In order to accurately estimate the runoff coefficient for the quantity assessment of the roof rainwater harvesting system RRHS great differences in the value of event runoff coefficient ψERC were observed by field m...In order to accurately estimate the runoff coefficient for the quantity assessment of the roof rainwater harvesting system RRHS great differences in the value of event runoff coefficient ψERC were observed by field monitoring under different roof types roof slope and material and diverse rainfall distributions rainfall depth and intensity in three years 2010 to 2012 in Handan Hebei China.The results indicate that the distribution of ψERC is more highly correlated with the event rainfall depth than other factors. The relationship between ψERC and the rainfall depth can be well represented by the piecewise linear function.Further based on the daily rainfall data over the period from 1960 to 2008 the value of the annual runoff coefficient ψARC is calculated. Although the total rainfall depth in each year is different ψARC in Handan can be considered as a constant 0.62 approximately. The results can be used for the quantity assessment and performance analysis of the RRHS.展开更多
Runoff coefficients of the source regions of the Huanghe River in 1956-2000 were analyzed in this paper. In the 1990s runoff of Tangnaihai Hydrologic Station of the Huanghe River experienced a serious decrease, which ...Runoff coefficients of the source regions of the Huanghe River in 1956-2000 were analyzed in this paper. In the 1990s runoff of Tangnaihai Hydrologic Station of the Huanghe River experienced a serious decrease, which had attracted considerable attention. Climate changes have important impact on the water resources availability. From the view of water cycling, runoff coefficients are important indexes of water resources in a particular catchment. Kalinin baseflow separation technique was improved based on the characteristics of precipitation and streamflow. After the separation of runoff coefficient （R/P）, baseflow coefficient （Br/P） and direct runoff coefficient （Dr/P） were estimated. Statistic analyses were applied to assessing the impact of precipitation and temperature on runoff coefficients （including Dr/P, Br/P and R/P）. The results show that in the source regions of the Huanghe River, mean annual baseflow coefficient was higher than mean annual direct runoff coefficient. Annual runoff coefficients were in direct proportion to annual precipitation and in inverse proportion to annual mean temperature. The decrease of runoff coefficients in the 1990s was closely related to the decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature in the same period. Over different sub-basins of the source regions of the Huanghe River, runoff coefficients responded differently to precipitation and temperature. In the area above Jimai Hydrologic Station where annual mean temperature is -3.9℃, temperature is the main factor influencing the runoff coefficients. Runoff coefficients were in inverse relation to temperature, and precipitation had nearly no impact on runoff coefficients. In subbasin between Jimai and Maqu Hydrologic Station Dr/P was mainly affected by precipitation while R/P and Br/P were both significantly influenced by precipitation and temperature. In the area between Maqu and Tangnaihai hydrologic stations all the three runoff coefficients increased with the rising of annual precipitation, while direct runoff coefficient was inversely proportional to temperature. In the source regions of the Huanghe River with the increase of average annual temperature, the impacts of temperature on runoff coefficients become insignificant.展开更多
The estimation of peak discharge from a catchment due to intense rainfall is a difficult task that may occur in a return period. If cannot be estimated accurately, it may lead to serious problem in hydraulic structure...The estimation of peak discharge from a catchment due to intense rainfall is a difficult task that may occur in a return period. If cannot be estimated accurately, it may lead to serious problem in hydraulic structure design like bridge, culvert across a river and drainage system. The main parameter which affects the peak flow is runoff coefficient of the catchment which directly depends on the soil type, its slope and land use pattern with vegetation covers. For the purpose, this study was carried out to estimate maximum runoff coefficients for different land profiles and soil types in hill slope model developed in 10 degree with the horizontal to the rainfall simulator rig (Basic Hydrology system-S12) experimentally which can give more reliable value than the real field test method as it is easier than field test especially in hill slope. The soil slope preparation was made of sand, silt and clay separately and the experiments were carried out in a controlled system. The slope prepared represented a small catchment on a plot of 2.02 meter length, 1 meter wide and 0.15 m depth soil plots (at the slope of 10° to the horizontal plane). From the experiment in different soil plots, the rainfall runoff coefficients were observed as 0.428 - 0.53 for sand soil slope, 0.46 - 0.55 for silt soil slope and 0.42 - 0.51 for clay soil slope under uniform rainfall rate of 4 lpm to 13 lpm in each soil slope. Rainfall runoff correlation equation was found with the values of R above 90% in each soil slope. The value observed is within the range of rational value of 0.05 to 0.95 as standard which concluded that the performance of simulator was found good to deal with rational values. And the runoff coefficients for these soil types can be taken within the range obtained to estimate peak discharge in any small catchment area depending on the soil types.展开更多
Flash floods in arid environments are a major hazard feature to human and to the infrastructure. Shortage of accurate environmental data is main reason for inaccurate prediction of flash flooding characteristics. The ...Flash floods in arid environments are a major hazard feature to human and to the infrastructure. Shortage of accurate environmental data is main reason for inaccurate prediction of flash flooding characteristics. The curve number (CN) is a hydrologic number used to describe the storm water runoff potential for drainage area. This study introduces an approach to determine runoff coefficient in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia using remote sensing and GIS. Remote sensing and geographic information system techniques were used to obtain and prepare input data for hydrologic model. The land cover map was derived using maximum likelihood classification of a SPOT image. The soil properties (texture and permeability) were derived using the soil maps published my ministry of water and agriculture in Saudi Arabia. These soil parameters were used to classify the soil map into hydrological soil groups (HSG). Using the derived information within the hydrological modelling system, the runoff depth was predicted for an assumed severe storm scenario. The advantages of the proposed approach are simplicity, less input data, one software used for all steps, and its ability to be applied for any site. The results show that the runoff depth is directly proportional to runoff coefficient and the total volume of runoff is more than 136 million cubic meters for a rainfall of 103.6 mm.展开更多
