,hindering effective conservation planning.To address these limitations,we developed an enhanced extinction risk assessment framework using Diploderma lizards as a model.This framework incorporates long-term field surveys,environmental data,and land-use information to predict distributional changes for 10 recently described Diploderma species on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,which hold ecological significance but remain underassessed in conservation assessment.By integrating the distribution data and genetically inferred effective population sizes(Ne),we conducted scenario analyses and used a rank-sum approach to calculate Risk ranking scores(RRS)for each species.This approach revealed significant discrepancies with the IUCN Red List assessments.Notably,D.yangi and D.qilin were identified as facing the highest extinction risk.Furthermore,D.vela,D.batangense,D.flaviceps,D.dymondi,D.yulongense,and D.laeviventre,currently classified as“Least Concern”,were found to warrant reclassification as“Vulnerable”due to considerable threat from projected range contractions.Exploring the relationship between morphology and RRS revealed that traits such as snout-vent length and relative tail length could serve as potential predictors of extinction risk,offering preliminary metrics for assessing species vulnerability when comprehensive data are unavailable.This study enhances the precision of extinction risk assessment frameworks and demonstrates their capacity to refine and update risk assessments,especially for lesser-known taxa.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Outstanding Young Scholars(No.52325407)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51904187)+1 种基金the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M712919)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515140124).
文摘Controlling the morphology of Al_(2) Cu intermetallic compounds(IMCs)has been of importance to enhance the properties of Al-based alloys.However,the quantification of Al_(2) Cu IMCs with diversified morphologies is still lacking,and the morphological evolution of Al_(2) Cu dendrites remains poorly understood.Using synchrotron X-ray tomography,we have directly quantified the morphological evolution of proeutectic Al_(2) Cu IMCs in directionally solidified Al-Cu alloys.The three-dimensional(3D)morphologies of Al_(2) Cu IMCs under different growth rates were quantified using volume,specific surface area,interconnectivity,tortuosity,and Gaussian curvature.The faceted morphology under slow growth rate was divided into three different types,including single hollow prism,irregular prism lacking partial faces,and coalesced prism consisting of two adjacent crystals.The morphological transition from faceted prism to non-faceted algae-like,irregular tree-like,and typically dendritic shapes with increasing growth rates was determined,reflecting the growth modes varied from lateral mode to intermediary and continuous modes.The non-faceted Al_(2) Cu dendrite had one primary stem,three groups of secondary arms,and a faceted tip.The angles between secondary arms were 120°,and the tip consisted of(011)and(011^(-))planes.This work provides a deep understanding of the formation and growth of complex IMCs in metallic alloys.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82171599 and No.32270901)the National Key Research and Developmental Program of China(2022YFC2702601 and 2022YFA0806303)the Global Select Project(DJKLX-2022010)of the Institute of Health and Medicine,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center.
文摘Male infertility can result from impaired sperm motility caused by multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella(MMAF).Distinct projections encircling the central microtubules of the spermatozoal axoneme play pivotal roles in flagellar bending and spermatozoal movement.Mammalian sperm-associated antigen 17(SPAG17)encodes a conserved axonemal protein of cilia and flagella,forming part of the C1a projection of the central apparatus,with functions related to ciliary/flagellar motility,skeletal growth,and male fertility.This study investigated two novel homozygous SPAG17 mutations(M1:NM_206996.2,c.829+1G>T,p.Asp212_Glu276del;and M2:c.2120del,p.Leu707*)identified in four infertile patients from two consanguineous Pakistani families.These patients displayed the MMAF phenotype confirmed by Papanicolaou staining and scanning electron microscopy assays of spermatozoa.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)of patients’spermatozoa also revealed a significant decrease in SPAG17 mRNA expression,and immunofluorescence staining showed the absence of SPAG17 protein signals along the flagella.However,no apparent ciliary-related symptoms or skeletal malformations were observed in the chest X-rays of any of the patients.Transmission electron microscopy of axoneme cross-sections from the patients showed incomplete C1a projection and a higher frequency of missing microtubule doublets 1 and 9 compared with those from fertile controls.Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analyses of spermatogenesis-associated protein 17(SPATA17),a component of the C1a projection,and sperm-associated antigen 6(SPAG6),a marker of the spring layer,revealed disrupted expression of both proteins in the patients’spermatozoa.Altogether,these findings demonstrated that SPAG17 maintains the integrity of spermatozoal flagellar axoneme,expanding the phenotypic spectrum of SPAG17 mutations in humans.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970409)Projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0731)。