For this research work, an adequate methodology was sought for the calculation of the runoff coefficient with the Tirado arrangement. To achieve this, first, the variables that affect the runoff coefficient were ident...For this research work, an adequate methodology was sought for the calculation of the runoff coefficient with the Tirado arrangement. To achieve this, first, the variables that affect the runoff coefficient were identified, then the model was described with the Tirado arrangement, and as a third part for the calculation of the runoff coefficient, the Tirado model is proposed. From the theory for the calculation of the runoff coefficient, the equation of the weighted coefficients and the expression of Nadal were manipulated, resulting in the following relationship , considering this as the expression for the arrangement Tirado. The expression is tested with different intensities, the magnitudes correspond to 150, 200, 250 and 300 mm/hrs, resulting in runoff coefficient 0.82, 0.87, 0.89, 0.91 respectively. This means that, the higher the intensity, the runoff coefficient will be higher, logically the characteristics of the basin affect that this coefficient has variation in the space studied.展开更多
This paper analyzes and calculates the multi-year rainfall-runoff situation in Xindu District of Xingtai City. Through the statistical comparison and analysis of the precipitation data of Xingtai Rainfall Station in t...This paper analyzes and calculates the multi-year rainfall-runoff situation in Xindu District of Xingtai City. Through the statistical comparison and analysis of the precipitation data of Xingtai Rainfall Station in the relevant years with a series of years over 50 years, and the comparison of the average value of rainfall in different periods within these years, it can judge the characteristics of rainfall growth in different series of years. Then it obtains the comparison table of the average value of long and short series of rainfall, and then it analyzes and calculates the runoff situation. Mainly through two hydrological stations in Xingtai region, the relationship between rainfall and runoff is found out by comparing with the change of precipitation. Then the relationship between rainfall and runoff is analyzed. Through the reduction and correction of relevant information, the change of net flow is further speculated by using frequency calculation method. Finally, the conclusion is drawn that the multi-year distribution rule along the runoff is consistent with the annual precipitation, which is affected by the region and changes while the annual distribution of runoff has certain changes. The grade change degree which is mainly influenced by the change of precipitation and bedding factors is more violent than the precipitation, thus the runoff coefficient in the hilly area is analyzed, which provides technical support for the investigation and evaluation of water resources.展开更多
基金The National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2012ZX07203-003)the Major Basic Research Program of Hebei Province(No.12966738D)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.E2014402101)
文摘In order to accurately estimate the runoff coefficient for the quantity assessment of the roof rainwater harvesting system RRHS great differences in the value of event runoff coefficient ψERC were observed by field monitoring under different roof types roof slope and material and diverse rainfall distributions rainfall depth and intensity in three years 2010 to 2012 in Handan Hebei China.The results indicate that the distribution of ψERC is more highly correlated with the event rainfall depth than other factors. The relationship between ψERC and the rainfall depth can be well represented by the piecewise linear function.Further based on the daily rainfall data over the period from 1960 to 2008 the value of the annual runoff coefficient ψARC is calculated. Although the total rainfall depth in each year is different ψARC in Handan can be considered as a constant 0.62 approximately. The results can be used for the quantity assessment and performance analysis of the RRHS.
基金Under the auspices of the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (No. G19990436-01)the Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40471127)
文摘Runoff coefficients of the source regions of the Huanghe River in 1956-2000 were analyzed in this paper. In the 1990s runoff of Tangnaihai Hydrologic Station of the Huanghe River experienced a serious decrease, which had attracted considerable attention. Climate changes have important impact on the water resources availability. From the view of water cycling, runoff coefficients are important indexes of water resources in a particular catchment. Kalinin baseflow separation technique was improved based on the characteristics of precipitation and streamflow. After the separation of runoff coefficient （R/P）, baseflow coefficient （Br/P） and direct runoff coefficient （Dr/P） were estimated. Statistic analyses were applied to assessing the impact of precipitation and temperature on runoff coefficients （including Dr/P, Br/P and R/P）. The results show that in the source regions of the Huanghe River, mean annual baseflow coefficient was higher than mean annual direct runoff coefficient. Annual runoff coefficients were in direct proportion to annual precipitation and in inverse proportion to annual mean temperature. The decrease of runoff coefficients in the 1990s was closely related to the decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature in the same period. Over different sub-basins of the source regions of the Huanghe River, runoff coefficients responded differently to precipitation and temperature. In the area above Jimai Hydrologic Station where annual mean temperature is -3.9℃, temperature is the main factor influencing the runoff coefficients. Runoff coefficients were in inverse relation to temperature, and precipitation had nearly no impact on runoff coefficients. In subbasin between Jimai and Maqu Hydrologic Station Dr/P was mainly affected by precipitation while R/P and Br/P were both significantly influenced by precipitation and temperature. In the area between Maqu and Tangnaihai hydrologic stations all the three runoff coefficients increased with the rising of annual precipitation, while direct runoff coefficient was inversely proportional to temperature. In the source regions of the Huanghe River with the increase of average annual temperature, the impacts of temperature on runoff coefficients become insignificant.