文摘The exploration and understanding of myxosporean,one of the crucial stressors causing fish disease,have always been highly regarded.The present study aims to fully understand a novel myxobolid species,Thelohanellus xiushanensis n.sp.infecting the gill filaments of Carassius auratus from Chongqing,China,as well as the associated pathological impacts.A multifaceted analysis at various levels and perspectives was carried out by the approach integrating morphology,molecular systematics,histopathology,combined host and habitat,as well as SSU rDNA data.The results indicated that its mature myxospores displayed a tapering anterior and a blunt-rounded posterior,with a dropshape in front view and melon-seed shape in sutural view in morphology.The outer surface was covered with a transparent membrane sheath in valve view.The dimensions of myxospores were average(19.2±1.1)(17.1-21.0)×(10.0±0.7)(8.7-12.1)×(9.7±0.5)(9.1-10.8)μm.An elliptical polar capsule,containing four to five turns of single polar filament,measures(8.0±0.6)(6.9-9.1)×(6.6±0.3)(6.1-7.1)μm.Its SSU rDNA sequence demonstrated the closest similarity(99.95%)with an actinosporean Neoactinomyxum sp.NEO-7.Histopathological results indicated that numerous myxoplasmodia of T.xiushanensis n.sp.were located in the tips of the gill filaments,resulting in deformation and rupture of partial gill filaments.Furthermore,severely infected gill lamellae exhibited hyperplasia and fusion,accompanied by infiltration of numerous eosinophils.In addition,regenerated gill filaments were observed at the bases of partially ruptured gill filaments,indicating that the host’s gill tissue has the innate capacity to shed diseased tissues and regenerate new ones.This study has proved the present species and Neoactinomyxum sp.NEO-7 belong to the same myxosporean species but corresponding to different developmental stage,designated as a new species.This novel species is a potential pathogen for the host,which should not be ignored.This study not only enriches myxobolid biodiversity and demonstrates a potentially pathogenic agent,but also provides a valid diagnosis for the gill myxoboliosis caused by the present pathogen in aquaculture.
文摘In order to contribute to a better understanding of the biodiversity of local chicken populations, this study focused on the description of the essential qualitative parameters in the phenotypic characterization of local species. Conducted in 6 localities in the Far North Region of Cameroon (Doukoula, Yagoua, Guidiguis, Dziguilao, Maroua 3rd and Méri), a population of 240 local chickens, including 172 hens and 68 cocks were characterized in family farms. The choice of localities was made on the basis of their strong potential local chicken flocks in the region. To this end, each animal was the subject of a qualitative description based on the identification of the sex of the animal, the description of the colorations of the plumage and extremities, and the description of the types of format, plumage and crests. All observations were made with the naked eye and in daylight and then photographed. The main results show that the plumage colors are multiple and dominated by the White-Pied-Black (21.7%) and the Mille-fleur (20.8%);the wattles are dominated by the red (60%) and the pink (35.4%);the tarsi are dominated by the white (43.8%) and the black (32.08%);the white skin (92.5%) dominates over the pink skin (7.5%);the “Smooth-uniform” feather is dominant (97.08%), followed by the smooth-crested type (2.08%) and the fries type (0.82%);the medium size of the chickens is dominant (86.66%), followed by the dwarf size (9.58%) and the large size (3.75%). The results of this study demonstrate that there is a strong phenotypic diversity within the local chicken population. This diversity can serve as a basis for the development of selection, conservation and genetic potential improvement programs based on rational exploitation of the local chicken.
文摘This study investigates how English morphological awareness contributes to reading comprehension in beginner Chinese EFL learners.The research examines both derivational and compounding morphological awareness at multiple levels(identification,discrimination,and manipulation)on English reading comprehension and explores whether their contributions are mediated by vocabulary knowledge.Data were collected from 71 Grade 9 students using various morphological awareness tasks,a vocabulary test,and a reading comprehension assessment.Mixed-effects regression and mediation analyses revealed that all components of morphological awareness,except derivational identification,significantly contributed to reading comprehension.Derivational manipulation was found to have both direct and indirect effects on reading comprehension,partially mediated by vocabulary knowledge.In contrast,compounding awareness influenced reading comprehension primarily through its effect on vocabulary.These findings provide a more nuanced understanding of how different facets of morphological awareness impact reading comprehension in EFL contexts,offering valuable insights for vocabulary and reading instruction.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82160195,No.82460203)Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education(No.GJJ200169)+1 种基金Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Province Health Commission of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2020A0087)Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Health Commission(No.202130210).