文摘The estimation of peak discharge from a catchment due to intense rainfall is a difficult task that may occur in a return period. If cannot be estimated accurately, it may lead to serious problem in hydraulic structure design like bridge, culvert across a river and drainage system. The main parameter which affects the peak flow is runoff coefficient of the catchment which directly depends on the soil type, its slope and land use pattern with vegetation covers. For the purpose, this study was carried out to estimate maximum runoff coefficients for different land profiles and soil types in hill slope model developed in 10 degree with the horizontal to the rainfall simulator rig (Basic Hydrology system-S12) experimentally which can give more reliable value than the real field test method as it is easier than field test especially in hill slope. The soil slope preparation was made of sand, silt and clay separately and the experiments were carried out in a controlled system. The slope prepared represented a small catchment on a plot of 2.02 meter length, 1 meter wide and 0.15 m depth soil plots (at the slope of 10° to the horizontal plane). From the experiment in different soil plots, the rainfall runoff coefficients were observed as 0.428 - 0.53 for sand soil slope, 0.46 - 0.55 for silt soil slope and 0.42 - 0.51 for clay soil slope under uniform rainfall rate of 4 lpm to 13 lpm in each soil slope. Rainfall runoff correlation equation was found with the values of R above 90% in each soil slope. The value observed is within the range of rational value of 0.05 to 0.95 as standard which concluded that the performance of simulator was found good to deal with rational values. And the runoff coefficients for these soil types can be taken within the range obtained to estimate peak discharge in any small catchment area depending on the soil types.
文摘Flash floods in arid environments are a major hazard feature to human and to the infrastructure. Shortage of accurate environmental data is main reason for inaccurate prediction of flash flooding characteristics. The curve number (CN) is a hydrologic number used to describe the storm water runoff potential for drainage area. This study introduces an approach to determine runoff coefficient in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia using remote sensing and GIS. Remote sensing and geographic information system techniques were used to obtain and prepare input data for hydrologic model. The land cover map was derived using maximum likelihood classification of a SPOT image. The soil properties (texture and permeability) were derived using the soil maps published my ministry of water and agriculture in Saudi Arabia. These soil parameters were used to classify the soil map into hydrological soil groups (HSG). Using the derived information within the hydrological modelling system, the runoff depth was predicted for an assumed severe storm scenario. The advantages of the proposed approach are simplicity, less input data, one software used for all steps, and its ability to be applied for any site. The results show that the runoff depth is directly proportional to runoff coefficient and the total volume of runoff is more than 136 million cubic meters for a rainfall of 103.6 mm.
文摘For this research work, an adequate methodology was sought for the calculation of the runoff coefficient with the Tirado arrangement. To achieve this, first, the variables that affect the runoff coefficient were identified, then the model was described with the Tirado arrangement, and as a third part for the calculation of the runoff coefficient, the Tirado model is proposed. From the theory for the calculation of the runoff coefficient, the equation of the weighted coefficients and the expression of Nadal were manipulated, resulting in the following relationship , considering this as the expression for the arrangement Tirado. The expression is tested with different intensities, the magnitudes correspond to 150, 200, 250 and 300 mm/hrs, resulting in runoff coefficient 0.82, 0.87, 0.89, 0.91 respectively. This means that, the higher the intensity, the runoff coefficient will be higher, logically the characteristics of the basin affect that this coefficient has variation in the space studied.
文摘This paper analyzes and calculates the multi-year rainfall-runoff situation in Xindu District of Xingtai City. Through the statistical comparison and analysis of the precipitation data of Xingtai Rainfall Station in the relevant years with a series of years over 50 years, and the comparison of the average value of rainfall in different periods within these years, it can judge the characteristics of rainfall growth in different series of years. Then it obtains the comparison table of the average value of long and short series of rainfall, and then it analyzes and calculates the runoff situation. Mainly through two hydrological stations in Xingtai region, the relationship between rainfall and runoff is found out by comparing with the change of precipitation. Then the relationship between rainfall and runoff is analyzed. Through the reduction and correction of relevant information, the change of net flow is further speculated by using frequency calculation method. Finally, the conclusion is drawn that the multi-year distribution rule along the runoff is consistent with the annual precipitation, which is affected by the region and changes while the annual distribution of runoff has certain changes. The grade change degree which is mainly influenced by the change of precipitation and bedding factors is more violent than the precipitation, thus the runoff coefficient in the hilly area is analyzed, which provides technical support for the investigation and evaluation of water resources.