文摘AIM:To elucidate the neuropathological mechanisms underlying diabetic vitreous hemorrhage(DVH)and its correlation with clinical characteristics.METHODS:Twenty-one individuals with DVH(male/female 12/9;mean age 52.29±11.66y)were selected,alongside 21 appropriately matched controls with diabetes mellitus(DM).Voxel-based morphometry(VBM)techniques were employed to identify aberrant functional regions in the brain.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were utilized for classification based on the average VBM values of the two groups,and Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between average VBM values in distinct brain regions and clinical manifestations.RESULTS:Relative to the DM controls,DVH patients exhibited reduced VBM values in the right superior temporal pole,the right superior temporal gyrus,the right medial orbital frontal gyrus,and the left superior frontal gyrus.Furthermore,ROC curve analysis of these four brain regions in DVH patients demonstrated a high degree of accuracy,as indicated by the area under the curve.The average VBM value in each of these regions exhibited a negative correlation with both the duration of DVH and the score on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS).CONCLUSION:Pathological alterations in four distinct brain regions are observed in patients with DVH,potentially reflecting neuropathological changes associated with this condition.
基金supported by the Basic Research Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300377,32130014,32400359).
文摘Based on morphological and molecular evidence,a new species in the genus Anthocoris,Anthocoris zhangi sp.nov.,in the A.chibi group,is described from Zhejiang,China.Illustrations of the adults and key diagnostic characteristics including the paramere are provided.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42101005)the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2025JJ50182)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(Grant No.24A0582).
文摘This study investigates the morphological characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms of stream potholes in the granodiorite riverbed of the Quanfengtan reach,located in the lower Zijiang River,Hunan Province,China.Field surveys and statistical analyses reveal that these potholes exhibit diverse geometries(calibers:0.2-2.5 m;depths:0.03-1.98 m;depth-to-caliber ratios:0.08-1.63),predominantly elliptical and shallow,reflecting distinct developmental stages.These potholes show no spatial correlation with bedrock joints,and their long-axis orientations diverge from dominant joint trends.Instead,they exhibit consistent alignment with the river’s prevailing flow direction.Furthermore,pothole dimensions(e.g.,depth and diameter)strongly correlate with gravel size,indicating sediment-driven abrasion as the primary formation mechanism.The uplift of the Xuefeng Mountains relative to the Dongting Basin since the Late Quaternary,which drove the incision of the lower Zijiang River,transforming it from an alluvial channel to a bedrock-dominated channel,is the primary precondition enabling pothole development in this region.Additionally,the influence of climatic factors and human activities cannot be overlooked.The progressive formation,coalescence,and evolution of potholes into grooves constitute the primary mechanism driving riverbed erosion by the Zijiang River at Quanfengtan.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3106000)the major innovation project for the science education industry integration pilot project of Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences)(No.2023JBZ03)+1 种基金the talent research projects of Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Science)(No.2023RCKY039)the open funding project of Key Laboratory of Marine ecological monitoring and restoration technologies,MNR,China(No.MEMRT202301)。
文摘Since 2007,the world's largest transregional green tides caused by Ulva prolifera have periodically occurred in China.The morphology of U.prolifera drastically changes during the drifting period,but the reason for this phenomenon has still been under debate.Our results showed that temperature partly explained the changes in the morphology of U.prolifera,with a determining factor of 0.498.The ratio of highly branched thalli decreased as the temperature increased from around 25 to 30℃.Because morphological changes and physiological acclimation synergistically occurred in floating macroalgae,we hypothesized that if the morphology of U.prolifera is also determined by its development state,and the U.prolifea thalli with different development states should have distinct morphological and physiological traits even under the same environmental conditions.To test the hypothesis,we investigated the photosynthesis of U.prolifera and found a higher photosynthetic capacity but lower photoprotective capacity in algae that grew in the branched development state compared to those in the unbranched development state.Combined with other field observations and lab experiments,we suggest that both temperature and development state contribute to the morphological changes of U.prolifera.Given the varying trends of temperature during U.prolifera blooms in past eleven years and the initial occurrence of U.prolifera thalli in the branched development state in the source of algal bloom,we emphasize the need for source management of green tides.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the site specificity and differences of the Hegu(LI4)located on the midpoint of the second metacarpal and the point where the bases of the first and second metacarpal bones on the dorsum was historically used as Hegu(LI4)in Japan,through morphological,biomechanical,and histological analyses.METHODS:We defined distally located Hegu(LI4)as Hegu(LI4)-D and proximally located Hegu(LI4)as Hegu(LI4)-P.The distance from the skin surface to the blood vessels as well as the biomechanical properties of the two Hegu(LI4)samples were measured using an ultrasound device and Myoton PRO(Myoton AS,Tallinn,Estonia),respectively,in 20 healthy adult volunteers.Sympathetic fibers under the two Hegu(LI4)samples were histologically observed using tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)immunostaining in 10 cadavers.RESULTS:Hegu(LI4)-D was classified into type 1 with blood vessels<4 mm away from the skin surface,and type 2 with blood vessels>10 mm away from the skin surface.In Hegu(LI4)-P,blood vessels were approximately 10 mm away from the surface.Further,Hegu(LI4)-P had significantly higher tone,stiffness,and elasticity than Hegu(LI4)-D(P<0.0001).TH-positive fibers were present near the artery in Hegu(LI4)-P.CONCLUSION:Hegu(LI4)-D and Hegu(LI4)-P differed in terms of hardness and the distance between the skin surface and blood vessels.Furthermore,sympathetic nerve fibers were present near the artery in Hegu(LI4)-P.Taken together,these results suggest that there is site specificity of morphological,biomechanical,and histological differences between the Hegu(LI4)-D and Hegu(LI4)-P.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1301004)the National Key R&D Program(2023YFC2604500).
文摘Rivers are crucial in the spread of invasive plants.Invasive plants alter their seed traits to adapt to environmental changes and promote invasion.Studying the trait changes in invasive plant seeds may improve the understanding of their propagation mechanisms along the river and provide appropriate control measures.In this study,seven Ambrosia trifida populations along the Liaohe River were used as study subjects.The results showed that the seven A.trifida populations were closely related and exhibited a certain gene exchange,but the absence of evidence of directed gene flow among populations did not confirm that rivers were the medium of seed dispersal of A.trifida.Along the Liaohe River,from top to bottom,the positive view area,length,width,perimeter,and thousand seed weight of A.trifida seeds showed an increasing trend.The total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the river water of the A.trifida population in the lower reaches of the Liaohe River were higher than those at the other sites.Furthermore,along the river,from top to bottom,the available nitrogen,total nitrogen,total potassium,available potassium,and organic matter contents in the soil in which A.trifida populations grew showed significant increasing trends.River structure,water quality,and soil nutrients had direct and indirect effects on seed morphology.Soil total nitrogen,available potassium,and organic matter had significant positive effects on seed positive view area and perimeter,suggesting that the maternal effect played a critical role in shaping seed morphology.Our analysis showed that soil nutrients along the river may be the primary driver that governs changes in A.trifida seed traits.
基金supported by the Istanbul Technical University-Scientific Research Projects(ITUBAP)with project number of 45964Additional financial support was granted by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK)under the 2218 Domestic Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship Program(Project No.118C574).
文摘Interfacial compatibilization is essential to generate compatible blend structures with synergistically enhanced properties.However,the effect of molecular structure on the reactivity of compatibilizers is not properly known.This study investigates the compatibilization effect of multifunctional,epoxy-based Joncryl chain extender in blends of polylactide(PLA)and polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate(PBAT)using PLA with varying D-lactide contents and molecular weights.These PLAs were high molecular weight amorphous PLA(aPLA)with D-content of 12 mol%and semi-crystalline PLA(scPLA)grades with D-contents below 1.5 mol%at both high(h)and low(l)molecular weights.The reactivity of Joncryl was assessed with each individual neat polymer,and its compatibilization effectwas examined in blends at aweight ratio of 75 wt/25wt using small amplitude oscillatory shear(SAOS)rheological analysis.Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA),tensile and impact tests,as well as scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observations,were conducted to characterize the blends.The addition of Joncryl resulted in remarkable improvements rheological behavior of all neat polymers and noticeably refined PBAT droplets in all blends,particularly in aPLA/PBAT and scPLA(l)/PBAT.The ductility,toughness and impact strength of these blends were significantly enhanced,while their tensile strength and modulus also showed slight improvements.Although the addition of Joncryl retarded the crystallization of the scPLA samples,the scPLA(h)/PBAT blend with Joncryl exhibited the highest thermomechanical performance over a wide temperature range.This was attributed to the higher crystallinity of scPLA(h),which,even in the presence of Joncryl,provided high thermal stability.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31970232)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2014CB954100).
文摘Dryopteridaceae are the largest fern family and include nearly 20%of extant fern diversity,with 24 currently recognized genera.Recognition and delineation of genera within this family have varied greatly.The three-subfamily classification of Dryopteridaceae was based primarily on molecular phylogenetic relationships but lacked morphological evidence,and the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies and genera of Dryopteridaceae are only partially resolved.A comprehensive and robust phylogeny is urgently needed.The heterogeneous morphology of the current members of Dryopteridaceae makes the family and its subfamilies difficult to define by single morphological characteristics or even character combinations.We carried out phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct a highly supported phylogeny of Dryopteridaceae.Our analyses recovered 24 strongly supported clades grouped into seven major clades of Dryopteridaceae.Seven morphological characters including habit,rhizome shape,frond morphology,rachis-costae architecture,appendages on stipe base and lamina,and soral arrangement were found to be informative for identifying different major clades and clades in Dryopteridaceae.Based on phylogenetic reconstruction and morphological analysis,we presented an updated infra-familial classification of Dryopteridaceae with seven subfamilies and 24 genera including four newly proposed subfamilies(Ctenitidoideae,Lastreopsidoideae,Pleocnemioideae,and Polystichopsidoideae).Morphological character combinations of each subfamily are summarized,and a key is provided.Most genera sensu PPG I are recognized,with Stigmatopetris reclassified into Dryopteridoideae and Arthrobotrya considered a synonym of Teratophyllum.A new genus Pseudarachniodes is introduced.This revised classification will serve as a foundational framework for future investigations on taxonomy,biogeography,and diversification of the most species-rich Dryopteridaceae in ferns.
基金supported by the County-School Cooperation Project in Suichang County (2024-HZ12)Ecological Discipline Construction Fund of Lishui University。
文摘Advertisement calls are essential for communication among anuran amphibians,with their production influenced by a range of environmental factors and morphological traits.To understand the primary sources of variation of advertisement calls in male Leptobrachium liui,we recorded their advertisement calls during the breeding season and analyzed two primary acoustic parameters: call duration(CD) and dominant frequency(DF),along with their within-individual coefficients of variation.Additionally,we collected nest-related environmental parameters and morphological traits to investigate how these factors influence the variation in advertisement calls.Our analyses revealed that both nest-related environmental parameters(particularly water temperature) and individual morphological traits(especially head morphology) significantly influenced advertisement call characteristics in male L.liui.Water temperature showed a negative relationship with CD,while head morphology was positively associated with both CD and DF.These findings enhance our understanding of the factors shaping acoustic communication in L.liui during the breeding season and highlight the importance of both environmental and morphological factors in anuran vocalization.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Outstanding Young Scholars(52325407)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52474401)+1 种基金Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M712919)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515140124,2025A1515012873,2022A1515140028,2022A1515010761).
文摘The microstructural evolution at the liquid Al/solid Ni interface during remelting and resolidification was dynamically observed by using synchrotron radiography.The formation and growth behavior of Al_(3)Ni_(2) and Al_(3)Ni brittle intermetallic compounds(IMCs)under different conditions was investigated,and the formation mechanisms of dendritic Al_(3)Ni crystals with different morphologies were elucidated.The increasing remelting cycles accelerated the formation of Al_(3)Ni_(2) layer and the growth of Al_(3)Ni IMCs.The increased-step heating temperatures and time promoted the morphological transition from faceted to non-faceted dendritic Al_(3)Ni,which was attributed to the enhanced undercooling during solidification and incompletely remelted Al_(3)Ni IMCs during remelting.The growth of regular Al_(3)Ni dendrites was dominated by coalescence of secondary dendrite arms,while the growth of irregular dendrites Al_(3)Ni was controlled by dendrite merging,radial melting and axial melting of secondary arms.The axially free dendritic Al_(3)Ni was attributed to the small distance between adjacent main trunks,and the dense secondary arms promoted the formation of local solute depletion regions.
